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Snakebite is an enormous cause of mortality and morbidity especially in Asia, according to WHO snakebite, is very a common acute medical emergency in most rural, tribal, hilly areas of the tropical and subtropical countries. Snake venom is very complex mixture of enzymes like phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiester, phosphomonoesterases, low molecular weight polypeptide, glycoprotein and metal ions. Hyaluronidase is one of the enzyme present in venoms of snake, leeches, scorpions, bees, caterpillars, spiders and in many others which acts as spreading factors and can cause local tissue damage like destruction of extracellular matrix and connective tissues. During envenomation, hyaluronidase activity is considered critical for the spreading of toxins and is supposed to change the integrity of extracellular matrix done by the degradation of hyaluronic acid in it. The compounds of plants which act as inhibitors are flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, synthetic compounds, antioxidants, glycosaminoglycans, glycosides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, anti-inflammatory drugs and other reagents. Therefore, plants constituents can be effective inhibitors of enzymes like hyaluronidase and can be used as antivenom for venomous bite.The present review attempts to establish the structure isoforms, activity, mechanism and assay of hyaluronidase enzyme and their possible natural inhibitor for the inhibition of toxins spreading during envenomation.

Leafy vegetables are the most abundant source of food, phytomedicine, and natural specialty chemicals. However, very few polysaccharides obtained from such vegetables have been used so far as functional food or medicine. Polysaccharides exists in leaves as metabolites or storage materials and often exhibit very distinct properties. Some of these polymers possess beneficial properties like prebiotic, immunostimulant, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, deeper understanding of these polysaccharides may offer novel nutritional/medicinal compounds. This chapter reviews the major polysaccharides identified in leaves with illustration of their structure. The possible structure-function relation of the molecules and effect of the extraction and processing conditions on the structural properties of the molecules have been discussed. Some of the leaf polysaccharides also play a strong role in drug pharmacodynamics by interfering with bioavailability of some drug molecules. An attempt has been made not only to highlight the structural properties of the polysaccharide molecules but also broader aspects of their functionality. This knowledge may inspire further research on application of leaf polysaccharides as well as better use of leafy vegetables as functional food.

Bioethanol is a renewable energy source produced from the resources which can be easily replenished. The bioethanol production through fermentation may provide an economically competitive source of energy by its incorporation into gasoline. Production of bioethanol from waste food crops like potatoes could be the better substrate, and the waste produced is also biodegradable. Lack of storage facilities and postharvest losses make potato a promising crop which can be used for production of ethanol. Moreover, the conversion of potato starch into glucose by bakhar is more cost-effective, and fermentation with baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields maximum amount of ethanol. This process of production of ethanol from waste potato would be promising and economically effective for the production of biofuel, called bioethanol.