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Given the anticipated negative impact of Brexit on the U.K. economy, it might be expected that self-employed individuals would have favoured remaining in the European Union. However, the self-employed are also more likely to have certain demographic characteristics that are associated with voting leave in the 2016 referendum. We investigate such potentially offsetting influences using nationally representative survey data and find that self-employed men were more, and women less, likely to be leave voters compared to the paid-employed. The differences were statistically significant for men but a Gelbach decomposition reveals that they can largely be explained by characteristics, specifically age and education. Our findings, especially for self-employed men, are discussed within the context of the important economic consequences that Brexit continues to have on small businesses in the United Kingdom as well as the need for further evidence on the voting behaviour of the self-employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the role that schools have in determining whether school leavers participate in higher education or not. It examines the association between schools and university participation using a unique dataset of 3 cohorts of all young people leaving maintained schools in Wales. School "effects" are identified, even after controlling for individual-level factors, such as their prior attainment, socioeconomic circumstances, ethnicity, and special educational needs. Schools appear to have a particular "effect" on the likelihood that a young person enters an elite university. However, the findings suggest the concept of a school "effect" on higher education participation is not straightforward -- schools appear to have different levels of effectiveness depending on the gender of the young people and the nature of their higher education participation. These findings are considered within the policy contexts of school effectiveness and widening access to higher education.

This article offers a critical examination of the role played by migrants' online communities. With much of scholarly analysis focusing on the new ways in which online groups enable migrants to connect, interact or socialise together in digital space, little attention has been paid to how these groups are actually formed, by whom and with what motivations. Drawing on qualitative interviews with moderators of online groups created by EU migrants living in Wales, UK, our findings reveal the diverse and sometimes ambivalent roles played by these groups, acting not only as networks of support for migrants ('communities of interest') but also driven by commercial motives. To capture the impact of this commercialisation and the complexity in the field, we introduce the notion of 'communities for interest'. The article thus offers new empirical and conceptual contributions that advance our understanding of migrants' online communities beyond the much-discussed online/offline and virtual/real dichotomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2007.01043.x Byline: KEN CLARK (1), STEPHEN DRINKWATER (2) Abstract: Overseas remittances are a vital source of income for many developing economies. In this paper we empirically model the remittance behaviour of a diverse set of ethnic minority households in England and Wales using survey data. Our results indicate that the probability of remitting is higher for richer households and for those containing more immigrants. Measures of social distance also appear to influence the sending of remittances. Significant ethnic differences in the incidence of remitting and the timing of payments remain after controlling for these and other factors. Author Affiliation: (1)University of Manchester and IZA (2)University of Surrey and IZA

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00521.x Byline: Stephen Drinkwater (1), Paul Levine (2), Emanuela Lotti (3), Joseph Pearlman (4) Abstract: ABSTRACT. We revisit the influential work of Borjas (1995) on the economic gain to the host population from immigration-'the immigration surplus.' We develop his analysis by using a general equilibrium endogenous growth model with endogenous capital and several sectors, including an R&D sector driving growth. Skilled immigration leads to a bigger R&D sector share resulting in higher long-term growth. If skilled labor and physical capital are complements, this growth gain increases. Growth effects on the immigration surplus dominate the purely static effects of Borjas, but are not sufficient to eliminate the emergence of losers (skilled natives) within the host population. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK, GU2 7XH. E-mail:s.drinkwater@surrey.ac.uk (2)Department of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK, GU2 7XH. E-mail:p.levine@surrey.ac.uk (3)Department of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK, GU2 7XH. E-mail:e.lotti@surrey.ac.uk (4)Department of Economics, London Metropolitan University, UK, EC3N 2EY. E-mail:j.pearlman@londonmet.ac.uk Article History: Received: August 2005; revised: July 2006; accepted: October 2006.

Evaluation of capital stock related to production issues at plant level in the British manufacturing sector is offered. Additional information on premature scrapping of capital stock due to plant closures and unadjusted capital stock is also included.

Data from the General Housing Survey and the 1991 Census Samples of Anonymised Records were used to examine the ethnic aspects of self-employment in the UK labor market. The analysis focused on how push and pull factors cause ethnic minority groups to become self-employed. The findings provided strong evidence that discrimination is a major factor in ethnic minority self-employment, except for the Chinese whose average income is less in self-employment compared to their white counterparts.

Using individual data from the 1991 Census and the Labour Force Survey, this article investigates earnings and unemployment disadvantages among Britain's ethnic minorities for males and females. The key point is to distinguish those born in Britain from those born abroad. UK-born members of the ethnic minorities have better earnings prospects, whereas unemployment rates remain high for the UK-born group. The policy implication is to concentrate on putting people into jobs, more so than concentrating upon pay discrimination in work., Data from the 1991 Census and the Labour Force Survey indicates that ethnic minorities are disadvantaged in both what they earn and their employment opportunities. Twice as many people from ethnic groups are unemployed as white people, with Pakistanis and Bangladeshis particularly affected. Young people aged between 16-24 are more likely to be unemployed. Chinese people are the least disadvantaged ethnic group in the labour market. Ethnic people born in the United Kingdom earn more than those born elsewhere but find it harder to secure employment., Ethnic minorities in Britain suffer economic disadvantage. The Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities reported on by Modood et al. (1997) documents this. The purpose here is to quantify earnings [...]