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Fishmeal and fish oil are largely used as input to several animal feed industries, but there is a lack of LCAs on Peruvian fishmeal plants, despite their predominance in the global supply. Preliminary LCAs where performed on three different types of Peruvian fishmeal plants with the objective of comparing them and suggesting ways of limiting their impacts. Two system boundaries were used: one including the fishery and another excluding it in order to enable others to use our dataset. We used the SimaPro software, the ecoinvent 2.2 database and the ReCiPe method. Despite the predominant impact of the use phase, in particular consumption of fossil energy, the construction and maintenance phases contribute significantly when fishing is excluded from the system boundaries. Furthermore, existing screening LCAs of the use phase underestimate significantly its environmental impacts. The environmental benefit of using natural gas instead of heavy fuel as energy source is quantified. The comparison of environmental impacts between different qualities of fishmeal shows higher impacts of residual fish meal, intermediate impact of standard fishmeal and lower impacts prime fishmeal. Future studies on other fishmeal and residual fishmeal plants should take into account the construction and maintenance phases, and more items in the use phase than in historical screenings. There is room to decrease the environmental impact of this industry in Peru.

Poster; International audience; Langlois et al. (2012; 2014a) proposed characterization factors (CF) for fish biotic resource extraction impact assessment at the species level. This paper is an improvement of this approach. In the present work, the CF depends on the Maximum Sustainability Yield (MSY), weighted by the ratio of the current total fishing effort to the fishing effort at the MSY value. Because this ratio often cannot be computed from current databases, it is here obtained from the ratio of total catches to MSY and roots of the parabola linking catches to fishing effort. The new version of the CF is proposed for 125 fish stocks. This work allows assessment of fisheries in the LCA formalism. It contributes to a better representation of the depletion of biotic resources.

The Peruvian anchoveta fishery is currently targeted by a large fleet featuring a wide range of vessel sizes (segments), with highly variable capacities. In addition, the landings of the industrial fleet are used exclusively by the reduction industry, while those performed by small- and medium-scale vessels are destined mainly for direct human consumption. Despite these differences, the entire fleet is made up of purse seiners that perform similar operations when at sea. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to identify the differences in eco-efficiency between the different fleet segments in order to delve into the potential environmental improvements that could be attained through operational benchmarking. To this end, the combined use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied to the Peruvian anchoveta fleet. More specifically, a modified 5-step LCA + DEA method, whose particularities are broadly discussed throughout the study, was computed to obtain the desired operational benchmarks and, thereafter, estimate the target environmental gains. Results led to an average efficiency score of 86% throughout the segments, with a total of eight fleet segments out of 13 (62%) operating inefficiently. Nevertheless, no clear pattern was identified through the segments, although certain correlations with stock abundance, fuel use intensity, overcapacity and climatic conditions are discussed. Reduction in material inputs based on operational benchmarks translated into environmental gains that ranged from 26% to 53% for inefficient segments. Finally, it is expected that the findings in this study may aid stakeholders and policy makers when revising fuel use optimisation and overcapacity management strategies.

Literature on small-scale fisheries usually depicts them as preferable over large-scale-industrial fisheries regarding societal benefits (jobs, jobs per investment) and relative fuel efficiency (e. g., Thomson 1980). We propose an environmentally extended Thomson table for comparing the Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) fleets of purse seiners, backed up by methodological information and augmented with life cycle assessment (LCA)-based environmental performance information, as a more comprehensive device for comparing fleets competing for the same resource pool. Findings from LCA and a previous study on the anchoveta steel fleet together allowed characterizing the whole Peruvian anchoveta fishery. These results, along with socioeconomic indicators, are used to build an environmentally extended Thomson table of the fleet's main segments: the steel industrial, the wooden industrial, and the wooden small-and medium-scale (SMS) fleets. In contrast with the world figure, the Peruvian SMS fleets show a fuel performance nearly two times worse than the industrial fleets, due to economies of scale of the latter (although the small-scale segment itself (

National audience; Algal polysaccharides, also called phycocolloids, are the main commercial seaweed extracts: their productionfor sale reached 86,100 t over the world in 2009, considering agar, alginates and carrageenans productions(Bixler and Porse 2010). They are mainly used in the agri-food sector, as texturing agents, stabilisers,gel formers of film forming agents. Many other industrial applications exist, as microbiological and electrophoresismedia for agar, use in textile printing and paper coating for alginates and in toothpaste, cosmeticsand pharmaceutics for carrageenans (Bixler and Porse 2010). To our knowledge, their environmental assessmentusing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has not been performed yet, despite this large use at industrialscale.We performed the LCA of phycocolloid production including seaweed cultivation. The Recipe method(Goedkoop et al. 2009) was used, with a hierarchist perspective using the ecoinvent v2.2 database and theSimaPro 7.3 software to carry out the impact assessment. The functional unit was to produce 1 kg of hydrocolloid.The study is a prospective for European countries, considering pilot and semi-industrial data fromthe North-Eastern Atlantic zone (data from Aleor, French seaweed producer). Bibliographic data were alsoused for electricity consumption (Mafart 1997). We modeled the production of food-grade phycocolloid,because this use is the main market for phycocolloids (Bixler and Porse 2010). Brown seaweeds are considereddue to their high growth rate potential. In the present study, seaweed was Saccharina latissima, commonlyfound in this area, and reaching high alginate content, with high levels of guluronic to mannuronicacid ratio. It was cultivated on long-lines in coastal waters, after plantlet production in nursery, as describedin Langlois et al. (2012). Seaweeds were treated straight after harvest, with common techniques of sodiumalginate production (McHugh 2003). Seaweed were first washed, crushed and treated with alcohol. Afteracid lixiviation and dewatering, an alkaline extraction was carried out to solubilise alginates, followed bydewatering using filter press. An acid precipitation with blending was then operated, followed by a last dewateringand the addition of sodium carbonate before drying.Contribution analysis results highlight the importance of the sodium alginate production itself (see Fig. 1).On average on every impact categories, the seaweed production accounts for less than 1% of the total impacts,even allowing bioremediation to marine eutrophication thanks to the nutrient uptake offshore. Electricityis the main contributor to environmental impacts for 12 over 18 impact categories analysed, reaching 39%of the total impacts on average. It is followed by the use of chemical (mainly because of hydrochloric acid),accounting for 26% of the total impacts on average. Heat and cooling requirements, wastewater and wastetreatments, and the use of freshwater and mineral filter aid have only secondary impacts compared to them.This work underlines the key elements to improve for an ecodesign of phycocolloids production.

National audience; Because direct environmental impacts of fisheries can hardly be assessed using conventional methods of Life Cycle Assessment(LCA), we suggest building a new methodological framework to account for most of them. We propose a regionalized method ofcalculation for characterisation factors dedicated to an uptake of biomass through fishing activities (biotic resources extraction impactassessment). These characterisation factors are proposed for the assessment of impacts on biotic resources depletion and on life supportfunctions of marine ecosystems. The method is applied on two examples of fisheries, to demonstrate that it is relevant for comparisonsbetween different fisheries, exploiting different fish species. A discussion on the compatibility of this method with otherframeworks is then performed.