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Purpose of Review Cardiovascular disease is long-term complication of both cancer and anti-cancer treatment and can have significant ramifications for health-related quality of life and mortality. This narrative review explores the current evidence linking cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as exploring strategies for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, and outlines future opportunities in the field of cardio-oncology. Recent Findings Cancer confers risk for various cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and valvular heart disease. Cancer treatment, in particular agents such as platinum-based chemotherapy, anthracyclines, hormonal treatments, and thoracic radiotherapy, further increases risk. While cardiovascular disease can be identified early and effectively managed in cancer survivors, cardiovascular screening and management does not typically feature in routine long-term cancer care of adult cancer survivors. Summary Cancer and cancer treatment can accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Further research into screening and management strategies for cardiovascular disease, along with evidence-based guidelines, is required to ensure adult cancer survivors receive appropriate long-term care.

Height and body size in childhood and young adulthood have been consistently associated with breast cancer risk; whether associations differ across molecular subtypes is unclear. In a pooled analysis of the Nurses' Health Studies, we prospectively examined the association of four exposures: height, body mass index (BMI) at the age of 18 years, childhood and adolescent somatotypes, with breast cancer risk according to molecular subtypes defined by immunohistochemical markers. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We identified 2,983 luminal A, 1,281 luminal B, 318 HER2-enriched, 408 basal-like, and 128 unclassified tumors. Height was positively associated with all subtypes (Pheterogeneity = 0.78). BMI at the age of 18 (Pheterogeneity = 0.001), childhood (Pheterogeneity = 0.51), and adolescent somatotype (Pheterogeneity = 0.046) were inversely associated, but with differences in magnitude of association. BMI at the age of 18 of ≥25 kg/m2 (compared with 20–21.9 kg/m2) was associated with a 52% decreased risk of HER2-enriched (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26–0.91; Ptrend < 0.0001) and 39% reduced risk of basal-like tumors (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36–1.02; Ptrend = 0.008). Compared with the lowest category, women in the highest adolescent body size category were 71% less likely to develop HER2-enriched (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10–0.85; Ptrend = 0.0005) and 60% less likely to develop basal-like (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17–0.95; Ptrend = 0.0008). Height was positively associated with risk of all breast cancer molecular subtypes. BMI at 18 years and childhood and adolescent were inversely associated with risk of most breast cancer molecular subtypes with somewhat stronger associations with HER2-enriched and basal-like subtypes. Cancer Prev Res; 9(9); 732–8. ©2016 AACR.

Tables 1 and 2 display estimates for height, BMI at age 18 and somatotypes for pre and postmenopausal women. Table 3 contains estimates for triple negative tumors for all four exposures.

Background: Urinary melatonin levels have been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but this association might vary according to tumor melatonin 1 receptor (MT1R) expression.Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study among 1,354 postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study, who were cancer free when they provided first-morning spot urine samples in 2000 to 2002; urine samples were assayed for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s, a major metabolite of melatonin). Five-hundred fifty-five of these women developed breast cancer before May 31, 2012, and were matched to 799 control subjects. In a subset of cases, immunohistochemistry was used to determine MT1R status of tumor tissue. We used multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression to estimate the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)] across quartiles of creatinine-standardized urinary aMT6s level, including by MT1R subtype.Results: Higher urinary melatonin levels were suggestively associated with a lower overall risk of breast cancer (multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.61–0.99, comparing quartile 4 vs. quartile 1; Ptrend = 0.08); this association was similar for invasive vs. in situ tumors (Pheterogeneity = 0.12). There was no evidence that associations differed according to MT1R status of the tumor (e.g., Pheterogeneity for overall breast cancer = 0.88).Conclusions: Higher urinary melatonin levels were associated with reduced breast cancer risk in this cohort of postmenopausal women, and the association was not modified by MT1R subtype.Impact: Urinary melatonin levels appear to predict the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, future research should evaluate these associations with longer-term follow-up and among premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 413–9. ©2016 AACR.

Supplemental Table. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals of breast cancer across quartiles of creatinine-standardized urinary melatonin level, including cases occurring between June 1, 2006 and May 31, 2012 and their matched controls (n=422).

BackgroundWe studied women enrolled in the Boston Mammography Cohort Study to investigate whether subgroups defined by age, race, or family history of breast cancer experienced differences in trends of screening or diagnostic imaging rates during the COVID-19 lockdown and had slower rebound in trends of these rates during reopening.MethodsWe compared trends of monthly breast cancer screening and diagnostic imaging rates over time between the pre-COVID-19, lockdown, and reopening periods and tested for differences in the monthly trend within the same period by age (ResultsOverall, we observed a decline in breast cancer screening and diagnostic imaging rates. The monthly trend of breast cancer screening rates for women age ≥50 was 5% higher (p=0.005) in the pre-COVID-19 period but was 19% lower in the reopening phase than that of women agedDiscussionThe rebound in screening was lower in women age ≥50 and lower in non-White women for diagnostic imaging. Careful attention must be paid as the COVID-19 recovery continues to ensure equitable resumption of care.FundingThe project was supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (RT). Researchers were supported by the University of Louisville CIEHS P30 ES030283 (NCD), K01CA188075 (ETW), T32CA09001 (NCD, MOS, MEB) P30 ES000002 (JH, FL), and NIH/NCI K00 CA212222 (MEB). This manuscript is the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

PURPOSE: Cancer patients who smoke may experience significant stigma due both to their disease, and negative attitudes and beliefs regarding smoking. We investigated whether internalized stigma differed between currently smoking cancer patients diagnosed with lung or head and neck cancers, other smoking related cancers, and non smoking-related cancers, and whether internalized stigma was associated with psychological distress. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data on 293 participants enrolled in a multi-site randomized smoking cessation intervention trial of patients with recently diagnosed cancer. Internalized stigma was assessed using five Internalized Shame items from the Social Impact of Disease Scale. Smoking-related cancers included lung, head and neck, esophageal, bladder, kidney, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, anal, small intestinal, gastric, and cervical. We used multivariable linear regression to examine whether mean internalized stigma levels differed between individuals with lung and head and neck cancers, other smoking-related cancers, and non smoking-related cancers, adjusting for potential confounders. We further examined the association of internalized stigma with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, overall and among cancer type groups. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of participants were diagnosed with lung or head and neck cancer, 21% with another smoking-related cancer, and 40% with a non smoking-related cancer. In multivariable-adjusted models, participants with lung or head and neck cancers (11.6, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 10.8-12.2; p < 0.0001) or other smoking-related cancers (10.7, 95% CI = 9.8-11.7; p = 0.03) had higher mean internalized stigma scores compared to those non-smoking-related cancers (9.3, 95% CI = 8.6-10.0). We observed similar positive associations between internalized stigma and depressive symptoms, anxiety, and perceived stress among participants with smoking-related and non smoking-related cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Among smokers, those with smoking-related cancers experienced the highest levels of internalized stigma, and greater internalized stigma was associated with greater psychological distress across cancer types. Providers should assess patients for internalized and other forms of stigma, refer patients for appropriate psychosocial support services, and address stigma in smoking cessation programs.

Background: Few epigenetics studies have been conducted within the Black community to examine the impact of diverse psychosocial stressors and resources for resiliency on the stress pathway (hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis). Methods: Among 1000 participants from the Black Women's Health Study, associations between ten psychosocial stressors and DNA methylation (DNAm) of four stress-related genes ( NR3C1, HSDB1, HSD11B2 and FKBP5) were tested. Whether religiosity or spirituality (R/S) significantly modified these stress-DNAm associations was also assessed. Results: Associations were found for several stressors with DNAm of individual CpG loci and average DNAm levels across each gene, but no associations remained significant after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Several R/S variables appeared to modify the relationship between two stressors and DNAm, but no identified interaction remained significant after FDR correction. Conclusion: There is limited evidence for a strong signal between stress and DNAm of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis genes in this general population cohort of US Black women.

The association between religion, spirituality, and body weight is controversial, given the methodological limitations of existing studies. Using the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort, follow-up occurred from 2001 to 2015, with up to 35,547 participants assessed for the religious or spiritual coping and religious service attendance analyses. Cox regression and generalized estimating equations evaluated associations with obesity and weight change, respectively. Religious or spiritual coping and religious service attendance had little evidence of an association with obesity. Compared with not using religious or spiritual coping at all, the fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were minimally different across categories: a little bit (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92–1.18), a medium amount (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.96–1.24), and a lot (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.96–1.25) (Ptrend = 0.17). Compared with participants who never or almost never attend religious meetings or services, there was little evidence of an association between those attending less than once/month (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.97–1.10), 1–3 times/month (HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.90–1.13), once/week (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.83–1.02), and more than once/week (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.82–1.07) (Ptrend = 0.06). Findings were similar for weight change. There was no significant association between religious or spiritual coping, religious service attendance, obesity, and weight change. While religion and spirituality are prominent in American society, they are not important psychosocial factors influencing body weight in this sample.

Objective To assess awareness and implementation of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial findings, approaches to axillary nodal imaging, and to identify differences in practice based on respondent characteristics. Methods An online survey was distributed to members of the Society of Breast Imaging. Questions regarded demographics, evaluation approaches, and impact of the Z0011 trial. Poisson regression with robust standard errors to regression was used to generate multivariable-adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations. Results The response rate was 21.7% (430/2007). The majority (295/430, 68.6%) reported always performing axillary US in patients with a BI-RADS 4B, 4C, or 5 breast mass. Most respondents (299/430, 69.5%) were familiar with the findings of the Z0011 trial. Radiologists in academic practice were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54–0.83) times less likely than private practice radiologists to perform axillary US in all masses and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.13–1.52) times more likely to be very familiar with the trial. Frequency of axillary US showed no association with time spent in breast imaging, years in practice, or presence of dedicated breast surgeons. Increased time in breast imaging and presence of dedicated breast surgeons was strongly associated with familiarity with the trial. No association was observed with years in practice. Most respondents (291/430, 67.7%) made little or no change to their practice based on trial findings. Conclusion There is wide variability in approaches to axillary nodal evaluation, demonstrating a need for improved education and guidelines for axillary imaging in breast cancer patients.

During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, many health professionals used social media to promote preventative health behaviors. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of the effect of a Facebook advertising campaign consisting of short videos recorded by doctors and nurses to encourage users to stay at home for the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays (NCT04644328 and AEARCTR-0006821). We randomly assigned counties to high intensity (n = 410 (386) at Thanksgiving (Christmas)) or low intensity (n = 410 (381)). The intervention was delivered to a large fraction of Facebook subscribers in 75% and 25% of randomly assigned zip codes in high- and low-intensity counties, respectively. In total, 6,998 (6,716) zip codes were included, and 11,954,109 (23,302,290) users were reached at Thanksgiving (Christmas). The first two primary outcomes were holiday travel and fraction leaving home, both measured using mobile phone location data of Facebook users. Average distance traveled in high-intensity counties decreased by −0.993 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI): –1.616, −0.371; P = 0.002) for the 3 days before each holiday compared to low-intensity counties. The fraction of people who left home on the holiday was not significantly affected (adjusted difference: 0.030; 95% CI: −0.361, 0.420; P = 0.881). The third primary outcome was COVID-19 infections recorded at the zip code level in the 2-week period starting 5 days after the holiday. Infections declined by 3.5% (adjusted 95% CI: −6.2%, −0.7%; P = 0.013) in intervention compared to control zip codes. Social media messages recorded by health professionals before the winter holidays in the United States led to a significant reduction in holiday travel and subsequent COVID-19 infections., A new cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in 13 American states demonstrates that a social media advertising campaign using videos of healthcare professionals to encourage users to stay at home over the holiday season was effective in reducing travel and subsequent spread of COVID-19.

We aimed to determine the availability of existing web-based educational materials on breast cancer survivorship and assess their readability and understandability.We identified materials eligible for review in two ways: (1) reviews of websites of major cancer-related organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society); (2) Google searches for breast cancer survivorship, breast cancer, breast cancer follow-up care, and cancer survivorship. We measured Flesch-Kincaid and New Dale Readability of existing breast cancer and breast cancer survivorship materials. Readability grade levels 5 to 8 were considered ideal to acceptable. We used the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) to measure the understandability of 53 videos and 152 written materials, such as booklets and manuals. A resource was considered understandable and/or actionable if it scored ≥ 70% on either the understandability section or the actionability section of the PEMAT.We identified a total of 205 existing materials including brochures, booklets, facts sheets, websites, and videos in English. The average Flesch-Kincaid grade score of written educational materials was 9.7 (range 3.5-16.4), which translates to a 9Patient educational materials are available online as printable, written materials, and videos and they focus on a wide selection of survivorship-related topics. Most of the breast cancer educational materials that are available online were above an 8Understandable patient education materials are essential for guiding breast cancer survivors towards improving their health outcomes and optimizing their quality of life.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to uncover genetic contributors to adiposity in early life. METHODS A genome-wide association study of childhood body fatness in 34,401 individuals within the Nurses' Health Studies and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study was conducted. Data were imputed to the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 version 5 reference panel. RESULTS A total of 1,354 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (P

Prospective studies on the association between depression and telomere length have produced mixed results and have been largely limited to European ancestry populations. We examined the associations between depression and telomere length, and the modifying influence of religion and spirituality, in four cohorts participating in the Study on Stress, Spirituality and Health, each representing a different race/ethnic population. Relative leukocyte telomere length (RTL) was measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our result showed that depression was not associated with RTL (percent difference: 3.0 95% CI: − 3.9, 10.5; p = 0.41; p-heterogeneity across studies = 0.67) overall or in cohort-specific analyses. However, in cohort-specific analyses, there was some evidence of effect modification by the extent of religiosity or spirituality, religious congregation membership, and group prayer. Further research is needed to investigate prospective associations between depression and telomere length and resources of resilience including dimensions of religion and spirituality that may impact such dynamics in diverse racial/ethnic populations.

The events of 2020 threw into stark relief the long-standing inequities in healthcare and the disproportionate toll they exert on communities of color. We asked physicians and scientists to share their experiences in confronting and tackling health disparities, and their Voices highlight the need for concerted and widespread action.

Mammography screening encounters may represent ideal opportunities to identify high-risk women for risk-based screening. During mammography appointments, radiology practices evaluate breast density and ascertain known breast cancer risk factors. Our purpose was to evaluate the potential for mammographic screening encounters to identify high-risk women by estimating the (1) proportion of high-risk women who report that they have undergone mammographic screening and the (2) proportion of high-risk women who receive recommendations for breast MRI screening. Women ages 30–85 without breast cancer histories were included from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey (response rate 80%). Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool was used to determine high-risk (lifetime risk>20%). Among high-risk women, primary outcome was proportion reporting mammography screening, secondary outcome was receipt of a breast MRI recommendation after recent mammogram, accounting for complex survey design. 14,958 women were included. 1.0% were high-risk of whom: 91.9% ever had a mammogram, 68.0% had a mammogram within the last year, 81.5% had a mammogram within the last 2 years. 6.4% were recommended to undergo breast MRI. Among high-risk women, women with dense breast tissue were more likely (OR 496.0, 95%CI 52.6,4674.0) and older women were less likely (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.84,0.99) to receive recommendations for breast MRI. Among high-risk women, 92% reported undergoing at least one mammogram in their lives. 94% did not receive recommendations for breast MRI screening and 32% did not have a mammogram within the last year. To identify high-risk women, breast imaging centers should consider determining lifetime breast cancer risk during mammography screening visits.

Objectives In this pilot study, we developed and assessed acceptability of a brochure for women with dense breasts. Material and methods We measured Flesch-Kincaid Readability of 22 existing breast density educational materials. We then developed a brochure and tested it in two populations of women: 44 safety net hospital patients and 13 Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium stakeholders. Results Average grade score of existing materials was 10.0 (range: 5.5–12.7). Our brochure had a grade score of 5.9, and patients reported it was easy to understand. Conclusion Our plain language brochure could improve patient understanding following mandatory dense breast notification., Highlights • Readability of 22 existing breast density educational materials was assessed. • Guided by patient advocates, we developed a print breast density educational brochure. • Brochure acceptability was assessed in focus groups and an online discussion group. • Existing educational materials had low readability. • Our brochure had high readability and can be used to support women with dense breasts.

Background: The V measure captures grayscale intensity variation on a mammogram and is positively associated with breast cancer risk, independent of percent mammographic density (PMD), an established marker of breast cancer risk. We examined whether anthropometrics are associated with V, independent of PMD. Methods: The analysis included 1,700 premenopausal and 1,947 postmenopausal women without breast cancer within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Participants recalled their body fatness at ages 5, 10, and 20 years using a 9-level pictogram (level 1: most lean) and reported weight at age 18 years, current adult weight, and adult height. V was estimated by calculating standard deviation of pixels on screening mammograms. Linear mixed models were used to estimate beta coefficients (ß) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relationships between anthropometric measures and V, adjusting for confounders and PMD. Results: V and PMD were positively correlated (Spearman r = 0.60). Higher average body fatness at ages 5 to 10 years (level ≥ 4.5 vs. 1) was significantly associated with lower V in premenopausal (ß = −0.32; 95% CI, −0.48 to −0.16) and postmenopausal (ß = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.37 to −0.10) women, independent of current body mass index (BMI) and PMD. Similar inverse associations were observed with average body fatness at ages 10 to 20 years and BMI at age 18 years. Current BMI was inversely associated with V, but the associations were largely attenuated after adjustment for PMD. Height was not associated with V. Conclusions: Our data suggest that early-life body fatness may reflect lifelong impact on breast tissue architecture beyond breast density. However, further studies are needed to confirm the results. Impact: This study highlights strong inverse associations of early-life adiposity with mammographic image intensity variation.

Half of women undergoing mammography have dense breasts. Mandatory dense breast notification and educational materials have been shown to confuse women, rather than empower them. This study used a mixed method, multi-stakeholder approach to assess acceptability of an interactive, computer-animated agent that provided breast density information to women and changes in knowledge, satisfaction, and informational needs. A pre-post survey and qualitative focus groups assessed the acceptability of the computer-animated agent among women. An anonymous, online survey measuring acceptability was delivered to a multi-stakeholder group. English-speaking, mammography-eligible women ages 40–74 were invited and 44 women participated in one of nine focus groups. In addition, 14 stakeholders representing primary care, radiology, patient advocates, public health practitioners, and researchers completed the online survey. A prototype of a computer-animated agent was delivered to women in a group setting; stakeholders viewed the prototype independently. Data collected included open-ended qualitative questions that guided discussion about the content and form of the computer-animated agent. Structured surveys included domains related to knowledge, acceptability, and satisfaction. Stakeholder acceptability was measured with a series of statements about aspects of the intervention and delivery approach and are reported as the proportion of respondents who endorsed each statement. Six of 12 knowledge items demonstrated improvement post-intervention, satisfaction with the agent was high (81%), but the number of unanswered questions did not improve (67% vs. 54%, p = 0.37). Understanding of the distinction between connective and fatty tissue in the breast did not increase (30% vs. 26%, p = 0.48). Results of the multi-stakeholder survey suggest broad acceptability of the approach and agent. Findings highlight the benefits of a brief interactive educational exposure as well as misperceptions that persisted. Results demonstrate the need for an evidence-based, accessible intervention that is easy to understand for patients.

Introduction: Cancer treatment planning in older adults is complex and requires careful balancing of survival, quality of life benefits, and risk of treatment-related morbidity and toxicity. As a result, treatment selection in this cohort tends to differ from that for younger patients. However, there are very few studies describing cancer treatment patterns in older cohorts. Methods: We used data from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial and the ASPREE Cancer Treatment Substudy (ACTS) to describe cancer treatment patterns in older adults. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to identify factors affecting receipt of treatment. Results: Of 1893 eligible Australian and United States (US) participants with incident cancer, 1569 (81%) received some form of cancer treatment. Non-metastatic breast cancers most frequently received treatment (98%), while haematological malignancy received the lowest rates of treatment (60%). Factors associated with not receiving treatment were older age (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.96), residence in the US (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.22–0.54), smoking (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40–0.81), and diabetes (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.39–0.80). After adjustment for treatment patterns in sex-specific cancers, sex did not impact receipt of treatment. Conclusions: This study is one of the first describing cancer treatment patterns and factors affecting receipt of treatment across common cancer types in older adults. We found that most older adults with cancer received some form of cancer treatment, typically surgery or systemic therapy, although this varied by factors such as cancer type, age, sex, and country of residence.

Inverse associations between natural vegetation exposure (i.e., greenness) and breast cancer risk have been reported; however, it remains unknown whether greenness affects breast tissue development or operates through other mechanisms (e.g., body mass index [BMI] or physical activity). We examined the association between greenness and mammographic density-a strong breast cancer risk factor-to determine whether greenness influences breast tissue composition independent of lifestyle factors.Women (n = 2,318) without a history of breast cancer underwent mammographic screening at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, from 2006 to 2014. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) satellite data at 1-kmFive-year annual average NDVI was not associated with percent mammographic density in premenopausal (β = -0.01; 95% CI = -0.03, 0.02;Greenness exposures were not associated with mammographic density.Prior observations of a protective association between greenness and breast cancer may not be driven by differences in breast tissue composition, as measured by mammographic density, but rather other mechanisms.

We calculated rates of breast and prostate cancer screening and diagnostic procedures performed during the COVID-19 pandemic through December 2021 compared to the same months in 2019 in a large healthcare provider group in central Massachusetts.We included active patients of the provider group between January 2019 and December 2021 aged 30-85 years. Monthly rates of screening mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis, breast MRI, total prostate specific antigen (PSA), and breast or prostate biopsy per 1,000 people were compared by year overall, by age, and race/ethnicity. Completed procedures were identified by relevant codes in electronic health record data.Rates of screening mammography, tomosynthesis, and PSA testing reached the lowest levels in April-May 2020. Breast cancer screening rates decreased 43% in March and 99% in April and May 2020, compared to 2019. Breast cancer screening rates increased gradually beginning in June 2020 through 2021, although more slowly in Black and Hispanic women and in women aged 75-85. PSA testing rates decreased 34% in March, 78% in April, and 53% in May 2020, but rebounded to pre-pandemic levels by June 2020; trends were similar across groups defined by age and race/ethnicity.The observed decline in two common screening procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic reflects the impact of the pandemic on cancer early detection and signals potential downstream effects on the prognosis of delayed cancer diagnoses. The slower rate of return for breast cancer screening procedures in certain subgroups should be investigated to ensure all women return for routine screenings.

Purpose To investigate religion and spirituality (R/S) as psychosocial factors in type 2 diabetes risk. Methods Using the Nurses’ Health Study II, we conducted a 14-year prospective analysis of 46,713 women with self-reported use of religion or spiritual beliefs to cope with stressful situations, and 42,825 women with self-reported religious service attendance, with respect to type 2 diabetes. Cox regression was used to assess the associations. . Results Compared with not using religious or spiritual coping at all, the fully-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were minimally different across all categories: a little bit (HR=1.01; 95% CI:0.85, 1.19), a medium amount (HR=0.96; 95% CI:0.80, 1.14), a lot (HR=0.93; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.11) (Ptrend=0.24). Similarly, compared with participants who never or almost never attend religious meetings or services, there were minimal differences with participants attending less than once/month (HR=1.06; 95% CI:0.92, 1.22), 1-3 times/month (HR=1.00; 95% CI:0.85, 1.17), once/week (HR=0.98; 95% CI:0.85, 1.14), more than once/week (HR=1.20; 95% CI:1.01, 1.43) (Ptrend=0.29). Perceived stress did not modify these associations. Our hypothesis of mediated effects through lifestyle factors and social integration was not supported. Conclusions R/S was not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes, but its role in other chronic conditions may be important.

93 Background: Clinical trials (CT) are important treatment options for patients with cancer, yet enrollment rates among underrepresented minority (URM) patients remain suboptimal. Oncology care teams need to assess barriers and facilitators of CT participation and identify practices and resources to better support patients. As part of a larger mixed-methods project, we elicited perspectives on improving URM CT enrollment from oncology research care teams and patients. Methods: We conducted four 60-minute focus groups with 12 oncology physicians, 12 research nurses, and nine clinical research coordinators, and semi-structured interviews with nine URM CT patients at a large academic medical center between January and December 2021. Results: Thematic analysis of the focus groups and interviews identified multiple barriers and potential resources and supports at the patient, healthcare team, institutional, and trial design levels. Barriers included difficulty ensuring patient understanding and informed consent, especially among patients with low health literacy and limited-English proficiency, complex logistical and financial demands of CT participation for patients, and the lack of multidisciplinary oncology care team collaboration. Collectively, these barriers undermined communication, trust, and the quality of patients’ relationships with the care team, all affecting CT participation. Suggested resources and practices included proactive needs assessments for all patients with early engagement of social workers, providing a liaison or navigator for each patient, services and support to reduce patient out of pocket costs, expansion of non-English materials availability and increased used of interpreters, increased training and diversity for all care team roles, and simplifying CT requirements by streamlining informed consent documents, eliminating unnecessary CT-related appointments, and broadening eligibility criteria. Conclusions: Findings suggest that changes in clinical trial design, care team coordination, and early assessment and monitoring of patients’ needs and experiences may help reduce access barriers and increase enrollment of URM patients into cancer CTs.

Background Religion and spirituality (R/S) are important resources for coping with stress and are hypothesized to influence health outcomes via modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, though this has not been evaluated extensively. In this study, we examined associations between several measures of religiosity or spirituality (R/S) and three HPA axis biomarkers: cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and cortisol:DHEA ratio. Methods Sample included 216 female postmenopausal Nurses’ Health Study II participants who provided up to five timed saliva samples: immediately upon awakening, 45 min, 4 h, and 10 h after waking, and prior to going to sleep during a single day in 2013. Multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models with piecewise cubic spline functions and adjustment for potential covariates were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations of eight R/S measures with diurnal rhythms of cortisol, DHEA, and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. Results There was little evidence of association between the eight R/S measures analyzed and diurnal rhythms of cortisol, DHEA, and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. Women who reported that R/S was very involved in understanding or dealing with stressful situations had slower night rise in cortisol than those who did not. Greater levels of religious struggles were associated with higher cortisol levels throughout the day. Higher non-theistic daily spiritual experiences scores were associated with slower DHEA night rise, and a higher cortisol/DHEA ratio upon waking and at night. However, these associations were significantly attenuated when we excluded women reporting bedtimes at least 30 min later than usual. Conclusion Observed associations were driven by those with late sleep schedules, and given the number of comparisons made, could be due to chance. Future research using larger, more diverse samples of individuals is needed to better understand the relationship between R/S and HPA axis biomarkers.

The association between religion, spirituality, and body weight is controversial, given the methodological limitations of existing studies. Using the Nurses' Health Study II cohort, follow-up occurred from 2001 to 2015, with up to 35,547 participants assessed for the religious or spiritual coping and religious service attendance analyses. Cox regression and generalized estimating equations evaluated associations with obesity and weight change, respectively. Religious or spiritual coping and religious service attendance had little evidence of an association with obesity. Compared with not using religious or spiritual coping at all, the fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were minimally different across categories: a little bit (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92-1.18), a medium amount (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.96-1.24), and a lot (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.96-1.25) (P

During the COVID-19 epidemic, many health professionals started using mass communication on social media to relay critical information and persuade individuals to adopt preventative health behaviors. Our group of clinicians and nurses developed and recorded short video messages to encourage viewers to stay home for the Thanksgiving and Christmas Holidays. We then conducted a two-stage clustered randomized controlled trial in 820 counties (covering 13 States) in the United States of a large-scale Facebook ad campaign disseminating these messages. In the first level of randomization, we randomly divided the counties into two groups: high intensity and low intensity. In the second level, we randomly assigned zip codes to either treatment or control such that 75% of zip codes in high intensity counties received the treatment, while 25% of zip codes in low intensity counties received the treatment. In each treated zip code, we sent the ad to as many Facebook subscribers as possible (11,954,109 users received at least one ad at Thanksgiving and 23,302,290 users received at least one ad at Christmas). The first primary outcome was aggregate holiday travel, measured using mobile phone location data, available at the county level: we find that average distance travelled in high-intensity counties decreased by -0.993 percentage points (95% CI -1.616, -0.371, p-value 0.002) the three days before each holiday. The second primary outcome was COVID-19 infection at the zip-code level: COVID-19 infections recorded in the two-week period starting five days post-holiday declined by 3.5 percent (adjusted 95% CI [-6.2 percent, -0.7 percent], p-value 0.013) in intervention zip codes compared to control zip codes.

Given the continued burden of COVID-19 worldwide, there is a high unmet need for data on the effect of social distancing and face mask use to mitigate the risk of COVID-19. We examined the association of community-level social distancing measures and individual face mask use with risk of predicted COVID-19 in a large prospective U.S. cohort study of 198,077 participants. Individuals living in communities with the greatest social distancing had a 31% lower risk of predicted COVID-19 compared with those living in communities with poor social distancing. Self-reported ‘always’ use of face mask was associated with a 62% reduced risk of predicted COVID-19 even among individuals living in a community with poor social distancing. These findings provide support for the efficacy of mask-wearing even in settings of poor social distancing in reducing COVID-19 transmission. Despite mass vaccination campaigns in many parts of the world, continued efforts at social distancing and face mask use remain critically important in reducing the spread of COVID-19.

The association between religious service attendance, religious coping, and hypertension is unclear. Prospective research and assessment of potential mediators is needed to understand this relationship. From 2001–2013, we prospectively followed 44,281 nonhypertensive women who provided information on religious service attendance and religious coping in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Cox regression and mediation analyses were conducted to assess associations between religion and hypertension. There were 453,706 person-years of follow-up and 11,773 incident hypertension cases. Women who attended religious services were less likely to develop hypertension. In the fully adjusting model, compared with women who never or almost never attend religious meetings or services, women attending less than once per month (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91, 1.03), 1–3 times per month (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.00), once per week (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), or more than once per week (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97) showed a decreased risk of hypertension (P for trend = 0.001). Body mass index was an important mediator (11.5%; P

Emerging data suggest gout and hyperuricemia may now be more frequent among Black adults in the US than White adults, especially Black women. However, national-level, sex-specific general population data on racial differences in gout prevalence and potential socioclinical risk factors are lacking.To identify sex-specific factors driving disparities between Black and White adults in contemporary gout prevalence in the US general population.This cross-sectional analysis used nationally representative, decadal survey data from successive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2019, through May 31, 2021. Participants included US adults self-reporting Black or White race.Self-reported race, excess body mass index, chronic kidney disease (CKD; defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate60 mL/min/1.73 m2, according to latest equations without race coefficient), poverty, poor-quality diet, low educational level, alcohol consumption, and diuretic use.Race- and sex-specific prevalence of physician- or clinician-diagnosed gout and hyperuricemia and their differences before and after adjusting for potential socioclinical risk factors.A total of 18 693 participants were included in the analysis, consisting of 3304 Black women (mean [SD] age, 44.8 [0.4] years), 6195 White women (mean [SD] age, 49.8 [0.3] years), 3085 Black men (mean [SD] age, 43.6 [0.5] years]), and 6109 White men (mean [SD] age, 48.2 [0.3] years). Age-standardized prevalence of gout was 3.5% (95% CI, 2.7%-4.3%) in Black women and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.5%-2.5%) in White women (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.81 [95% CI, 1.29-2.53]); prevalence was 7.0% (95% CI, 6.2%-7.9%) in Black men and 5.4% (95% CI, 4.7%-6.2%) in White men (age-adjusted OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02-1.55]). These associations attenuated after adjusting for poverty, diet, body mass index, and CKD among women and for diet and CKD among men but became null after adjusting for all risk factors (ORs, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.67-1.65] among women and 1.05 [95% CI, 0.80-1.35] among men). Hyperuricemia end point findings were similar.In this nationally representative race- and sex-specific cross-sectional study of US adults, gout was more prevalent in adults self-reporting Black race during a recent 10-year period compared with their White counterparts. These racial differences may be explained by sex-specific differences in diet and social determinants of health and clinical factors. Culturally informed efforts focusing on these factors could reduce current gout-related disparities.

Racial/ethnic minorities have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. The effects of COVID-19 on the long-term mental health of minorities remains unclear. To evaluate differences in odds of screening positive for depression and anxiety among various racial and ethnic groups during the latter phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 691,473 participants nested within the prospective smartphone-based COVID Symptom Study in the United States (U.S.) and United Kingdom (U.K). from February 23, 2021 to June 9, 2021. In the U.S. (n=57,187), compared to White participants, the multivariable odds ratios (ORs) for screening positive for depression were 1·16 (95% CI: 1·02 to 1·31) for Black, 1·23 (1·11 to 1·36) for Hispanic, and 1·15 (1·02 to 1·30) for Asian participants, and 1·34 (1·13 to 1·59) for participants reporting more than one race/other even after accounting for personal factors such as prior history of a mental health disorder, COVID-19 infection status, and surrounding lockdown stringency. Rates of screening positive for anxiety were comparable. In the U.K. (n=643,286), racial/ethnic minorities had similarly elevated rates of positive screening for depression and anxiety. These disparities were not fully explained by changes in leisure time activities. Racial/ethnic minorities bore a disproportionate mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. These differences will need to be considered as health care systems transition from prioritizing infection control to mitigating long-term consequences.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated poorer survival of Black women with breast cancer. We assessed whether race/ethnicity was associated with disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among women with breast cancer enrolled in clinical trials for early-stage breast cancer according to tumor subtype, age, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: 10,011 women enrolled in one of four adjuvant chemotherapy trials: CALGB 9741, CALGB 49907, CALGB 40101, or NCCTG N9831. 9918 participants had available DFS and/or OS data and were included in the analysis. Cox models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between race/ethnicity and DFS and OS. We compared Non-Hispanic (NH) Black (n=871), Hispanic (n=436), and other race participants (n=283) to NH Whites (n=7889). We assessed associations within strata of age group ( Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, NH Black patients under 50 years of age had worse DFS compared to NH White patients (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.10-1.62) and worse OS (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.30-2.07). The differences in DFS and OS persisted in patients ages 50 to Conclusions: Our results identified subgroups that may contribute to the observed disparities in survival between NH Black and NH White women with early-stage breast cancer. The greatest disparities are among individuals Support: U10CA180821 and U10CA180882; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00003088, NCT00005970, NCT00024102, NCT00041119; https://acknowledgments.alliancefound.org Citation Format: Marla Lipsyc-Sharf, Karla V. Ballman, Jordan D. Campbell, Hyman B. Muss, Edith A. Perez, Lawrence N. Shulman, Lisa A. Carey, Ann H. Partridge, Erica T. Warner. Role of age, BMI, and tumor subtype in racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer survival: A pooled analysis of four Alliance adjuvant clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 494.

Percent mammographic density (PMD) is a strong breast cancer risk factor, however, other mammographic features, such as V, the standard deviation (SD) of pixel intensity, may be associated with risk. We assessed whether PMD, automated PMD (APD), and V, yielded independent associations with breast cancer risk. We included 1900 breast cancer cases and 3921 matched controls from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII. Using digitized film mammograms, we estimated PMD using a computer-assisted thresholding technique. APD and V were determined using an automated computer algorithm. We used logistic regression to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Median time from mammogram to diagnosis was 4.1 years (interquartile range: 1.6–6.8 years). PMD (OR per SD:1.52, 95% CI: 1.42, 1.63), APD (OR per SD:1.32, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.41), and V (OR per SD:1.32, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.40) were positively associated with breast cancer risk. Associations for APD were attenuated but remained statistically significant after mutual adjustment for PMD or V. Women in the highest quartile of both APD and V (OR vs Q1/Q1: 2.49, 95% CI: 2.02, 3.06), or PMD and V (OR vs Q1/Q1: 3.57, 95% CI: 2.79, 4.58) had increased breast cancer risk. An automated method of PMD assessment is feasible and yields similar, but somewhat weaker, estimates to a manual measure. PMD, APD and V are each independently, positively associated with breast cancer risk. Women with dense breasts and greater texture variation are at the highest relative risk of breast cancer.

Background There is limited prior investigation of the combined influence of personal and community-level socioeconomic factors on racial/ethnic disparities in individual risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis nested within a prospective cohort of 2,102,364 participants from March 29, 2020 in the United States (US) and March 24, 2020 in the United Kingdom (UK) through December 02, 2020 via the COVID Symptom Study smartphone application. We examined the contribution of community-level deprivation using the Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) and the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) to observe racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 incidence. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04331509. Findings Compared with non-Hispanic White participants, the risk for a positive COVID-19 test was increased in the US for non-Hispanic Black (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–1.47) and Hispanic participants (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.33–1.52) and in the UK for Black (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02–1.34), South Asian (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30–1.49), and Middle Eastern participants (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18–1.61). This elevated risk was associated with living in more deprived communities according to the NDI/IMD. After accounting for downstream mediators of COVID-19 risk, community-level deprivation still mediated 16.6% and 7.7% of the excess risk in Black compared to White participants in the US and the UK, respectively. Interpretation Our results illustrate the critical role of social determinants of health in the disproportionate COVID-19 risk experienced by racial and ethnic minorities. Funding Please refer to the Funding section at the end of the article.

Worldwide, racial and ethnic minorities have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 with increased risk of infection, its related complications, and death. In the initial phase of population-based vaccination in the United States (U.S.) and United Kingdom (U.K.), vaccine hesitancy may result in differences in uptake. We performed a cohort study among U.S. and U.K. participants who volunteered to take part in the smartphone-based COVID Symptom Study (March 2020-February 2021) and used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios of vaccine hesitancy and uptake. In the U.S. (n = 87,388), compared to white participants, vaccine hesitancy was greater for Black and Hispanic participants and those reporting more than one or other race. In the U.K. (n = 1,254,294), racial and ethnic minority participants showed similar levels of vaccine hesitancy to the U.S. However, associations between participant race and ethnicity and levels of vaccine uptake were observed to be different in the U.S. and the U.K. studies. Among U.S. participants, vaccine uptake was significantly lower among Black participants, which persisted among participants that self-reported being vaccine-willing. In contrast, statistically significant racial and ethnic disparities in vaccine uptake were not observed in the U.K sample. In this study of self-reported vaccine hesitancy and uptake, lower levels of vaccine uptake in Black participants in the U.S. during the initial vaccine rollout may be attributable to both hesitancy and disparities in access., The authors show differences in self-reported vaccine hesitancy and uptake among participants from different racial and ethnic groups in the United States and in the United Kingdom during the initial phase of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout.