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Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality, with cardiovascular death being extensively investigated. However, non-cardiovascular mortality represents the biggest percentage, showing an evident increase in recent years. Klotho is a gene highly expressed in the kidney, with a clear influence on lifespan. Low levels of Klotho have been linked to CKD progression and adverse outcomes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Klotho gene have been associated with several diseases, but studies investigating the association of Klotho SNPs with noncardiovascular death in CKD populations are lacking. Methods. The main aim of this study was to assess whether 11 Klotho SNPs were associated with non-cardiovascular death in a subpopulation of the National Observatory of Atherosclerosis in Nephrology (NEFRONA) study (n ¼ 2185 CKD patients). Results. After 48 months of follow-up, 62 cardiovascular deaths and 108 non-cardiovascular deaths were recorded. We identified a high non-cardiovascular death risk combination of SNPs corresponding to individuals carrying the most frequent allele (G) at rs562020, the rare allele (C) at rs2283368 and homozygotes for the rare allele (G) at rs2320762 (rs562020 GG/AG þ rs2283368 CC/CT þ rs2320762 GG). Among the patients with the three SNPs genotyped (n ¼ 1016), 75 (7.4%) showed this combination. Furthermore, 95 (9.3%) patients showed a low-risk combination carrying all the opposite genotypes (rs562020 AA þ rs2283368 TT þ rs2320762 GT/TT). All the other combinations [n ¼ 846 (83.3%)] were considered as normal risk. Using competing risk regression analysis, we confirmed that the proposed combinations are independently associated with a higher fhazard ratio [HR] 3.28 [confidence interval (CI) 1.51-7.12]g and lower [HR 6 × 10-6 (95% CI 3.3 × 10-7-1.1 × 10-5)] risk of suffering a non-cardiovascular death in the CKD population of the NEFRONA cohort compared with patients with the normal-risk combination. Conclusions. Determination of three SNPs of the Klotho gene could help in the prediction of non-cardiovascular death in CKD. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Los hospitales de día son una alternativa en la atención hospitalaria que mejora la eficiencia de la asistencia sanitaria. La nefrología es una especialidad que, por sus características técnicas, se beneficiaría ampliamente de un mayor desarrollo de esta modalidad de atención. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar el proceso de desarrollo del Hospital de Día Médico de Nefrología en el Hospital Universitario Puerto Real (Cádiz). Para este proyecto hemos seguido la metodología del ciclo continua de mejora de la calidad, seleccionando las oportunidades de mejora, analizar las causas, escoger las intervenciones, implantarlas y monitorizar resultados. El plan de intervención consta de los siguientes puntos básicos: 1) definir la disposición física y organizativa de nuestra unidad de gestión clínica y el lugar que ocupa el hospital de día dentro de la misma; 2) definir su manual de organización y funcionamiento; 3) definir los recursos estructurales y de equipamiento; 4) definir la cartera de servicios; 5) normas de los procesos asistenciales, protocolos y vías clínicas, y 6) sistema de información, registro y evaluación. En los primeros ocho meses de funcionamiento se han realizado casi 2.000 procedimientos, lo que corresponde a una media de unos 10 procedimientos/día, creciendo éstos conforme la implantación es mayor, y destacando aquellos relacionados con hemodiálisis en pacientes inestables, críticos o agudos, los procedimientos de nefrología intervencionista, nefrología clínica y los relacionados con la diálisis peritoneal. El desarrollo del hospital de día en la nefrología puede contribuir a potenciar su autonomía, su presencia en los centros, recuperar actividad asistencial y paliar así la pérdida progresiva de competencias diagnósticas y terapéuticas que se han podido producir en beneficio de otras especialidades. También contribuye a incentivar y desarrollar la nefrología diagnóstica e intervencionista, potenciar la gestión por procesos y la continuidad de la asistencia interniveles; impulsar la docencia e investigación; colaborar en la sostenibilidad del sistema, y por último, para hacer más atractiva e ilusionante la especialidad, tanto para los nefrólogos como para los especialistas en formación. Day Care Units are an alternative to hospital care that improves more efficiency. The Nephrology, by its technical characteristics, would be benefit greatly from further development of this care modality. The objectives of this study are to present the process we have developed the Nephrology Day Care Unit in the Puerto Real University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain). For this project we followed the Deming Management Method of Quality improvement, selecting opportunities, analyzing causes, select interventions, implement and monitor results. The intervention plan includes the following points: 1) Define the place of the Day Care Unit in the organization of our Clinical Department of Nephrology, 2) Define the Manual of organization, 3) Define the structural and equipment resources, 4) Define the Catalogue of services and procedures, 5) Standards of Care Processes. Protocols and Clinical Pathways; and 6) Information and Registration System. In the first 8 months we have been performed nearly 2000 procedures, which corresponds to an average of about 10 procedures per day, and essentially related to Hemodialysis in critical or acute patients, the Interventional Nephrology, the Clinical Nephrology and Peritoneal Dialysis. The development of the Nephrology Day Care Units can help to increase our autonomy, our presence in Hospitals, recover the progressive loss of clinical activity (diagnostic and therapeutic skills) in the past to the benefit of other Specialties. It also contributes to: Promote and develop the Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology; improve the clinical management of patients with Primary Health Level, promote the Health Education and Investigation, collaborate in the Resources Management, and finally, to make more attractive and exciting our Specialty, both for nephrologists to training specialists.