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Obsidian sourcing studies have a long history in the Near East, but relatively few have focused on obsidian exchange after the Early Bronze Age. Here, we present a multi-technique analysis of an assemblage of 111 obsidian artifacts from excavated Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (LBA-EIA; c. 15th-6th c BCE) contexts at Mtsvane Gora, southern Georgia. Because the site is situated in the lowland Kura Valley and the nearest obsidian sources are in the highlands to the south and west, obsidian provenance can serve as a proxy for mapping highland-lowland interactions. Chemical compositions analyzed via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), were compared with existing geological datasets of chemical analyses to identify the source of all but one of the artifacts analyzed. The results show that Chikiani, a source in the highlands of southern Georgia, was the geological origin of >90% of the objects analyzed. While acknowledging that obsidian exchange is just one aspect of highland-lowland interaction, this finding implies that Mtsvane Gora’s connections with the adjacent highlands were skewed towards greater engagement with some highland areas relative to others. More generally, the research suggests that geographic adjacency of highlands and lowlands does not necessarily mean that they were highly interconnected. Fieldwork at Mtsvane Gora was funded by the American Research Institute of the South Caucasus, the Rust Family Foundation, a Spatial Archaeometry Research Collaborations (SPARC) Grant, the Harvard University Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, and the Harvard Department of Anthropology. The authors would like to thank Project ARKK team members for their support during fieldwork. Paul Albert is supported by a UKRI FLF (MR/S035478) Note: guessed MRC by grant number but this could be overarching UKRI as it is a Future Leaders Fellowships award. Paul Albert is not a CU researcher.

The South Caucasus has been largely absent in broader discussions of population aggregation in greater Eurasia. This paper uses remote sensing, surface collection, and magnetometry to explore two hilltop fortress-settlements at the margins of the Kura River Basin, with a particular emphasis on the exploration of settlement off the main hill. The results support a model of settlement growth in which previously-mobile groups settled around the fortress, while maintaining some spatial and perhaps social separation. Multi-technique survey provided a complex picture of settlement organization with implications for comparative analysis of population aggregation models.