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It is common that marketers design and position pretty products more to female consumers than to male consumers, suggesting that they generally believe that females have a stronger preference than males for product form over function and apply this belief to their marketing practices. However, this research demonstrates that this belief is often inconsistent with actual preferences. Across seven studies and four follow-up studies, involving both hypothetical and field settings, we demonstrate that both marketers and consumers hold such a belief about gender difference and overpredict females' preference for form-superior (vs. function-superior) products relative to males. Specifically, people tend to choose form-superior (vs. function-superior) products for female (vs. male) others, but female consumers do not choose form-superior (vs. function-superior) products for themselves more than male consumers do. We further provide convergent evidence for the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions by showing that (1) people's choices for others and themselves are more in line with the lay belief about gender difference when they hold a stronger belief and (2) people's choices for distant (vs. close) others are more in line with this lay belief. We further assess the effectiveness of several debiasing interventions and show that this lay belief is quite robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the number of internet users booming, problematic internet use (PIU) has become a public health threat. This study aims to figure out the inter-relationships between PIU symptoms and personality traits with network-based analysis among young people and to discuss the gender difference in the above networks. Based on a national cross-sectional study in 2022, 4655 Chinese adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 25 were included. We adopted the 6-item Short-Form Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-SF-6) and the 10-item version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) to measure PIU and personality traits, respectively. Network analysis was used to identify influential nodes and edges and compare the network models between male and female participants. The mean age of 4655 participants was 19.84, and 52.1 % (2424) of them were females. There are differences in age and gender between participants with and without PIU (P < 0.05). The network of personality and PIU showed that 22 out of the 28 edges were estimated to be nonzero, and "obsession-neuroticism" was the strongest positive edge between the two communities. Central symptoms (i.e., "obsession" and "control disorder") and bridge symptoms (i.e., "obsession" and "neuroticism") have been identified. Gender differences existed in network global strength: female = 3.71, male = 3.18 (p < 0.001). The cross-sectional study needs more evidence to build causal inference. The results of PIU-personality networks may contribute to the personalized prevention and treatment of PIU. The gender difference in PIU-personality networks also requires more attention and discussion. • "Obsession-neuroticism" was the strongest edge between PIU and personality groups. • "Obsession" has the highest strength and bridge strength in the whole network. • Females have a denser PIU-personality network structure than males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the therapeutic variations of biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs (b/tsDMARDs) between genders and across age stages in axial SpA (axSpA) patients through meta-analysis. Methods Randomized controlled trials published by PubMed, Scopus and Embase before 10 August 2023, testing the efficacy of b/tsDMARDs in axSpA, were searched and systematically reviewed. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society ≥40% improvement (ASAS40) was used as the primary outcome of treatment response. Results Only one study meet the inclusion criteria related to tsDMARDs, which was excluded from further analysis. Nine studies of bDMARDs, with 4127 patients, were included for the final analysis. When compared with placebo, both males [odds ratio (OR) 3.14 (95% CI 2.66, 3.70)] and females [OR 2.32 (95% CI 1.82, 2.82)] and younger [OR 4.00 (95% CI 2.50, 6.40)] and older [OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.15, 4.22)] patients presented significantly better responses to bDMARDs. Also, the efficacies were more evident in males [OR 1.89 (95% CI 1.56, 2.30)] and younger [OR 2.07 (95% CI 1.42, 3.02)] patients. Subgroup analysis revealed that the gender difference in efficacy was more obvious in non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA) patients (P heterogeneity = 0.03, I 2 = 78.1%). Moreover, males with radiographic axSpA (r-axSpA) and nr-axSpA shared similar responses to bDMARDs (P heterogeneity = 0.87, I 2 = 0%), while females with r-axSpA showed greater response than those with nr-axSpA (P heterogeneity = 0.005, I 2 = 87.4%). Conclusions The bDMARDs were efficacious in all axSpA patients regardless of gender or age. However, the treatment responses were more evident in male and younger patients. Also, females with r-axSpA had greater responses than those with nr-axSpA, whereas no relevant difference was observed in males, indicating that the gender difference on efficacy was greater in nr-axSpA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A 15-s all-out sprint cycle test (i.e., νLamax-test) and the post-exercise change in capillary blood lactate concentration is an emerging diagnostic tool that is used to quantify the maximal glycolytic rate. The goal of this study was to determine the relation between 15 s-work, change in capillary blood lactate concentration (∆La) and body composition in a νLamax-test. Method: Fifty cyclists performed a 15 s all-out sprint test on a Cyclus2 ergometer twice after a previous familiarization trial. Capillary blood was sampled before and every minute (for 8 min) after the sprint to determine ∆La. Body composition was determined employing InBody720 eight-electrode impedance analysis. Result: Simple regression models of fat-free mass (FFM) and also the product of FFM and ∆La showed similar ability to predict 15 s-work (R2 = 0.79; 0.82). Multiple regression combining both predictors explains 93% of variance between individuals. No differences between males and females were found regarding 15 s-work relative to the product of fat-free mass and ∆La. Considering pairs of similar FFM, a change 1 mmol/l of ∆La is estimated to be equal to 12 J/kg in 15 s-work (R2 = 0.85). Discussion: Fifteen s-work is both closely related to FFM and also the product of ∆La and lactate-distribution space approximated by FFM. Differences in 15 s-work between males and females disappear when total lactate production is considered. Considering interindividual differences, the mechanical energy equivalent of blood lactate accumulation seems a robust parameter displaying a clear relationship between ∆La and 15 s-work relative to FFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The misuse of psychotropic medication has increased during the past decade, especially among adolescents. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence and patterns of the nonmedical use of benzodiazepines (BDZ) and Z‐hypnotics among school‐aged adolescents through the lens of sex. In addition, we sought to analyze the temporal evolution of the nonmedical use of these drugs during the period 2016–2021. Methods: The temporal evolution of the nonmedical use of these drugs was analyzed based on survey data collected in 2016, 2018 and 2021, which includes the first years of the COVID‐19 pandemic. To assess the possible effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the year at survey was conducted was introduced as a categorical variable. We used data from the Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education, which covers drug use among students aged 14–18 years. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we estimated the independent effect of different variables (sociodemographic data, use of other psychoactive substances, risk perception and availability) on the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z‐hypnotics. Results: In total, survey data from 95,700 adolescents were included in our analysis. The nonmedical use of BDZ and Z‐hypnotics increased among adolescents during the study period. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) from 2016 to 2018 was 1.11 (95% CI 0.94–1.31) and from 2018 to 2021 the AOR was 1.26 (95% CI 1.08–1.46), using 2016 and 2018, respectively, as reference years. The nonmedical use of BDZ and Z‐hypnotics was more likely in adolescent girls than boys (AOR = 2.11). The nonmedical use of prescription opioids (AOR = 3.44), novel psychoactive substances and other illicit psychoactive drugs (AOR = 4.10) were risk factors for the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z‐hypnotics in both sexes. Use of cannabis (AOR = 1.38) was a predictor of nonmedical use in female adolescents only. Conclusions: This study shows that the trend of the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z‐hypnotics among school‐aged adolescents in Spain increased between 2016 and 2021. Among adolescents aged 14 to 18, the probability of nonmedical use of these psychoactive substances was twice as high for female adolescents as for male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is widely recognized as the essential treatment modality for patients suffering from various lower urinary tract disorders, particularly overactive bladder (OAB). This prospective study recruited patients who underwent variable frequency SNM treatment at six Chinese medical centers, aiming to evaluate the gender‐specific effects of this intervention and provide precise guidance on its application for clinical management. Methods: This prospective study was managed by Beijing Hospital, and six Chinese medical centers participated in this prospective research. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to screen patients based on the indication for SNM. During the research, all patients were required to record 72‐h voiding diaries, urgency scores, and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores to reflect their disease symptoms. Additionally, subjective questionnaire surveys such as OAB symptom score (OABSS) and quality‐of‐life (Qol) score were recorded to reflect the patients' quality of life and treatment satisfaction. Results: In this study, 52 patients (male patients: 25; female patients: 27) with OAB symptoms agreed to undergo variable frequency stimulation SNM therapy and finally convert to Stage II. Regarding the baseline outcomes, no significant differences were observed between the male and female groups. In terms of postoperative indicators, male patients showed a greater improvement in Qol scores compared to their female counterparts (20.06 ± 13.12 vs. 40.83 ± 26.06, p = 0.005). The results from VAS scores indicated that pain remission was more pronounced in male patients than in female patients (0.31 ± 0.87 vs. 1.67 ± 2.16, p = 0.02). Importantly, there was a statistically significant disparity in urinary urgency between males and females (male patients: 1.19 ± 1.56; female patients: 2.17 ± 1.52, p = 0.04). Conclusions: In our study, we found that variable frequency SNM treatment yielded sex‐specific differences in therapeutic effects, with male patients having a better outcome in some metrics. This suggests that a patient's sex may influence when variable frequency SNM is used, and in the patient's follow‐up. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR2000036677. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, affects 20-25% of the global population. The creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio (CCR) is an indicator of skeletal muscle mass. While CCR may play a role in MetS development, sex differences in these associations are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how CCR levels are associated with MetS in a Chinese adult population, focusing on possible sex disparities. Method: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 9,376 adults from Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital between 2014 to 2016. We examined the relationship between CCR and MetS, adjusting for cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 24.7% in males and 18.0% in females. Interestingly, we observed significant sex differences in the association between CCR quartiles and MetS. Females in the lowest CCR quartile had a significantly higher risk of MetS (odds ratio=1.84). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed acceptable diagnostic power of CCR for MetS in females (area under the curve=0.65) but not in males. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CCR is an independent risk factor for MetS in females, highlighting the importance of sex-specific assessments when evaluating MetS risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study is aimed at evaluating gender differences in neural activity change response to the acupuncture on left Jianyu (LI 15) in healthy volunteers. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers (20 males and 20 females) received 20‐min acupuncture on left LI 15 and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after acupuncture. Amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in the 0.01–0.08 Hz range were determined for both scans. Paired t‐tests were performed on ALFF between two scans separately for the male and female groups to identify neural changes related to acupuncture. Results: After acupuncture, males showed significantly increased ALFF in the left cerebellum and right angular gyrus but decreased ALFF in the left precentral gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus. However, the ALFF change in females is almost negligible. Conclusions: Brain functional activity in response to acupuncture on left LI 15 is noticeably different between males and females. This is preliminary evidence that gender may be an important factor for optimal clinically personalized acupuncture therapy for poststroke shoulder pain in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Excessive abdominal adiposity represents a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Waist circumference (WC) reflects abdominal adiposity and is known as an easy-to-measure indicator of obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between WC level and the development of cerebral infarction in Koreans. Methods: 209,442 Koreans were included among the general population registered in the National Health Information Database. Depending on the degree of WC, the possibility of cerebral infarction was tracked for 4.37 personyears. Identification of patients with cerebral infarction was confirmed through the diagnostic code ICD I63 of inpatient or outpatient. Participants' data were analyzed by sex. The hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence interval (CI) for cerebral infarction were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results and discussion: Between 2009 and 2013, 2,403 cases (1.15%) of cerebral infarction occurred during the follow-up period of 915,223.6 person-years. The HRs (95% CI) for incident cerebral infarction in men was adjusted for multiple covariates, and comparison of WC levels second, third, and fourth quartile with the first quartile showed 1.10 (0.94-1.28), 1.11 (0.95-1.30), and 1.24 (1.07-1.45), respectively (P for trend 0.045). This association was not significant in women (P for trend 0.619). The severity of WC levels in men is significantly associated with the risk of developing cerebral infarction in Koreans. This finding indicates that other measurements for excessive adipose visceral tissue, except abdominal circumference, need to be taken into account to identify the risk of cerebral infarction in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher burnout is one of the main reasons leading to decreased teaching performance and occupational mental health issues among teachers, drawing widespread global attention. Previous research has found that both resiliency and psychological empowerment can alleviate teacher burnout, yet there is no study simultaneously examining the relationships between resiliency, PE, and teacher burnout. Furthermore, previous studies have found gender differences in teacher burnout but have not examined the moderating effects of resiliency and psychological empowerment by gender group. Additionally, traditional analytical methods may overlook the compositional connections between these variables. To bridge this gap, we employed psychological network analysis to evaluate the psychological network of teachers with burnout across different genders. Findings indicate: (1) Female teachers exhibit a stronger link between their sense of departmental control and burnout, while male teachers show a stronger connection between solving instructional challenges and burnout. (2) Patience in male teachers' approach to teaching may enhance connections with their environment, and mastering job-relevant skills can boost male teachers' job happiness. (3) Female teachers' "I feel connected to others" demonstrates higher bridge centrality. In comparison, male teachers' "My work is vital to me" shows higher bridge centrality, indicating deeper connections with other symptom clusters. This study reveals the complex interactions among the factors of teacher burnout and investigates how gender differences influence the associations between these factors and burnout, by not only filling gaps in previous research but also offering new perspectives and strategies for understanding and intervening in teacher burnout, especially in the context of gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a concerning problem in the paediatric population, impacting joint health and longevity. Moreover, ACL injury hampers physical activity, which is important for children's social network and general well‐being. Recent data demonstrates a rise in paediatric ACL reconstructions, affecting both girls and boys. However, it is unclear whether this rise reflects a higher injury rate or a more proactive approach towards surgery, as information on nonoperated patients is lacking. Regarding gender differences, increasing evidence implies that girls engaged in pivoting sports experience a higher incidence of ACL injuries and reinjuries compared to boys. Furthermore, data suggest that girls have inferior outcomes and lower return‐to‐sport rates than boys. The social context in which girls compete in sports is likely a significant contributing factor to the risk of serious knee injuries. Lack of attention and insufficient data on gender‐based differences in ACL injuries, outcomes and evidence‐based treatment guidelines highlight the need for further research on this topic. Level of Evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). This study examines gender-specific differences in response to treosulfan and melphalan (TreoMel) HDCT. Data from 112 MM patients treated at a single center were analyzed for outcomes such as response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities. Results revealed that females had significantly higher treosulfan exposure than males, as shown by peak levels and area under the curve (AUC). Notably, higher treosulfan exposure in females was associated with increased mortality, with those having an AUC > 900 mg*h/L showing shorter OS. However, treosulfan exposure did not affect PFS in females, and no significantly increased mortality risk was observed in males. These findings suggest that higher treosulfan doses increase toxicity in females without improving outcomes, supporting the need for further investigation into lower dosing for female MM patients. Introduction: The growing body of evidence around sexual and gender dimorphism in medicine, particularly in oncology, has highlighted differences in treatment response, outcomes, and side effects between males and females. Differences in drug metabolism, distribution, and elimination, influenced by factors like body composition and enzyme expression, contribute to these variations. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 112 multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with first-line high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with treosulfan and melphalan (TreoMel) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at a single academic center between January 2020 and August 2022. We assessed response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities in relation to gender and treosulfan exposure. Results: Our analysis revealed significant gender-specific differences in treosulfan exposure. Females had higher peak levels (343.8 vs. 309.0 mg/L, p = 0.0011) and area under the curve (AUC) (869.9 vs. 830.5 mg*h/L, p = 0.0427) compared to males. Higher treosulfan exposure was associated with increased mortality in females but not in males. Females with treosulfan AUC > 900 mg*h/L had significantly shorter overall survival, while PFS was unaffected by treosulfan exposure. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that female patients undergoing TreoMel HDCT have higher treosulfan exposure than males and that females with higher levels are at increased risk for toxicity and adverse outcomes. These data suggest that higher treosulfan doses do not confer a benefit in terms of better outcomes for females. Therefore, exploring lower treosulfan doses for female MM patients undergoing TreoMel HDCT may be warranted to mitigate toxicity and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Subjective well‐being, an important index for measuring mental health, is presently declining among junior high school students. Envy, one of their common emotions, is inextricably linked to subjective well‐being. Based on the Dual Envy Theory, our research explores the bidirectional relationship between benign‐malicious envy and subjective well‐being. The mediating role of self‐esteem, as well as the related gender differences, is examined. Methods: Chinese middle school students (n = 1566, boys 50.3%, age = 13.96 ± 0.88 years old) were assessed at two time points over a 3‐month interval. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal relationships among the variables. Results: (1) Cross‐lagged analysis showed a positive bidirectional relationship between benign envy and subjective well‐being and a negative bidirectional relationship between malicious envy and subjective well‐being in the total sample. However, the path from T1 subjective well‐being to T2 malicious envy in boys was not significant. (2) Self‐esteem mediated the relationship between both benign and malicious envy and subjective well‐being among both boys and girls. A Wald chi‐square test showed that T2 self‐esteem was a stronger predictor of T2 benign envy in boys than in girls. Conclusion: The results reveal a virtuous cycle of benign envy and subjective well‐being, and a vicious cycle of malicious envy and subjective well‐being, while emphasizing the role of self‐esteem in this process. Gender differences were also noted. These findings have important implications for improving the subjective well‐being of secondary school students and exploring the positive effects of envy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults are a high-risk population for developing smartphone addiction (SA), which bring about social issues. One theoretically and empirically supported proximal risk factor of SA is preference for smartphone-based internet applications (PSIA). However, most previous studies ignore gender difference and symptomatic heterogeneity of SA. Besides, many previous data analyses contain non-addicts, and the results derived might not be applicable to smartphone addicts. To bridging the gap, we used a symptom-level network analysis to assess gender differences in the links between preferences for 8 smartphone-based internet applications and 4 SA symptoms among young adults with high-level phone addiction (619 women and 415 men). The results showed that: (1) The relationship between the preference for video and the "loss of control" symptom was more pronounced in female addicts compared to their male counterparts. (2) Shopping app had stronger bridge centrality in women's smartphone applications-SA network, which was positively linked with more SA symptoms. (3) Our research identified marginal gender differences in smartphone addicts' psychological networks, with female addicts showing stronger links between social media/eBook preferences and withdrawal symptoms, and male addicts displaying a stronger connection between gaming/eBook and other smartphone activities. The study provides a visualized network association and network metrics for understanding the relationship between PSIA and SA. We propose adopting a selective processing hypothesis and an evolutionary psychology perspective to aid in understanding these gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation exerts a significant cooling effect, particularly during the hot summer; however, the spatial scale effects and gender difference among occupants' subjective thermal comfort remain elusive. Developing a comprehensive model to elucidate the multidimensional relationship between green spaces and thermal experience holds paramount importance. Taking Longzi River Park in Zhengzhou city as a case study, this research examined the influence of vegetation on thermal experience by using structural equation modeling (SEM) from perspectives of fitting scale and gender disparities. It was found that (1) The vegetation environment not only influences thermal sensation, comfort and demand independently, but also influences the pathway between them. These influence paths constitute a complex causal network, functioning as a framework of "sensation → comfort → demand" and its influencing factors. (2) There exists a scaling effect in the pathway framework, which conforms to a threshold of 10 m for the inner radius and 30 m for the outer radius. The goodness of SEM model fit declines with the increase in either the inner radius or the outer radius, or both. (3) Differences in genders are exhibited for the pathway framework, with the vegetation exerting a stronger influence on female sensation and comfort, as well as male demand. The pathway from sensation to comfort to demand is more pronounced in male populations. The research findings contribute to the development of improved and sustainable vegetation distribution in urban parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how computing science students (n = 335) use ChatGPT, their trust in its information, their navigation of plagiarism issues, and their confidence in addressing plagiarism and academic integrity. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative survey data with a qualitative thematic analysis of student comments to provide a comprehensive understanding of these issues. The findings reveal that ChatGPT has become integral to students' academic routines, with 87.8% using it weekly with variable frequency. Most students (70.3%) believe the university should allow ChatGPT use, and 66.6% think it is fair to use it for academic purposes despite 57.4% distrusting its information. Additionally, 53.8% worry about accidentally plagiarising when using ChatGPT. Overall, students have moderate confidence in addressing these academic integrity issues, with no differences between undergraduate and postgraduate students. Male students reported higher confidence in handling plagiarism and academic integrity issues than female students, suggesting underlying differences in how students perceive and interact with generative AI technologies. A thematic analysis of 74 student comments on their ChatGPT experience revealed four themes: (a) Usage and Role of ChatGPT, (b) Ethical and Responsible Use, (c) Limitations and Accuracy, and (d) Impact on Education and Need for Clear Guidelines. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on accepting and using ChatGPT, highlighting the need for institutions to provide clear guidelines and ethical considerations to ensure responsible use within educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information security is a major concern for everyone nowadays. While substantial research exists on gender differences in education and technology, there appears to be very little research on gender differences in information security and that research examines a broad list of self-reported information security behaviors in a single study. Our research adds to the literature by examining in more depth one specific area of information security behavior: peoples' behavior relating to phishing attacks. This research attempts to investigate gender differences in email security perceptions and behaviors by surveying students, faculty, and staff at one midwestern public, master's granting university. The survey questions are developed based on the Health Belief Model. 414 usable survey response sets were collected and analyzed. The findings suggest that men and women have different perceptions on self-efficacy, vulnerability, barriers, cues to action, and self-reported security behaviors. While the Health Belief Model provides a relatively good fit in explaining email security behaviors for both men and women, each group appears to value each of the underlying factors differently. The findings shed light on how to design and conduct security training to increase adoption of protective email behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Klotho plays a pivotal role in human aging. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is composed of multiple conditions that are also risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We try to discuss gender-specific differences in Klotho and the associations between Klotho and MetS components. Materials and methods: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from cycle 2015–2016 was analyzed. MetS was defined according to the 2005 updated criteria by the American Heart Association and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Gender-specific differences in serum Klotho, and associations between Klotho level and MetS components were examined. Results: A total of 2475 participants (40–79 years old) with comprehensive data were included (52% women). In general, lower Klotho was associated with advanced age, male sex, tobacco use, elevated triglycerides, renal insufficiency, inflammation, low estradiol, and low sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The correlation between MetS and Klotho was more obvious in women, mainly in waist circumference and triglyceride. There were no gender-specific differences in the associations between Klotho and renal dysfunction, but multivariate linear regression analysis showed gender differences in other factors associated with Klotho. Estradiol, SHBG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with Klotho levels independent of age and renal function in men, whereas in women, Klotho was independently associated with triglycerides and white blood cell count. Conclusion: Klotho levels had gender disparities regardless of age, renal function, and sex hormones. In the current cohort, triglycerides were the major component of MetS that was independently associated with serum Klotho levels, and the association was particularly seen in women. However, HDL was found to be the male-specific MetS component independently associated with Klotho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College students are at a critical stage of exploring identity and romantic relationships, where they become more sensitive to their appearance, shape, and posture, and are more likely to be dissatisfied with perceived flaws or deficiencies in their body image, i.e. body image concerns. However, little is known about how body image concerns among college students may affect them to engage in healthy Heterosexual interpersonal activities or further cultivate intimate relationships. This study investigated the mediating role of body esteem and the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between body image concerns and heterosexual interaction anxiety. Based on a field survey of 838 college students, the results showed that: (1) body image concerns positively predicted college students’ heterosexual interaction anxiety; (2) body esteem played a partial mediating role between body image concerns and heterosexual interaction anxiety; and (3) gender moderated the association between body esteem and body esteem. Compared with males, the effect of body image concerns on body esteem among females was stronger. These findings explained the generation of heterosexual interaction anxiety and provided theoretical guidance for prevention and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAdvancements in technology have made autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs) a feasible option for “last-mile” delivery, improving logistic efficiency in the global digital age. The promotion and popularization of ADVs must be based on widespread user acceptance. This study combines the technology readiness theory and innovation resistance theory to construct a research model to explore the key factors influencing users’ use and recommendation of ADVs. We collected 349 valid samples through a questionnaire survey and used partial least squares-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to validate the model. The results showed that (1) positive technology readiness reduces users’ perceptions of value barrier, tradition barrier, and image barrier, while negative technology readiness increases users’ perceptions of the five categories of innovation barriers: usage barrier, value barrier, risk barrier, tradition barrier, and image barrier; (2) users’ intention to use and recommend ADVs is negatively affected by the usage, value, and tradition barriers; (3) users of different genders have varying perceptions of the relationship between technology readiness, barrier factors, and the decision to use ADVs. This study reveals the influencing factors that hinder users from using and recommending ADVs and their functioning mechanisms from the perspective of barriers and examines the impact of gender differences between males and females. The study enriches the empirical research in ADVs, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for logistics companies and the government to develop autonomous delivery technology and publicize and promote ADVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The present study examined dream habits, and their relation to sleep patterns, in 1151 preteens (597 boys; 554 girls; 11.31 ± 0.62 years old). Dream questionnaires assessed the frequency of dream recall, nightmare, and lucid dream, as well as the intensity of emotions experienced in dreams. Sleep variables included sleep duration and efficiency, but also different measurements of nocturnal awakenings. Among the preteens, 49.21% of them reported that they recalled dreams several times a week or almost every morning over the past few months. In addition, 52.00% of the preteens reported that they experienced nightmares, and 45.48% lucid dreams, less than once a month or never over the past few months. No gender differences were observed in dream variables. Nocturnal awakenings were linked to all dream variables, while sleep duration and sleep efficiency were related to nightmare frequency and emotions in dreams. Importantly, sleep duration and sleep efficiency were not associated with dream recall nor lucid dream frequency, with Bayesian analyses supporting the null hypothesis. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of preteens’ dreams and their connection to key sleep aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct a randomised control trial at an Italian university to investigate the impact of test anxiety on high-stakes exams. Students are subjected to two different interventions – silence and music – designed to influence their pre-test anxiety levels. We monitored and compared individual biomarkers before and after each treatment to measure anxiety changes and their influence on exam scores. Our findings revealed that decreased mean arterial and systolic pressures enhanced performance in females, particularly under the silence treatment. However, no significant effect was observed in male students. This study suggests that test anxiety could contribute to gender-based performance disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that problematic smartphone use (PSU) has been researched for a long time, it becomes necessary to assess how the trends of PSU prevalence have evolved over time. In total, 106 articles from 2012 to 2022 with 109 studies covering 97,748 individuals were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The estimation of the global pooled PSU prevalence was 37.1% (95% confidence interval, 33.5 − 40.8%) and the PSU prevalence is growing over time in total. Although the PSU prevalence exhibited wide variation between regions and measurement scales, the increasing trend remained. In addition, the regression slope of the PSU prevalence trend in males was higher than that in females. Males initially had a lower prevalence of PSU than females, but this steadily changed over time until it was greater in males than in females. Moreover, the prevalence of PSU showed an increasing trend across all age groups, with a faster growth rate in the older age group. Considering the aforementioned results, it's necessary to implement proper interventions to do with this phenomenon. In addition, considering the differences in prevalence brought by regions, and measurement scales, in practice and research, we should not only take into account the disparities of PSU between countries or cultures, but also to concern about establishing unified standard and measurement tools to confirm it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies show adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on students' cognitive skill development, while much less is known about the impact on their noncognitive skills. The paper focuses on the changes in gender differences in noncognitive skills among Chinese elementary school students aged 9 to 13 during the pandemic. We use two datasets that complement each other in design, both containing detailed information regarding students and their home and school environments before and during the pandemic. Our findings indicate that compared to boys, girls experienced statistically significant declines in noncognitive skills. We explore the mechanisms from the family, school and individual perspectives. The primary influence on gender disparities appears to be driven by a more significant decrease in peer interactions within the school environment and an elevated psychological stress level experienced by girls during the pandemic. However, there is limited evidence supporting the notion that girls experienced more family financial shock or less parental support during this period. Our results suggest that overlooking noncognitive dimensions may lead to serious underestimates of the impact of the pandemic on the development of gender inequality in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourse markers are critical for maintaining discourse coherence. This study investigated the regional and gender variations of discourse markers zhege and nage in spoken Chinese. In this study, the interactive conversations were collected from native Chinese speakers in Taiwan and Chinese mainland, including 36 males and 50 females in each group. Regarding the influence of region, both groups used a higher number of nage than zhege. And they used zhege and nage in similar conversational situations (i.e., zhege was more often used as resumptive opener than nage , while nage was more frequently used as pause filler than zhege). However, the significant differences in the frequency of zhege and the preference of 'only use zhege ' were observed between the two groups. Regarding the impact of gender, there existed significant differences in the frequency of zhege and the preference of 'only use nage ' between Mainland males and females. Also, these differences were found between Mainland and Taiwanese males. By contrast, Taiwanese males and females used zhege and nage in similar ways, as do Mainland and Taiwanese females. It means that region is a more influential factor than gender on the use of zhege and nage. • This study has focused on variation at the formal level and in particular on Chinese discourse marker (DM) use. • The impact of gender on the use of DMs zhege and nage varies across varieties of Chinese. • Region is a more influential factor than gender on the use of DMs zhege and nage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which students identify with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (i.e. STEM identity) is crucial in influencing them to pursue STEM-related careers after compulsory education. Given the predictive power of this construct, this study explores Thai students' STEM identities by focussing on three components (i.e. interest, performance, and recognition) in light of their gender, educational programme, and career aspiration. One hundred and thirty-one students in Grades 10–11 from two secondary schools participated in the study. A Likert-type questionnaire was employed to gather data, which were subsequently transformed into interval scores using Rasch analysis. Inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. This study reveals that male and female students do not significantly differ in terms of their interest in and recognition of STEM. However, gender differences manifest regarding performance in STEM. Those studying in STEM-focussed programmes are likely to show stronger STEM identities than those in non-STEM programmes. Despite this tendency within the STEM-focussed programmes, the students' recognition of STEM varies by school. Those with career aspirations towards STEM are likely to exhibit stronger STEM identities than those who aspire to non-STEM careers. Based on the data, this study suggests a hypothesis regarding learning progression for students' STEM identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Social media celebrities are getting popular in promotions, and more people have experienced social media to receive information on diet and health tips. This research presents a study showing how social media can influence young people's diet behavior through collaboration with social media celebrities. Design/methodology/approach: Through recruiting on various social media and online education forums, this research recruited 196 young Hongkongers to participate in an online survey developed based on the AIDA (Action, Interest, Desire, Attention) marketing communication model on how youths access diet information from social media celebrities in Hong Kong. Findings: Hong Kong youths consume diet information from social media celebrities through instant messaging systems, social networking sites and online videos, and, in particular, information on food calories and nutrition. However, sponsorship from vendors would decrease their desire to agree with the messages from social media celebrities. After receiving this information, some participants would follow tips and guides from social media celebrities. However, they seldom share such information. Interestingly, males are more willing to follow these tips and guides. Originality/value: First, this study fills the gap of prior research, which did not study much on how social media celebrities contribute to diet promotion to youths in Asia. Second, through the AIDA Model, this study shows how social media can affect the awareness and accessibility of diet information by young Hongkongers, followed by initiating their interest in this topic and retrieving more relevant information. Furthermore, the authors further understand their desire to follow and improve their behavior as promoted by social media influencers and how they practice such behavior. Based on these findings, health-related brands could consider using social media influencers helping to promote their products and services, and these brands could further use social media to secure customer engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the roles of pepsinogens (PGs) and gastrin, known biomarkers linked to gastric inflammation, in MetS and the transition of MetS status are unclear. This research aimed to explore the relationship between MetS, the transition of MetS status, and levels of gastric biomarkers. Methods: This large-scale cross-sectional study included 19162 participants aged 18– 80 years between August 2021 and March 2024. Serum levels of the gastric biomarkers PGI, PGII, and gastrin-17 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the relationship between transitions of MetS status based on 1032 MetS-negative participants from baseline to the second health exam after 2 years was considered. The association between MetS and the transitions of MetS status and gastric biomarkers was analyzed using logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of MetS in the study population was 31.4%, with higher rates in males (35.2%) than females (24.6%). Gastrin-17 levels were markedly elevated in participants with MetS, a trend observed in both genders. In the logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, gastrin-17 levels were strongly and positively correlated with MetS in the entire cohort and in males but not in females. Male participants with MetS had lower levels of PGI and PGII than those without MetS, whereas the opposite trend was observed in females. Logistic regression analysis indicated that PGI and PGII were not independently associated with MetS. During the follow-up of 2 years, 199 (19.28%) of the 1032 MetS-negative participants transitioned to MetS-positive status. As compared to the stable MetS-negative subjects, transition from MetS-negative to MetS-positive was associated with higher levels of gastrin-17, especially in males, but not in females. Conclusion: Gastrin-17 is a promising biomarker for MetS, exhibiting potential utility in monitoring the transition of MetS status and revealing gender difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a crucial element of a broader initiative to evaluate political participation and awareness among university students. It was a mixed-method study comprising a survey to examine the political awareness and participation levels and a semi-structured interview to examine gender differences. The article outlines the gender differences in political awareness and political participation and the reasons for them, according to respondents. The results showcase that there was a significant gender difference in political awareness (t = 1.976, p <.05) and political participation (t = 4.575, p <.005). Analysis of the interviews revealed barriers to women's political awareness and participation. The study addresses the gender difference and barriers and recommends strategies to overcome those barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the discourse on the heterogeneity of gender and environmental concern, gender equality awareness can further illuminate the complexity of gender and environmental concern across different cultural backgrounds. OBJECTIVE: Differing from prior research, our study focuses on exploring the relationship between different genders, gender equality awareness, and environmental concern, as well as investigating whether gender equality awareness has distinct effects on environmental concern among different genders. METHODS: Utilizing data from the 2021 China General Social Survey (CGSS), we conducted a theoretical investigation into gender differences in environmental concern. First, we used descriptive statistics to observe the differences between the samples. Secondly, in order to compare the influence of gender equality awareness on different genders, we conducted t-tests on gender subgroups. Subsequently, an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model was employed to examine the effects of gender and gender equality awareness on environmental issues. Finally, gender equality awareness was introduced as a moderating variable to explore its potential interaction with gender and investigate whether a moderation mechanism exists between gender and environmental concern. RESULTS: Findings indicate that 1) male respondents in China exhibit greater concern for the environment compared to female respondents; 2) higher levels of gender equality awareness are positively correlated with higher levels of environmental concern; 3) the influence of gender on environmental concern is moderated by the degree of gender equality awareness. Specifically, when gender equality awareness is strengthened, female respondents exhibit a higher degree of environmental concern. CONCLUSION: Enhancing gender equality awareness contributes to improving both social gender equality and equitable concern for the environment. The findings could provide insights for similar developing countries like China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is associated with a high mortality rate due to the high risk of suicide. However, there is still a lack of evidence on the gender-specific risk factors for suicide among people with schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to measure the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of suicide deaths in different genders among people with schizophrenia. Methods Data on patients with schizophrenia from 2013 to 2021 in Guangzhou, China were obtained from the National Information System for Psychosis (NISP), involving a total of 33,080 patients. Cox regression and Fine-Gray models were used to explore the sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for suicide mortality in different genders. Results The overall age-standardized mortality rates due to suicide were 133.89 (95% CI: 124.31-143.47) per 100,000 person-years for females and 163.25 (95% CI: 152.92-173.59) per 100,000 person-years for males. To be specific, lack of medical insurance, history of non-treatment, and history of suicidal behavior was associated with a higher risk for suicide mortality for females, while an age of 35–54, being hospitalized once, and the age of onset being > 28 years were linked to lower risk for suicide mortality for males. For both genders, a lower risk for suicide mortality was observed in patients at an older age (≥ 55 years) and with a history of hospitalization more than once, and a higher suicide mortality risk was found in married patients and those residing in rural areas. Conclusion The present study found that gender differences should be taken into account in the development of suicide prevention programs for people with schizophrenia, and future research is still required to verify our preliminary results.

Qinliang Zheng,1– 3,&ast; Meng Chen,4,&ast; Jennifer Hu,5 Ting Zhou,5 Peipei Wang6 1Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 3Jining Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Severe Infection in Children, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 6Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sanya Central Hospital/The Third People’s Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya, Hainan, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ting Zhou, Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, N0.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China, Email zhouting.92@bjmu.edu.cn Peipei Wang, Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sanya Central Hospital/The Third People’s Hospital of Hainan Province, No. 1154 Jiefangsi Road, Sanya, Hainan, 572000, People’s Republic of China, Email peipeiwang@pku.edu.cnObjective: This study aimed to examine the association between appearance comparison and adolescent depressive symptoms, the mediating role of body appreciation, and the moderating roles of gender and body-mass index (BMI) among adolescents in different age groups.Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 2645 Chinese students aged 12– 16 years (44.7% girls) participated. The measurements included depressive symptoms, appearance comparison, body appreciation, weight, and height. Multigroup path analysis was used to examine the moderated mediation model.Results: Compared with boys, adolescent girls presented greater levels of appearance, which increased with age. Body appreciation mediated the association between appearance comparison and depressive symptoms in girls, whereas appearance comparison directly correlated with depressive symptoms in boys. Body appreciation decreased with increasing BMI in boys but remained relatively stable in girls. Similar patterns were observed among junior and senior high school students.Conclusion: This study underscores the significant relationship between appearance comparison and adolescent depressive symptoms, suggesting varied mechanisms based on gender and BMI levels.Keywords: appearance comparison, body appreciation, adolescent depressive symptoms, gender difference, age group difference, body-mass index

Abstract Background Klotho plays a pivotal role in human aging. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is composed of multiple conditions that are also risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We try to discuss gender-specific differences in Klotho and the associations between Klotho and MetS components. Materials and methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from cycle 2015–2016 was analyzed. MetS was defined according to the 2005 updated criteria by the American Heart Association and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Gender-specific differences in serum Klotho, and associations between Klotho level and MetS components were examined. Results A total of 2475 participants (40–79 years old) with comprehensive data were included (52% women). In general, lower Klotho was associated with advanced age, male sex, tobacco use, elevated triglycerides, renal insufficiency, inflammation, low estradiol, and low sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The correlation between MetS and Klotho was more obvious in women, mainly in waist circumference and triglyceride. There were no gender-specific differences in the associations between Klotho and renal dysfunction, but multivariate linear regression analysis showed gender differences in other factors associated with Klotho. Estradiol, SHBG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with Klotho levels independent of age and renal function in men, whereas in women, Klotho was independently associated with triglycerides and white blood cell count. Conclusion Klotho levels had gender disparities regardless of age, renal function, and sex hormones. In the current cohort, triglycerides were the major component of MetS that was independently associated with serum Klotho levels, and the association was particularly seen in women. However, HDL was found to be the male-specific MetS component independently associated with Klotho.

Zhaorong Gao,1– 3 Zhen Guo,1– 3 Yongbo Song,1– 3 Xiujing Shi,1– 3 Yingzuo Zhao,1– 3 Conghui Liu1– 3 1Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhen Guo, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, 5 Yanerdao Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86532 8761 0087, Email guoz@sdfmu.edu.cnPurpose: With girls typically exhibiting higher rates of myopia than boys, however, the mechanisms behind this gender difference remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the gender disparities in the relationship between myopia, sleep duration, physical activity, and BMI.Patients and Methods: A total of 3138 primary and secondary school students were included. Mplus 8.3 was used to perform the multiple mediation analysis.Results: Sleep duration was indicated to directly affect myopia (β=0.273, 95% CI=0.184− 0.356) and through physical activity, BMI, physical activity and BMI three significantly mediation pathways, respectively. In terms of gender, the mediating direct effect of sleep duration on myopia of boys was 66.96%, which is much higher than that of girls’ 50.91%. And the mediating indirect effect of sleep duration on myopia through physical activity and BMI are 32.65% and 12.10% respectively among girls, both of which are significantly higher than that of boys.Conclusion: The study found that there are significant differences in the impact of sleep duration on myopia in children and adolescents of different genders. In this regard, while paying attention to the sleep duration of children and adolescents, special attention should also be paid to the indirect impact of girls’ physical activity and BMI on myopia, and targeted measures should be formulated according to children of different genders to effectively protect the eye health of children and adolescents.Keywords: myopia, children and adolescents, sleep duration, physical activity, BMI, gender difference

This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men. The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm.

Abstract Background Gender equality and the gender income gap in medicine are long-standing global problems. Although gender-related differences have been widely studied in developed countries, they remain unclear in underdeveloped regions. In 2010, China initiated a national compulsory service program (CSP) to train qualified general practitioners in rural and remote areas. This study aimed to evaluate gender income differences for early career CSP and non-CSP (NCSP) graduates in underdeveloped areas. Methods A cohort study was conducted with 3620 CSP and NCSP graduates from four medical universities in Central and Western China. Baseline surveys and six follow-up surveys were conducted between 2015 and 2022. Incomes, including monthly mean income and proportion of performance-based income, were measured as the key outcome variables. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the gender income gap. Results NCSP graduates had higher average monthly incomes than CSP graduates. In the seventh year after graduation, the average monthly income for NCSP graduates was 7859 CNY while was 5379 CNY for CSP graduates. After controlling for demographic characteristics, the gender monthly income gap for CSP graduates was expanded from the fourth year (3.0%) to the sixth year (5.9%) after graduation, and that for NCSP graduates was expanded from the fifth year (11.9%) to the seventh year (16.3%) after graduation. Regarding performance-based income, it was 58.9% for NCSP graduates and 45.8% for CSP graduates in the seventh year after graduation. After controlling for performance-based income proportion, the gender income gap was reduced from 5.9 to 4.0% in the sixth year after graduation for CSP graduates, and from 16.3 to 14.4% for NCSP graduates in the seventh year after graduation. Conclusion An extensive and ever-increasing gender income gap exists among young doctors in the early stages of their careers in underdeveloped areas of China. The high proportion of performance-based income among men is one of the main explanations for the observed difference. A more explicit compensation system must be established to enhance support for female health workers.

Abstract Background The ethmoid sinus (ES) is a three-dimensional (3D) complex structure, a clear understanding of the ES anatomy is helpful to plan intranasal surgery. However, most prior studies use 2D measurements, which may not accurately depict the 3D structure. The current study measured the gender differences in ES morphology based on 3D reconstruction of computed tomography (CT) images. Methods The 3D models were reconstructed using CT images. Twenty-one males and 15 females were enrolled in the study. The ES dimensions, including width, height and aspect ratio (AR) of each cutting-plane section, were measured at 10% increments along with the anteroposterior axis of the ES. The gender differences in the above parameters were further evaluated by an independent t-test. Results The width of the ES for males is 12.0 ± 2.1 mm, which was significantly greater than that in females (10.0 ± 2.1 mm). The average height for males is 18.4 ± 3.5 mm, and 18.2 ± 3.4 mm for females. The AR of female (male) is around 0.56 (0.63) for the anterior ES and 0.66 (0.75) for the posterior. There are significant differences between genders in the parameters of width and AR (p

Abstract Women frequently express heightened neck discomfort even though they exhibit smaller neck flexion (NF) during smartphone use. Differences in natural posture while using smartphones may result in varying muscle activation patterns between genders. However, no study focused on this issue. This study investigated the influence of gender on neck muscle activity and NF when using smartphones, ranging from slight (20°) to nearly maximal forward head flexion, across different postures. We analyzed smartphone usage patterns in 16 men and 16 women and examined these behaviors across different scenarios: standing, supported sitting, and unsupported sitting, at 20°, 30°, 40°, and the maximum head angles. During data collection, muscle activity was measured, expressed as a percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC), in the cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius (UTZ), along with NF. Results show significant influences of gender, head angle, and posture on all measures, with notable interactions among these variables. Women displayed higher muscle activities in CES and UTZ, yet exhibited lesser NF, while using smartphones in both standing (12.3%MVC, 10.7% MVC, and 69.0°, respectively) and unsupported sitting (10.8%MVC, 12.3%MVC, and 71.8°, respectively) compared to men (standing: 9.5%MVC, 8.8%MVC, and 76.1°; unsupported sitting: 9.7%MVC, 10.8%MVC, and 76.1°). This study provides a potential rationale for gender-related disparities in injury outcomes, emphasizing that women experience higher neck and shoulder discomfort level, despite their smaller NF during smartphone use, as found in previous research. Additionally, the cervical flexion-relaxation phenomenon may occur when the head angle exceeded 40°. The near-maximum head angle during smartphone use might induce the cervical flexion-relaxation phenomenon, potentially aggravating neck issues. We recommend limiting smartphone usage postures that exceed the near-maximum head angle, as they are commonly adopted by individuals in the daily smartphone activities.

Although a close relationship between resilience and executive functions (EF) has been established, whether two constructs would be reciprocally predicted and whether some potential gender differences would exist, especially at the within-person level, has not yet been examined. This study used a short-term longitudinal elementary school-aged children sample and random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to examine the above issue. The results showed that at the between-person level, the random intercepts between resilience and three EF components were significantly related. At the within-person level, the reciprocal relations between resilience and emotional regulation were found for full sample, and the reciprocal relations between resilience and cognitive regulation were found only in girl sample. Furthermore, resilience could predict behavior regulation, but not vice versa. Results highlighted the importance of integrating resilience and EF skills within interventions for middle and late elementary school children, and those instructional programs targeting the multi-component development of EF and applying them to children of different genders may yield a great gain across skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as the broken-heart syndrome, is a reversible condition typically observed in female patients presenting for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Despite its increasing incidence, TTS often remains undiagnosed due to its overlap with ACS. The pathophysiology of TTS is complex and involves factors such as coronary vasospasm, microcirculatory dysfunction, increased catecholamine levels, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Diagnosing TTS requires a comprehensive approach, starting with clinical suspicion and progressing to both non-invasive and invasive multimodal tests guided by a specific diagnostic algorithm. Management of TTS should be personalized, considering potential complications, the presence or absence of coronary artery disease (CAD), diagnostic test results, and the patient's clinical course. The current data primarily derive from case series, retrospective analyses, prospective registries, and expert opinions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of gender differences in the pathophysiology, presentation, and outcomes of TTS. This review provides an updated overview of gender disparities, highlighting the importance of tailored diagnostic and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher emotional well-being is under challenges. Although previous research has revealed the positive effects of responsible leadership in education fields, its influence on teacher emotional well-being has remained underdeveloped. Therefore, this study aimed to fill the research gap by examining the direct effect of responsible leadership on teacher emotional well-being and testing the mediation effects of teacher recognition and gender difference. By surveying a total of 486 teacher responses working in public primary and secondary schools in China, the study revealed that responsible leadership is associated with teacher emotional well-being significantly through the mediation effect of recognition for social esteem and a significant gender difference among these relationships. The findings and implications are discussed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide attempts are one of the most serious comorbidities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and the prevalence of suicide attempts is higher in younger people compared to older people, with significant gender differences. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between suicide attempts, clinical symptoms, thyroid hormones, and metabolic parameters in young first-episode and drug-naïve (FEND) MDD patients of different genders. A total of 1289 FEND MDD patients were recruited. Depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale, respectively. Thyroid hormones and glucolipid metabolism indicators were also tested. Network analysis was employed to delineate the interplay between thyroid dysfunction, clinical symptoms, and metabolic disorders. Among young FEND MDD patients, the rate of suicide attempts was 17.4% in males and 19.8% in females, showing no significant gender difference in the incidence of suicide attempts (χ2 = 1.06, p = 0.303). In the network model, PANSS positive subscale (Expected Influence = 0.578) and HAMD scores (Expected Influence = 0.576) were identified as the individual symptoms that most affected male patients, whereas TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) (Expected Influence = 0.972) and PANSS positive subscale (Expected Influence = 0.937) were identified as the individual symptoms that most affected female patients. In addition, we found that TSH (Expected Influence = 0.438) was a pivotal node connecting metabolic disturbances and clinical symptoms. Our findings emphasize the important role of psychotic symptoms in young MDD patients with suicide attempts. Moreover, our results highlight the pivotal role of serum TSH levels in the pathophysiology of young female MDD patients with suicide attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ketamine was developed as an anesthetic. Esketamine is the isolated S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine. They provide new avenues for the treatment of depression, especially treatment-resistant depression. Considering differences in the pharmacokinetics and hormonal status of ketamine in patients of different genders, sex-based differences in esketamine adverse drug events (ADE) may also be observed. This study presents data mining and safety analysis of adverse events of ketamine and esketamine between genders, promoting the individualization of clinical practice. Methods: Adverse drug reactions to ketamine and esketamine reported between the first quarter of 2004 and the second quarter of 2023 in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) were extracted. Thereafter, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Results: A total of 2907 female reports and 1634 male reports on esketamine were included in the analysis. ROR mining showed that completed suicide, decreased therapeutic product effects, urinary retention, and hypertension were common in men. Additionally, 552 female and 653 male ketamine reports were recorded. ROR mining revealed that toxicity to various agents, bradycardia, cystitis and agitation, were more likely to occur in men, whereas women were more likely to develop suicidal ideation, increased transaminase levels, sclerosing cholangitis, and sterile pyuria. Conclusion: The adverse events of esketamine and ketamine differ across genders, which should be considered in clinical practice to provide individualized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the neural mechanism by which virtual chatbots' gender might influence users' usage intention and gender differences in human-machine communication. Approach: Event-related potentials (ERPs) and subjective questionnaire methods were used to explore the usage intention of virtual chatbots, and statistical analysis was conducted through repeated measures ANOVA. Results/findings: The findings of ERPs revealed that female virtual chatbots, compared to male virtual chatbots, evoked a larger amplitude of P100 and P200, implying a greater allocation of attentional resources toward female virtual chatbots. Considering participants' gender, the gender factors of virtual chatbots continued to influence N100, P100, and P200. Specifically, among female participants, female virtual chatbots induced a larger P100 and P200 amplitude than male virtual chatbots, indicating that female participants exhibited more attentional resources and positive emotions toward same-gender chatbots. Conversely, among male participants, male virtual chatbots induced a larger N100 amplitude than female virtual chatbots, indicating that male participants allocated more attentional resources toward male virtual chatbots. The results of the subjective questionnaire showed that regardless of participants' gender, users have a larger usage intention toward female virtual chatbots than male virtual chatbots. Value: Our findings could provide designers with neurophysiological insights into designing better virtual chatbots that cater to users' psychological needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disgust sensitivity to body odors plays a role in a set of psychological mechanisms supposedly evolved to avoid pathogens. To assess individual differences in body odor disgust, we previously developed the body odor disgust scale (BODS) and validated it in English. The BODS presents six scenarios where disgust could be evoked by smells coming from an internal source and an external source. The present study aimed to validate the BODS in the Italian population and to find further evidence for its structural, construct, and criterion validity. Methods: We used two large samples (N = 1,050, F = 527; and N = 402, F = 203, respectively) that were representative of the Italian population for sex and age. Results: Across these two studies, we confirmed the hypothesized bifactor structure, with all the items loading onto a general body odor disgust sensitivity factor, and on two specific factors related to the internal structure. In terms of construct validity, we found that the BODS converged with pathogen disgust sensitivity of the three-domain disgust scale (TDDS) but was distinct from a general propensity to experience negative emotions. The BODS showed criterion validity in predicting the behavioral intentions toward COVID-19 avoidance behavior, although it did not seem to be incrementally valid when compared to the TDDS pathogen subscale. We also established scalar measurement invariance of the BODS regarding gender and found that women display higher levels of BODS. Discussion: Results from the Italian version of the BODS indicate its structural, construct, nomological and criterion validity. Furthermore, our result on sex differences in disgust sensitivity are consistent with previous literature, and we discuss them in the broader context of cross-cultural and primate findings that points toward a possible evolutionary explanation of this difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extramarital affairs can be detrimental to family stability and individual happiness. Existing literature on the issue suggests that gender and moral qualities can be major influencing factors. Particularly, it is suggested that males are more likely to have affairs compared to females. In this study, we explore deeper possible gender differences together with the sense of responsibility and fairness in young people's attitudes toward extramarital affairs from the perspective of information processing. Following the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF), we conducted Bayesian analyses on 493 university students from Germany, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, and Japan. Our analysis results show that males are more likely than females to think that extramarital affairs can be justified, but this gender difference is small in magnitude. In linear relationships, importance perceptions of fairness and responsibility do not have any clear effect on attitudes toward affairs. However, when considering the interactions between gender and these moral factors, we found that among males, those who put more importance on responsibility are less likely to think that extramarital affairs are justifiable, but those who put more importance on fairness are more likely to think that extramarital affairs are justifiable. These patterns may be due to how men interpret moral values in their subjective cost-benefit judgments toward marital relationships involving social expectations and personal preferences. Plain language summary: This research examined how gender and moral values affect young people's views on extramarital affairs. The study used a survey on 493 college students from five countries about whether affairs could ever be justified. The study also probed how important they felt responsibility and fairness are to see if gender or morals predicted attitudes on affairs. The study found that men were a bit more likely than women to say affairs could sometimes be justified, but the difference was small. More interestingly, men who valued responsibility more were less likely to justify affairs. But men who valued fairness more were more likely to justify affairs. This suggests men may think about responsibility and fairness differently when evaluating affairs. Responsibility may connect more to social norms against affairs for men. But some men may see affairs as personally fair, even if norms suggest it's wrong. Their own sense of fairness may justify affairs, despite social disapproval. In contrast, women's views were less affected by their senses of responsibility and fairness. This implies men do complex moral calculations about affairs weighing social norms versus personal preferences. Their interpretations of morals like fairness shape their attitudes. More research on this gender difference is needed. The study has limitations as it relied on students, not actual married people. The study also focused only on heterosexual relationships in a few countries, so the relationships in LGBTQ communities are not included in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the gender-based differences in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), with a particular focus on patient-reported outcomes, utilizing the data obtained through the international COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune disease e-survey. Methods: Patient-reported outcomes including fatigue, pain, and physical function were extracted from the COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune disease database and compared between genders, adjusting for demographics and IIM subgroups by multivariable analysis. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) was analysed separately because of the substantial differences in outcomes. Results: A total of 1197 complete responses from patients with IIMs as of 31 August 2021 were analysed. Seventy percent were women. Women were younger (58 [48–68] vs. 69 [58–75] years old, median [interquartile range], P < .001) and were more likely to suffer from autoimmune multimorbidity, defined as three or more autoimmune diseases in an individual patient (11.4% vs. 2.8%, P < .001). In non-IBM IIMs, fatigue visual analogue scale scores were higher in women (5 [3–7] vs. 4 [2–6], median [interquartile range], P = .004), whereas no significant gender-based differences were noted in IBM. Multivariable analysis in non-IBM IIMs revealed that women, residence in high-income countries, overlap myositis, and autoimmune multimorbidity were independently associated with increased fatigue. Conclusions: Women with IIMs suffer from autoimmune multimorbidity and experience increased fatigue compared to men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]