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Dynamic loads due to blasting will affect the mechanical properties of rock masses and form an excavation damage zone (EDZ). The rock mass properties within the EDZ are obtained by the geological strength index (GSI) and disturbance factor (D) in the Hoek-Brown criterion. In order to avoid the subjectivity of GSI evaluation, a stochastic-deterministic 3D discrete fracture network (DFN) is constructed to quantify the GSI. The D value is considered to be a value that varies with depth within the EDZ, rather than a fixed value. Quantitative blasting vibration data is used to determine the disturbance factor rather than qualitatively estimated values. When the disturbance factor decreases linearly within the EDZ, the mechanical properties of the rock mass increase linearly to the undamaged value. Numerical simulation is used to analyze the influence of linear decrease of the rock mass properties on the stability evaluation of the tunnel. The results show that different rock mass parameters have a great influence on tunnel convergence and settlement values. The method described in this paper helps to evaluate the stability of surrounding rock more objectively and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AASs) impairment of reproduction has been reported. We investigated dose‐ and time‐dependent effects of Nandrolone decanoate (ND) on reproductive system in comparison with Testosterone enanthate (TE). Male Wistar rats were administrated with 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg/weeks ND or 1 and 3 mg/kg/weeks TE for 8 weeks, and testicular phenotype and reproductive hormones were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks post‐treatments. AASs × treatment period interaction was significant for gonadosomatic index (GSI), testosterone (T), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and luteinizing hormone (LH). At 4 weeks post‐treatment, GSI was decreased in rats treated with 3 mg/kg/weeks ND and T was decreased in all ND‐treated groups, while no significant changes in LH levels were observed. At 8 weeks post‐treatment, GSI was decreased in rats treated with 1 and 3 mg/kg/weeks ND and with 3 mg/kg/weeks TE, T was decreased in all groups, and E2 and LH were increased and decreased, respectively, in rats treated with 9 mg/kg/weeks ND and with 3 mg/kg/weeks TE. The testes showed histopathological defects in both ND‐ and TE‐treated rats suggesting a delay in seminiferous cycle. This study shows AASs‐induced hypogonadism at low‐dose that coincided with inhibition of T biosynthesis and disruption of T feedback on pituitary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daniel Magee,1 Feroza Jeewa,1 Matthew Vinh-Hoan Dinh Chau,1 Pamphila Lovelle Loh,1 Begona Ballesta Martinez,1– 3 Manmeet Saluja,1 Ivan H Aw,1 Mikhail Lozinskiy,1 Sunny Lee,1 Melanie Rosenberg,4 Yuigi Yuiminaga1 1Department of Urology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; 2Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; 3University of La Laguna, SC de Tenerife, Spain; 4Senior Radiographer, Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, AustraliaCorrespondence: Daniel Magee, Department of Urology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia, Tel +61 9224 2931, Email danielmagee05@gmail.comObjective: To assess the capability of determining the mixed chemical composition of urinary stones using spectral imaging properties of Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI) software.Material and Methods: Twenty-six single and 24 mixed composition ex vivo urinary stones with known chemical composition determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) prior to this project were scanned with DECT imaging and GSI in vitro. The major components of the stones included Uric Acid (UA), Calcium Oxalate (CaOx), Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP), and Cystine (Cys). A histogram to display the distribution of the effective atomic number (Z-eff) of each pixel of the tested area, spectral curve (40– 140 keV, with 10 keV interval) and Hounsfield Units (HU) of each stone scanned was provided with analysis of monochromatic images at 140 keV in the axial plane.Results: The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of DECT for identifying major stone composition were 0.802, 0.831, and 0.807, respectively, with a 95% confidence interval. Accuracy was 100% for identifying UA and Cys stones.Conclusion: DECT is a superior imaging modality when compared to low dose computed tomography kidney ureter bladder scans. It allows for improved characterization of major components of urinary stones, in an accurate, non-invasive approach to pre-treatment. This can translate to urologists having greater confidence in determining patient suitability for medical or surgical management of their renal stones, in clinical practice.Keywords: endourology, basic research, dual energy computer tomography, DECT, GSI, gemstone spectral imaging

Introduction: Nirogacestat is a targeted gamma secretase inhibitor approved in the United States for adults with progressing desmoid tumors. In the phase 3 DeFi study (NCT03785964) of nirogacestat, ovarian toxicity (OT) was identified as a safety signal among females of reproductive potential (FORP). This analysis further describes the incidence, presentation, and resolution of OT. Methods: Patients were randomized to twice‐daily oral nirogacestat (150 mg) or placebo, taken in continuous 28‐day cycles. Investigator‐identified OT in FORP was based on abnormal reproductive hormone values or perimenopausal symptoms (or both). Adverse event follow‐up was conducted to assess OT resolution. Post hoc analyses included return of menstruation and return of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) to within normal limits (WNL) (≤20.4 mIU/mL). Results: Of 92 randomized females, 73 in the safety population were FORP (n = 36 nirogacestat, n = 37 placebo). OT was identified in 75% (27 of 36) receiving nirogacestat and 0% (0 of 37) receiving placebo. As of October 24, 2022, investigators reported OT resolution in 78% (21 of 27) of patients, with median OT duration of 19.1 weeks. Off‐treatment resolution was reported in all 11 patients (100%) who stopped nirogacestat treatment; of these, all nine with available menstruation information experienced return of menstruation and eight had FSH WNL at last reported assessment. Resolution was reported in 10 of 14 (71%) while on nirogacestat; of these, all 10 experienced return of menstruation and seven had FSH WNL. Two patients were lost to follow‐up. Conclusion: Most FORP treated with nirogacestat experienced OT, with the majority resolving, including all who stopped treatment, suggesting that OT is transient. In the phase 3 DeFi study of nirogacestat, a targeted gamma secretase inhibitor approved in the United States for adults with progressing desmoid tumors, ovarian toxicity was identified as a safety signal in most females of reproductive potential. The majority (78%) of ovarian toxicity events resolved, including in 100% of patients who stopped nirogacestat for any reason, suggesting that ovarian toxicity with nirogacestat is transient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AASs) impairment of reproduction has been reported. We investigated dose‐ and time‐dependent effects of Nandrolone decanoate (ND) on reproductive system in comparison with Testosterone enanthate (TE). Male Wistar rats were administrated with 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg/weeks ND or 1 and 3 mg/kg/weeks TE for 8 weeks, and testicular phenotype and reproductive hormones were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks post‐treatments. AASs × treatment period interaction was significant for gonadosomatic index (GSI), testosterone (T), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and luteinizing hormone (LH). At 4 weeks post‐treatment, GSI was decreased in rats treated with 3 mg/kg/weeks ND and T was decreased in all ND‐treated groups, while no significant changes in LH levels were observed. At 8 weeks post‐treatment, GSI was decreased in rats treated with 1 and 3 mg/kg/weeks ND and with 3 mg/kg/weeks TE, T was decreased in all groups, and E2 and LH were increased and decreased, respectively, in rats treated with 9 mg/kg/weeks ND and with 3 mg/kg/weeks TE. The testes showed histopathological defects in both ND‐ and TE‐treated rats suggesting a delay in seminiferous cycle. This study shows AASs‐induced hypogonadism at low‐dose that coincided with inhibition of T biosynthesis and disruption of T feedback on pituitary.

In the present experiment, 71 Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) genotypes were evaluated in six environments for two successive years (three environments in each year) to identify the influence of environment over the genotypes and to identify the stable, better-performing genotypes in respect to yield in Terai region of West Bengal. Statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate genotype × environment interaction using two different approaches, namely, additive main effect, and their multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot for seed yield of mustard genotypes. AMMI ANOVA showed that genotype and environment accounted for 11.46% and 47.50% of the variation respectively, where GEI captured 36.57% of the variation for seed yield. The AMMI model and GGE biplots showed that genotype RGIN-73 was the highest yielding genotype to a specific environment but DRWR-15-9 was found to be well stable with good yielding in all environments.

This study investigates the slope stability of Bingöl open-pit iron mine slopes using 3D limit equilibrium and finite element methods. The pit benches are 3 m wide and 6 m high, with an overall slope angle of 38°. The geological composition comprises slightly to moderately weathered and heavily jointed phyllite, micaschist, and gneiss. Shear strength parameters were determined through back analyses of already failed sections using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and Geological Strength Index (GSI). Factor of safety values for static and dynamic conditions were calculated using 3D limit equilibrium and 2D finite element analyses. Results show good agreement between the two methods, with benches in the northern section exhibiting a significant decrease in safety factor under dynamic conditions, indicating near-limit equilibrium slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding tunneling-induced ground deformation, particularly squeezing behavior, is crucial for safe and efficient underground construction. This study employs Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models to predict tunneling squeezing behavior using various rock classification systems, namely rock quality index (Q), rock mass rating (RMR), and geological strength index (GSI). The objective is to assess model performance, evaluate the influence of classification systems, and conduct sensitivity analyses on key parameters. The investigation reveals that both ANN and MARS models exhibit enhanced accuracy as model complexity increases, up to a critical point where overfitting occurs. Comparing model performance, ANN outperforms MARS, and the most accurate ANN model is identified as ANN50-RMR with an R2 of 0.978. This confirms the ANN's capability to capture non-linear relationships inherent in tunneling-induced ground deformation. Choosing a rock classification system as an input parameter significantly impacts model accuracy. RMR and GSI classification systems exhibit improved performance over the conventional Q-system. In particular, GSI-based models offer more consistent and accurate predictions, emphasizing GSI's suitability for modeling tunneling squeezing behavior. Variables' importance analysis elucidates the dependence of parameter relevance on the chosen classification system. Sensitivity analyses on tunnel depth, diameter, and rock mass deformation modulus reveal logical correlations between these parameters and tunnel squeezing behavior, further validating model predictions. By enhancing our understanding of tunneling-induced ground deformation, these models contribute to safer and more efficient underground construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Generalised Hoek-Brown (GHB) failure criterion is one of the most used criteria to study the behaviour of the rocks; affected parameters of the Hoek-Brown equation are Geological Strength Index (GSI), intact rock constant (mi), and Disturbance factor (D). GSI is one of the rock classification systems used to evaluate jointed rocks. In light of this equation, this paper studies the stability of unsupported twin tunnels in a weak rock by changing the mentioned parameters (GSI, mi) to find the relation between the stability and these parameters under different distances between the centres of the tunnels (L). The tunnels have a circular cross-section with a diameter (B), and they have been modelled in three dimensions using Rocscience software package (RS3). The results showed that the stability of the tunnels, which was represented by the strength reduction factor (SRF), increased as a result of increasing L/B or GSI in the studied range; for mi, the modelling results showed that the SRF value increased while mi value was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loaches are highly nutritious and global demand has been recognized for only few species especially of ornamental importance. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis is an important food species of loach fetching high market price but there is limited data related to its nutritional requirements and reproductive biology. Therefore, a detailed study was carried out to analyze the effect of vitamin enriched diets on the captive maturation and breeding performance of L. thermalis. Vitamins A, C and E were incorporated at three different doses in basal feed containing 23% C.P and fed to brooders for a period of 90 days. Fecundity, GSI, gonad histology, hormone (cortisol and progesterone) variations, breeding performance and growth parameters were recorded. Significant differences in the growth and breeding performance of female brooder under different treatments were noted. Among the selected vitamins, incorporation of vitamin C at 150 mg/kg of diet resulted in maximum mean weight gain (2.51 ± 0.043 g), mean weight gain percentage (70.74 ± 1.219), mean DGR (0.16 ± 0.003) and mean SGR (3.13 ± 0.0037). Based on the histological observation, maximum maturity of L. thermalis was obtained when fed with diet incorporated with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. All the treatments recorded higher mean estimated growth and maturation parameters when compared to control and were significantly different (p<0.05). The results obtained were statistically analysed using One way ANOVA following Duncan multiple range test in SPSS-22.0 to compare the significant differences in growth parameters among all treatments and discussion was made in the light of available literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep vertical boreholes play a crucial role in underground exploration, resource extraction such as geothermal energy extraction, oil and gas exploration, underground waste storage and various underground engineering applications. The geomechanical properties of the rocks surrounding these boreholes are essential for designing safe, efficient drilling operations, for using adequate technologies and equipment and for providing mitigation measurements. Specifically, when the excavations are performed inside in-depth, extremely fractured and weathered rocks, the identification of zones more susceptible to crossing is a primary goal. This paper presents a thorough investigation into the rock masses surrounding a deep vertical borehole that involved the collection of core samples from the deep vertical borehole, laboratory testing, in situ tests and the application of geomechanical models to characterize the crossed rock masses. After a lithological and structural description of the rock masses and a description of the methodology used for their characterization, this paper focuses on the geomechanical parameterization of the rock mass using the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock (σci) and the Geological Strength Index (GSI). The obtained findings highlight the extreme variability in the depth of the geomechanical parameters of crossed rocks, which decreased with the depth. This methodology can be used to characterize rock masses along other deep boreholes, for which there is a lack of research, and to define the most problematic zones for underground crossing where different support works must be designed.

Throughout all the countries in the world, including Vietnam, nations with well-established mining industries have undertaken extensive research on the stability of rock masses when constructing underground tunnels in varied geological conditions. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the risk assessment related to rock masses during the construction of pit lines in mining operations. Consequently, the standing time of unsupported tunnels is assessed based on different values of the strength index and deformation characteristics of the rock mass. The objective was to perform both experimental and theoretical investigations to analyse how the stand-up time of rock masses surrounding a tunnel affects the unsupported span. The analyses were based on considering the rock parameters, including strain modulus; geological strength index; and allowable displacement values, and consideration of hereditary creep properties. By examining tunnels excavated in rock strata, it was concluded that varying geological strength index values resulted in distinct creep behaviour in the surrounding rock masses. Thus, it was reasonable to compute the unsupported span and stand-up time of tunnels. The research revealed that permissible displacements are significantly influenced by the types of rock materials surrounding the tunnel structure. Recognising the significance of time, the authors introduce a more practical interpretation and evaluation of the stability of rock masses, thus enhancing the precision of commonly available models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep vertical boreholes play a crucial role in underground exploration, resource extraction such as geothermal energy extraction, oil and gas exploration, underground waste storage and various underground engineering applications. The geomechanical properties of the rocks surrounding these boreholes are essential for designing safe, efficient drilling operations, for using adequate technologies and equipment and for providing mitigation measurements. Specifically, when the excavations are performed inside in-depth, extremely fractured and weathered rocks, the identification of zones more susceptible to crossing is a primary goal. This paper presents a thorough investigation into the rock masses surrounding a deep vertical borehole that involved the collection of core samples from the deep vertical borehole, laboratory testing, in situ tests and the application of geomechanical models to characterize the crossed rock masses. After a lithological and structural description of the rock masses and a description of the methodology used for their characterization, this paper focuses on the geomechanical parameterization of the rock mass using the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock (σci) and the Geological Strength Index (GSI). The obtained findings highlight the extreme variability in the depth of the geomechanical parameters of crossed rocks, which decreased with the depth. This methodology can be used to characterize rock masses along other deep boreholes, for which there is a lack of research, and to define the most problematic zones for underground crossing where different support works must be designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock slope failure along road cuts in weathered elevated terrains is a frequent geotechnical issue. The slope stability probability classification (SSPC) system is commonly employed as a reliable, systematic, quick, and probabilistic approach to analyze rock slope failures. The applicability of this technique on weathered metamorphic rock slopes, particularly in high-grade metamorphic terrains like Sri Lanka, has been poorly studied. This study utilized 22 road cuts made in metamorphic rock masses along Kandy-Randenigala and Kandy-Mahiyangana roads in Sri Lanka. The SSPC system was applied to evaluate the stability of cut slopes, and the geotechnical properties of the rock masses were calculated. The slope stability probabilities were validated against the actual stability conditions of the slopes. Rock mass rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) analyses were employed to compare the rock mass properties derived from SSPC. The orientation-dependent analysis of SSPC agreed with the actual stability conditions of the analyzed cut slopes by 91%, except for wedge failures. The rock mass cohesion values and friction angles were derived from SSPC aligned with the literature and were reliable for weathered metamorphic rock masses in Sri Lanka. The current study recommends the SSPC orientation-dependent analysis for conducting a rapid and preliminary assessment of slope stability in structurally controlled weathered metamorphic terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study covers field and laboratory studies on Rock Mass Characterization carried out in the main gallery of an underground Lead-Zinc (Pb-Zn) quarry located in the Yahyalı/Kayseri region. With detailed studies on rock material and rock mass, stability analysis was carried out by calculating all relevant parameters of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q) and, Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems. The results have shown that, considering the existing section of the main gallery opened within the limestone formation, it can generally survive for many years without support, provided that local support is applied in the necessary sections. However, it should not be forgotten that mines are dynamic structures and constantly change with operation. Rock mass conditions may change with engineering errors such as uncontrolled blasting. Although this conclusion has been reached with the rock mass classification systems used, the application of support must be continued and constantly inspected in locations where sudden rock mass quality changes may occur (especially ore zones, fault zones, melting gaps) and in places that pose danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an in-depth analysis of Romania's agrotourism services market, highlighting its evolution and regional/counties concentration. Romania, renowned for its cultural and touristic diversity, employs agrotourism to facilitate authentic interactions with local communities, offering insights into native culture. Utilizing Clarivate, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases, the research employs statistical processing and graphical representation. Market concentration is gauged using the Herfindahl-Hirschman and Gini-Struck indices. Findings reveal a dynamic national sector with an annual growth rate surpassing 10%. Regionally, concentration levels are notably high, with the North-West, Center, North-East, and South-East collectively contributing over 75%. Countylevel concentration is moderate, indicating potential development even in areas with untapped resources. Romanian authorities actively promote agrotourism, capitalizing on rural development potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was done to elucidate the effect of α-tocopherol and herbal hepatopancreatic stimulant (Liv. 52) on gonadal andsomatic development in yearlings of Labeo rohita. The experiment was designed to observe effect of α-tocopherol and Liv. 52 by four different feeding groups, each group was fed with different supplemented diet. Total 960 fishes, having mean length-weight (29.04±3.36 cm) and (257.2±60.29gm.) were stocked in experiment ponds and fed with supplemented diets containing different level of α-tocopherol and Liv. 52. Study of male GSI in May, revealed that its values were found maximum (1.81±0.42) in treatment T2, which were fed with 300 mg/kg and its P-value (P<0.05) was found significant. Similarly, the female GSI value was found maximum (17.64±3.72) in treatment T3 where, fishes were fed with diet containing 5ml/kg Liv. 52 and value was found significant (P<0.05). Simultaneously, highest male HSI was found (1.22±0.7) in treatment T4 in which the combination of α-tocopherol (150mg/kg) and Liv. 52 (2.5 ml/kg) was used to fed the fishes (P<0.05). The values of female HSI were found maximum (1.38±0.11) in the treatment T2, which were fed with diet containing 300mg/kg α-tocopherol but difference were found insignificant. In conclusion, α-tocopherol could be a good option for obtaining appropriate gonadal development in male while Liv. 52 is appropriate for female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock mechanics and the estimation of their material properties through field tests are important aspects and challengees in civil and geotechnical engineering. However, this procedure is expensive and difficult to attain, while the machine learning and neural network theory provide a computational tool for estimating the material properties with limited data. In this work, an estimation of the Young Modulus and the cohesion of a clayey-originated rock through feed-forward neural networks constructed from in situ data measurements is given. The input values come from the Geological Strength Index (GSI) proposed values of the point load index Is50, the uniaxial compression strength σs, as well as the specific gravity γ of the rock mass. The convergence analysis revealed that the convergence occurs at approximately 2000 epochs, with the largest L2 mean square error norm being no greater than 10−5. In addition, it is demonstrated that augmenting γ results in the estimation of rock that is stiffer and stronger. The aforementioned increase in the specific site may be up to 20% for the stiffness and up to 25% for the cohesion. This model, aside from readability and accuracy, offers the convenience of enriching it with more in situ data, thereby enhancing the flexibility of the proposed numerical tool proposed. However, its applicability is limited to the specific data acquired from the particular site, so a more general estimation requires a substantially larger dataset. Finally, the justification of the proposed model has been carried out based on suggestions from the literature for common values of clayey-oriented rock, which is fairly disintegrated as seen in the field.

The objective of the current study was to describe the female reproductive characteristics of populations of the non-indigenous shrimp Penaeus latisulcatus off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. P. latisulcatus was sampled from the commercial catch of Boughaz El-Maadiyah's landing center off the Mediterranean coast between July 2020 and June 2021. This study focused on describing maturity stages, calculating the gonadosomatic index (GSI), determining the spawning season, and measuring the size at first maturity of female P. latisulcatus. The stages of ovarian development were divided into six stages; i.e., immature, early maturing, late maturing, nearly ripe, ripe, and spent. A prolonged spawning season was identified, extending from the summer season to autumn and showing a peak in August. The GSI followed the same pattern of ovarian maturation and confirmed the spawning season of P. latisulcatus. As revealed, 50% of female individuals attained maturity at a total length of 11.34 cm. Hence, this study provides fundamental and helpful information for understanding the reproductive dynamics of P. latisulcatus on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast as a new habitat for its propagation. This information also helps in providing the proper management of fisheries and conservation of this shrimp species, which can be useful for aquaculture processes as well.

Using carbon fiber cloth with different areal densities and tow sizes, two kinds of carbon fiber preforms with same carbon cloth laminated structure were produced through different z-direction stitching methods. Then, C/C-SiC composites were prepared by combining chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) with gas silicon infiltration (GSI). The influence of carbon fiber preform structure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CVI-GSI C/C-SiC composites was studied. The results show that the density, phase composition, structure, and properties of the two composites prepared from preforms with the same fiber volume fraction and C/C preform density are significantly different. The smaller carbon fiber tow (1K) and carbon cloth surface density (92 g/m2), as well as the larger voids left by lock stitching, provide more sufficient channels for the infiltration of Si vapor in the GSI reaction process. Thus T1 composite finally prepared has low porosity, uniform structure, and higher performance, with bending strength, modulus, and fracture toughness of 300.97 MPa, 51.75 GPa, and 11.32 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The comprehensive control of the initial preform structure and the C/C intermediate structure is the key to the preparation of high performance C/C-SiC composites by the CVI-GSI process.

Rock mechanics and the estimation of their material properties through field tests are important aspects and challengees in civil and geotechnical engineering. However, this procedure is expensive and difficult to attain, while the machine learning and neural network theory provide a computational tool for estimating the material properties with limited data. In this work, an estimation of the Young Modulus and the cohesion of a clayey-originated rock through feed-forward neural networks constructed from in situ data measurements is given. The input values come from the Geological Strength Index (GSI) proposed values of the point load index I s 50 , the uniaxial compression strength σ s , as well as the specific gravity γ of the rock mass. The convergence analysis revealed that the convergence occurs at approximately 2000 epochs, with the largest L 2 mean square error norm being no greater than 10 − 5 . In addition, it is demonstrated that augmenting γ results in the estimation of rock that is stiffer and stronger. The aforementioned increase in the specific site may be up to 20% for the stiffness and up to 25% for the cohesion. This model, aside from readability and accuracy, offers the convenience of enriching it with more in situ data, thereby enhancing the flexibility of the proposed numerical tool proposed. However, its applicability is limited to the specific data acquired from the particular site, so a more general estimation requires a substantially larger dataset. Finally, the justification of the proposed model has been carried out based on suggestions from the literature for common values of clayey-oriented rock, which is fairly disintegrated as seen in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina) is an ecologically important invertebrate in structuring marine benthic communities. Most dwell within intertidal regions, rendering them highly susceptible to elevated artificial light at night. However, their potential acclimation to artificial light exposure remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the changes of prolonged artificial light pollution on the fitness-related traits of sea urchins. Following a six-week exposure to artificial light at night, survival remained unaffected, while behavioral responses exhibited slower reactions. Concurrently, growth inhibition was observed in sea urchins, which might be attributed to reduced mouthparts weight and decreased food consumption. This study also revealed that sea urchin gonads are more susceptible to artificial light than guts. Pax6 gene expression may serve as a sensitive indicator to assess the impact on the photosensitive system of sea urchins. These results increase our understanding of the effects of artificial light at night on sea urchins and provide valuable information about coastal animals' safety. Limited data are available regarding the effects of elevated coastal artificial light at night (ALAN) on intertidal echinoderms. In this study, we investigated the behavioral, morphological, and physiological responses of the sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina) after continuous exposure to ALAN at light intensities of 0.1, 300, and 600 Lux for 6 weeks. Our findings revealed that ALAN at 300 Lux substantially reduced food consumption, Lantern weight, and gonadosomatic index (GSI). On the other hand, ALAN at 600 Lux notably prolonged the righting and covering response times and elevated the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, while concurrently decreasing food consumption, body weight, Lantern weight, GSI, and Pax6 gene expression. These results indicated that continuous exposure to ALAN could cause an adverse effect on fitness-related traits, including behavioral responses, growth, reproductive performance, and photoreception of sea urchins. The present study provides new insights on the impact of light pollution on echinoderms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The electrical method as a geophysical survey can show the geological parameters including fragmentation, rock mass alteration index, saturation percentage and groundwater quality. These parameters play an important role in rock mass engineering classification by affecting the rock mass quality design (RQD) and geological strength index (GSI), mineralization of elements and drilling method. In this paper, using the vertical electrical sounding method in subsurface layers, the determination of these parameters and subsequently two mentioned indicators in anomalous III pyroclastic rock masses of Narigan deposit was investigated. The results showed that the interpreted electrical resistivity (using IPI2win software) has an acceptable correlation betweem the degree of alteration index and GSI in the rock mass. However, accurate determination of GSI and RQD using this geophysical method is not very reliable. In other words, using a mathematical equation, it is not possible to estimate the amount of GSI and the alteration index with the electrical resistivity.

The head office of Kokudo Chiri-in, GSI for short, is in Tsukuba (Ibaraki Prefecture) a city located about an hour's train ride northeast of Tokyo. The GSI could be said to be the National Agency for Geodesy and Cartography of Japan whose origins date back to the year 1869 (Meiji 1), a period that is defined as the Meiji Restoration. The GSI, which is a Special Body of the Ministry for Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, had almost 700 employees in 2018 (Heisei 30). In Tsukuba the GSI manages a Science Museum of Map and Survey which I visited in 2019 (Reiwa 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted by Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Floodplain Substation to investigate the reproductive biology of Ailia coila in the northern region of Bangladesh. A total number of 100 fish samples were collected on a monthly basis from the Atrai River and Jamuna River during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. The highest mean value of the gonado-somatic index (GSI) was recorded in July (8.78 ± 1.95%), whereas the lowest was found in December (0.15 ± 0.09%). The highest individual fecundity (2,450 ± 570) and ova diameter (0.38 ± 0.07 mm) was also observed in July. From the histological observation of the ovary, the highest percentages (75%) of mature oocytes were observed during the month of July. Based on the GSI, fecundity and gonadal histology, the breeding season of A. coila was observed from June to August with a remarkable peak in July. In the case of length weight relationship (LWR), the coefficient of determination value (r2) was found 0.96 and the slope was found b = 1.50 which indicated the pattern of negative allometric growth of this species as b < 3. In contrast, an increase was recorded in the fecundity associated with the rise of total length, body weight and gonad weight showed a significant linear relationship. This study would assist in the development of induced breeding techniques and provide valuable information for the sustainable management of this population in the inland open ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to describe the female reproductive characteristics of populations of the non-indigenous shrimp Penaeus latisulcatus off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. P. latisulcatus was sampled from the commercial catch of Boughaz El-Maadiyah's landing center off the Mediterranean coast between July 2020 and June 2021. This study focused on describing maturity stages, calculating the gonadosomatic index (GSI), determining the spawning season, and measuring the size at first maturity of female P. latisulcatus. The stages of ovarian development were divided into six stages; i.e., immature, early maturing, late maturing, nearly ripe, ripe, and spent. A prolonged spawning season was identified, extending from the summer season to autumn and showing a peak in August. The GSI followed the same pattern of ovarian maturation and confirmed the spawning season of P. latisulcatus. As revealed, 50% of female individuals attained maturity at a total length of 11.34 cm. Hence, this study provides fundamental and helpful information for understanding the reproductive dynamics of P. latisulcatus on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast as a new habitat for its propagation. This information also helps in providing the proper management of fisheries and conservation of this shrimp species, which can be useful for aquaculture processes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The reproductive biology of Johnius elongatus collected from Ratnagiri coast, Maharashtra, India for a period of 10 months (December 2021 to October 2022) were studied and the present investigation was based on 266 specimens. The spawning activity was observed throughout the year with two prominent peaks in May and October. The GSI peaks, maturity stages and ova diameter also indicated two major spawning in these months. Study of sex ratio by random sampling indicated the dominance of males with M:F ratio as 1: 0.686 in commercial catches Ratnagiri coast. The average ova diameter was obtained to be 0.352 mm. The species was moderately fecund with average absolute fecundity 52,221 eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of assimilating moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data using different data assimilation (DA) methods on dust analyses and forecasts over North Africa and tropical North Atlantic. To do so, seven experiments are conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting dust model and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system. Six of these experiments differ in whether or not AOD observations are assimilated and the DA method used, the latter of which includes the three-dimensional variational (3D-Var), ensemble square root filter (EnSRF), and hybrid methods. The seventh experiment, which allows us to assess the impact of assimilating deep blue AOD data, assimilates only dark target AOD data using the hybrid method. The assimilation of MODIS AOD data clearly improves AOD analyses and forecasts up to 48 hr in length. Results also show that assimilating deep blue data has a primarily positive effect on AOD analyses and forecasts over and downstream of the major North African source regions. Without assimilating deep blue data (assimilating dark target only), AOD assimilation only improves AOD forecasts for up to 30 hr. Of the three DA methods examined, the hybrid and EnSRF methods produce better AOD analyses and forecasts than the 3D-Var method does. Despite the clear benefit of AOD assimilation for AOD analyses and forecasts, the lack of information regarding the vertical distribution of aerosols in AOD data means that AOD assimilation has very little positive effect on analyzed or forecasted vertical profiles of backscatter.

Ukraine is the terrain for a new geopolitical game and China's position is ambiguous. The article aims to analyse how Beijing places itself in the Ukrainian crisis, considering the BRI, the relations with the European Union and the new Global Security Initiative announced in April. The analysis is based on scientific literature, recent articles and publication, and official documents, both in English and Chinese. The main findings show that China is engaged in a balancing act between Russia and the West, in an apparent neutral stance, that seeks to maximise Chinese gains on the long run.

Resumo O Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) é o sistema de assimilação de dados utilizado no Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) desde 2013 e atualmente integra, de maneira acoplada ao Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM), o Sistema de Modelagem Global (SMG). Por meio da abordagem variacional aplicada ao SMG, esse sistema permite assimilar de forma direta dados de radiância, os quais são atualmente o sistema de observação que apresenta o maior impacto positivo para a melhoria da qualidade das Previsão Numérica de Tempo (PNT) em escala sinótica. Com intuito de detalhar as particularidades necessárias para a assimilação desses dados e evidenciar sua importância para a qualidade dos produtos obtidos ao utilizar o SMG, o presente estudo destaca os principais pontos do tratamento dos dados de radiância dentro do GSI e apresenta resultados de um experimento usando dados do sensor AMSU-A a bordo de diversos satélites para descrever o comportamento espacial e temporal dos dados assimilados, em termos quantitativos e qualitativos. Usando os dados de radiância como referência, em uma comparação da previsão de curto prazo do modelo com as análises, observa-se que essas últimas apresentam uma diminuição dos erros indicando a eficiência do processo de assimilação de radiância, com impacto positivo na assimilação de outras bases de dados, como os da Rádio Ocultação GNSS aqui avaliados. Esse impacto deve contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos produtos de PNT gerados pelo CPTEC, o que deverá ser avaliado na continuidade dessa pesquisa.

A study was conducted to determine the suitable rearing technique for the endangered Mastacembelus armatus, also known as spiny eel, in captive conditions. Three different domestication methods were used: T1 (control), T2 (muddy bed) and T3 (biofloc). A total of 90 adult M. armatus fish were obtained from the Narashunda River in the Kishorganj area of Bangladesh. After 90 days, all treatments showed a decrease in growth tendency, but T3 recorded higher growth performance than the other two treatments. Moreover, gonadal development progress was higher in T3, as indicated by the gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology study. However, muddy bed conditions in T2 led to fish disease infestation, which was observed through liver histology. Among several hematological parameters, glucose was significantly lower in T2 than in the other two treatments, while cholesterol significantly decreased in both T2 and T3 compared to T1. However, hemoglobin did not significantly vary among all treatments. Higher RBC and lower WBC values in T3 also indicate comparatively suitable rearing conditions than the other treatments. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that T3 (biofloc) treatment can be a better option for M. armatus domestication. This method can be used by farmers and breeders to rear M. armatus in captive conditions, which can ultimately be helpful for the conservation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to obtain information on the sex ratio, spawning period, and size at sexual maturity for fishery management of the largehead hairtail Trichiurus japonicus in Korean waters. The overall sex ratio (female, F; male, M) was 1:0.46 (n = 1274 females:589 males, 68.4% female) and as fish increased in length, the proportion of females increased. The oocyte development pattern was group-synchronous development, for which oocyte groups at different stages can be identified within the same ovary. The average gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed two peaks in June (3.03) and August (3.10) in females and in May (1.81) and September (2.24) in males. The median value of GSI showed two peaks in May (2.65F, 1.78M) and September (2.55F, 1.87M) for both females and males. As a result of analyzing the GSI and the monthly gonadal developmental stages, the main spawning season was estimated to be bi-annual (May–June and September–October). The anal length of fish at 50% sexual maturity was analyzed using a logistic regression model and was determined to be 16.38 cm (female) and 18.31 cm (male). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical modeling is increasingly used to analyze practical rock engineering problems. The geological strength index (GSI) is a critical input for many rock engineering problems. However, no available method allows the quantification of GSI input parameters, and engineers must consider a range of values. As projects progress, these ranges can be narrowed down. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been coupled with numerical modeling to create surrogate models. The concept of surrogate models aligns well with the deductive nature of data availability in rock engineering projects. In this paper, we demonstrated the use of surrogate models to analyze two common rock slope stability problems: (1) determining the maximum stable depth of a vertical excavation and (2) determining the allowable angle of a slope with a fixed height. Compared with support vector machines and K-nearest algorithms, the random forest model performs best on a data set of 800 numerical models for the problems discussed in the paper. For all these models, regression-type models outperform classification models. Once the surrogate model is confirmed to preform accurately, instantaneous predictions of maximum excavation depth and slope angle can be achieved according to any range of input parameters. This capability is used to investigate the impact of narrowing GSI range estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout all the countries in the world, including Vietnam, nations with well-established mining industries have undertaken extensive research on the stability of rock masses when constructing underground tunnels in varied geological conditions. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the risk assessment related to rock masses during the construction of pit lines in mining operations. Consequently, the standing time of unsupported tunnels is assessed based on different values of the strength index and deformation characteristics of the rock mass. The objective was to perform both experimental and theoretical investigations to analyse how the stand-up time of rock masses surrounding a tunnel affects the unsupported span. The analyses were based on considering the rock parameters, including strain modulus; geological strength index; and allowable displacement values, and consideration of hereditary creep properties. By examining tunnels excavated in rock strata, it was concluded that varying geological strength index values resulted in distinct creep behaviour in the surrounding rock masses. Thus, it was reasonable to compute the unsupported span and stand-up time of tunnels. The research revealed that permissible displacements are significantly influenced by the types of rock materials surrounding the tunnel structure. Recognising the significance of time, the authors introduce a more practical interpretation and evaluation of the stability of rock masses, thus enhancing the precision of commonly available models.

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have profoundly transformed weather forecasting, challenging traditional reliance on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Despite notable progress, AI models still depend heavily on traditional NWP systems to generate analysis fields, a dependency that increases computational demands and might limit forecast accuracy. This study explored the integration of gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) with the Pangu-Weather AI forecasting model (GSI-Pangu), and assessed the potential for AI models to autonomously generate forecasts by leveraging mature data assimilation (DA) systems. Our experiments commenced by adopting ERA5 reanalysis data for the initial cycle, and then involved assimilation of simulated observations in subsequent cycles, spanning a month-long period. In our experiments, ERA5 reanalysis data were used exclusively to initialize the first forecast cycle, after which simulated observations were assimilated in subsequent cycles throughout the month-long period. Results demonstrated notable enhancements in forecast accuracy, with reductions in the root mean square error across various atmospheric variables compared with the results of a control experiment without DA. Additionally, the results highlighted GSI-Pangu’s ability to predict large-scale circulation patterns of extreme precipitation events, together with its effectiveness in driving regional models to accurately forecast precipitation intensity and distribution. Successful implementation of GSI within the Pangu-Weather framework underscores the transformative potential of hybrid forecasting systems, which merge conventional meteorological techniques with AI innovations, thereby facilitating accelerated adoption of AI in weather forecasting.