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Based on lake data in Ningxia from 1980 to 2016, combined with Google Earth image processing and Mann-Kendall trend analysis, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics and changes in the main lake areas of Ningxia from 1980 to 2016, and further explored the impact of climate change, runoff conditions and human activities on lake evolution. The results showed that the lakes in Ningxia were mainly permanent freshwater lakes, mainly distributed in Yinchuan and Shizuishan cities. The total area of lakes with an area of over 1. 00 km 2 showed an increasing trend from 1980 to 2016; among them, 84% of the lake area showed an increasing trend, while 16% of the lake area showed a decreasing trend. The change in lake area in Ningxia was caused by both natural and human factors. The trend of lake area was the same as that of annual temperature and rainfall, but opposite to that of annual runoff; the impact of different types of human activities on lake area varied, but overall, they had a promoting effect on the increase of lake area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanent magnet (PM) of synchronous motor is prone to demagnetization faults due to factors such as high temperature, reverse magnetic field, and impact vibration, which directly affect the operational performance of machine. To accurately predict the air-gap magnetic field distribution accounting for time-varying demagnetization effects, an improved analytical subdomain model is proposed to reconstruct the residual magnetic field after demagnetization. The degree and distribution of demagnetization are innovatively described and defined using orthogonal design and statistical methods. Taking the 20/24 PM in-wheel motor (IWM) as an object, the variation of magnetic field and back electromotive force (EMF) under different demagnetization cases and degrees are compared and analyzed according to the Maxwell’s theory and field-circuit coupling time-stepping finite element (FE) method. And the evolution rules and reconstruction characteristics of unbalanced electromagnetic force (UEF), cogging torque, and output torque are explored. The results demonstrate that the improved model predictions agree well with that of simulation results, and the amplitude of flux density and back EMF in demagnetized region are significantly lower compared to healthy conditions. Under the uniform demagnetization, the waveform of UEF, cogging torque, and output torque generated by the residual magnetic field is almost consistent with the healthy condition, with relatively lower peaks. In other cases, with the expansion of demagnetization degrees and demagnetized PM’s numbers, the resulting UEF increases in a stepped pattern, and the fluctuation range of cogging torque and output torque both increase to varying degrees.

Through nutrient monitoring and correlation analysis,the evolution status of soil organic matter in Xinxiang City of Henan Province from 1982 to 2021 was studied,the effectiveness of fertilization and yield increase related measures in Xinxiang City was evaluated,and the development prospect of cultivated land organic matter in Xinxiang City was predicted. The results showed that the soil organic matter increased by 0. 25 g / kg annually in the past 40 years,and reached 19. 77 g / kg in 2021,which was the national Ⅳ level. It was expected that soil organic matter content would break through 20. 00 g / kg in 2030. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield and soil organic matter increased simultaneously,but when organic matter content reached 14. 63 g / kg,the yield increased gradually and even decreased with increasing organic matter concentration. The results also showed that the different soil types and crop types were also the reasons for the significant difference in cultivated land quality. Through the analysis of relevant data,this paper fully showed that the results of soil nutrient monitoring network could basically represent the soil nutrient content in the field,and could provide a powerful index for evaluating soil nutrient content and cultivated land quality in field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pipa sleeve has large sleeve volume but small cuff looks like Chinese lute also called pipa . It was one of the typical sleeve forms in the Ming Dynasty. In recent years with the renaissance of traditional clothing Hanfu products of the Ming Dynasty emerge in an endless stream and the Pipa sleeve is widely used in the design of Ming-style Hanfu. However at present the academic research on the classification and evolution of Pipa sleeves is still insufficient and is mostly limited to qualitative analysis. Therefore we studied the form and evolution of the Pipa sleeve of women􀆶 s dress in the Ming Dynasty by mathematical statistical analysis method so as to provide theoretical basis and data support for the in-depth research and market application of women􀆶 s dress of the Ming Dynasty. We took 84 women􀆶 s Pipa-sleeve tops of the Ming Dynasty unearthed and handed down as the research object and used Adobe Illustrator and Matlab and other software to obtain 14 sleeve indexes by using the visual restoration method and the proportion restoration method. The 14 sleeve indexes include 11 related indexes of sleeve shape total sleeve length sleeve length sleeve length Ⅰ sleeve length Ⅱ armhole straight sleeve width Ⅰ sleeve width sleeve width Ⅱ underarm angle cuff angle and maximum curvature of the arc at the bottom of the sleeve and three derived variables the ratio of sleeve width to sleeve length Ⅰ the ratio of sleeve width to sleeve length Ⅱ and the radius of curvature corresponding to maximum curvature . We used principal component analysis to extract three principal component factors of Pipa-sleeve shape namely width factor length and curvature factor and front contour factor and obtained the corresponding feature vectors of each principal component. With the proportion of the corresponding feature values of the three principal components to the sum of the extracted principal component feature values as the weight a comprehensive description model of morphological features was established. The comprehensive score of each sample is calculated by the comprehensive description model and Pipa sleeves are divided into six categories by K-means clustering namely the extra small Pipa sleeve XS# narrow and short Pipa sleeve NS# narrow and long Pipa sleeve NL# medium Pipa sleeve M# large Pipa sleeve L# and extra large Pipa sleeve XL# . Further the six categories can be divided into two major categories the small Pipa sleeve and the large Pipa sleeve. Of them the small Pipa sleeve includes three sub)categories XS# NS# and NL#. The sleeve width is in the 26 - 44 cm range with an average of 36. 6 cm. The large Pipa sleeve includes three sub-categories M# L# and XL#. The sleeve width is in the 42 - 69. 5 cm range with an average of 53. 2 cm. We present the schematic diagram of six types of Pipa sleeves and the mean values of parts of characteristic parameters of various sleeves. By analyzing the distribution and the average value of index of the six types of Pipa sleeves in different periods of the Ming Dynasty we can find that their evolution rules are as follows NL# dominated in the early)mid period of the Ming Dynasty and NL# and M# dominated at the early stage of the Jiajing period. In the middle stage of the Jiajing period M # became the mainstream while L # and XL # gradually increased. In the late stage of the Ming Dynasty the mainstream sleeve types of Pipa sleeves were mainly M# L# and XL#. The evolution of the Pipa sleeve of the women􀆶 s dress in the Ming Dynasty reflects the improvement of the textile industry technology the development of the commodity economy and the change of the political environment social atmosphere and the concept of etiquette in the Ming Dynasty. We apply the analytical method of mathematical statistics to the classification of Pipa sleeves form of women􀆶 s clothing in the Ming Dynasty. The research method provides reference for the quantitative study of the form and evolution of ancient clothing. At the same time the research results provide data support for the modernization improvement innovation and personalized customization of the Ming-style Hanfu and also provide certain theoretical support for archaeologists to study the chronology of tombs in the Ming Dynasty according to the unearthed costumes. If the number of research samples can be further enriched and more accurate sample size data can be obtained the accuracy of research results will be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex time series appear in numerous applications and are related to some essential physiological and natural systems. Their comparison faces big challenges: 1) with different complexity; 2) with significant phase shift in one series or shift∖on the time axis. Existing methods work well for periodic time-series data, but fail to produce satisfactory results in complex time-series. In this paper, we introduce a novel distance function based on the evolution rule for complex time series comparison. Here, the evolution rule, as the innate generative mechanism of time series, is creatively used to characterize complicated dynamics from complex time series. The comparison includes different level comparisons: the coarse level is to compare the difference in complexity, and the fine level is to compare the difference in actual evolution behavior. The proposed method is inspired by the observation that similar sequences come from the same source, e.g. a person's heart, in the case of ECG, thus two similar series will have the same innate generative mechanism. The performance has been verified by the conducting experiments, and the experiment results show that the proposed method is superior to the previously existing methods in clustering and classification on some real data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the spread of African swine fever in closed pig houses, by introducing the susceptible-infective(SI) model and improving it on this basis, combining the movement rule of pigs in the pig house and the difference of individual constitution, the probability of pigs in the pig house infected with African swine fever was analyzed. The infection rules were Designed after individual contact of pigs, cellular automata model for simulation was built, and the spread of African swine fever in pig houses was simulated. By comparing the propagation simulation results of African swine fever simulated by cellular automata with the propagation data of traditional SI model. The results show that the cellular automata simulation of African swine fever in-house propagation can achieve a good fit with the traditional SI model propagation data, and the fitting degree is 0. 96. At the same time, the cellular automaton is used as the African swine fever propagation model it has advantages in prediction. It can visualize the transmission process through iteration, and then predict the transmission trajectory of African swine fever in closed pig houses in real time, which provides theoretical guidance for the simulation research of related infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-term tracking test was performed on a newly designed high-speed train with the nominal speed of 250 km/h. The wheel roughness and structural vibration were both recorded during two re-profiling cycles. The 3rd order polygonal wear was observed in the early stage. The vibration of the axlebox can be aggravated even at lower speed when the passing frequency of polygonal wear approaches the P2 resonance frequency. Subsequently, the 22nd–25th and 14th–15th order developed. The trend analysis suggests that the development of high-order polygonal wear is exponential-like. Moreover, a localised decline is explored during the development progress due to the change of route, which indicates the polygonal wear can be suppressed by reducing the proportion of constant-speed operation. It is also found that the acceleration amplitude of 550–650 Hz shows the most remarkable rise with the mileage, following the 300–400 Hz. However, there is a slight difference of characteristic frequency between the initially dominant peak and the finally developed order. The high-frequency vibration induced by high-order polygonal wear can be noticed on the entire vehicle, and it transmits between the adjacent wheels through the rail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the shortage of water resources in irrigation area has occurred frequently. In order to quantitatively analyze the climate change characteristics of the People' s Victory Canal irrigation area, the evolution rules of meteorological factors and drought characteristics of the irrigation area from 1951 to 2017 were analyzed by the mathematical statistics, Mann-Kendall trend test method, climate tendency rate and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index ( SPEI) . The results show that the annual average relative humidity, precipitation and evaporation of the irrigation area present the decreasing trends, and the annual minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature present the increasing trends, which are obvious mutations in different years. The climate tendency rate of average relative humidity in winter is the highest, which is -1.14%/ ( 10 a) ; the climate tendency rates of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature are the highest in spring, which are 0.52, 0.18 and 0.40 "C/( 10 a) respectively; the climate tendency rate of annual precipitation is the highest, which is -12.49 mm/( 10 a); the maximum climatic tendency rate of summer evaporation is - 6.91 mm/( 10 a) . The frequency of annual average drought is 33.43% in the People's Victory Canal irrigation area, which occurs once every three years; the drought frequencies are 56.72%, 56.72% and 26.87% in spring, summer and autumn, respectively, but there is no drought in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper established a double filtering method (DFM) to visualize the skeleton industrial structure (SIS) of one economy and find its evolution rule. Different with the previous researches, this method is from a new view of industrial conjunctions combined by leading sectors to depict the industrial structure. It was proved that the leading sector selected by DFM must be key sector selected by Hirschman-Rasmussen method. Applied DFM to input-output tables of China, Japan and USA and MFA to Japan and USA, the results analysis showed that DFM could overtake the two main shortcomings of minimum flow analysis (MFA), scratch SIS of each economy with its own characteristics, visualize the general evolution rules of the industrial structure with crisscrossed conjunctions among leading sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]