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This study aimed to use orange albedo flour as a fat replacer and evaluate its effect on three chicken

Infections caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri are one of the biggest problems in the catfish industry in North America and have been reported in fishes around the world. E. ictaluri was detected in juvenile pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans—a Brazilian catfish—in a farm in Paraná State, Brazil; diseased animals showed ascites and neurological signs of infection, with more than 50% mortality. Exotic invasive species susceptible to this bacterium have been reported in this area. We assessed the susceptibility of pintado to E. ictaluri with experimental infection via intraperitoneal and immersion methods as well as a cohabitation experiment with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and African walking catfish Clarias gariepinus, 2 exotic invasive species. All pintados challenged by intraperitoneal and immersion routes and those cohabiting with infected C. gariepinus died within 17 d of the challenge. Mortality of Nile tilapia reached 71.42% after the intraperitoneal and 35.71% in the immersion challenges within 28 d, whereas African walking catfish showed zero mortality. Observed clinical signs were comparable to those in the farm and those described in the literature as enteric septicemia of catfish. With this study, we demonstrated the susceptibility of P. corruscans to E. ictaluri, as well as interspecies transmission of this bacterium.

Background : Calf diarrhea remains one of the main diseases affecting the cattle industry. Persistence of this significant problem is associated with the complexity of factors that may be involved (infectious, environmental). An accurate diagnosis is essential for confirming the cause and helping clinicians and cattle producers to apply appropriate strategies in a timely manner. This report describes the histological changes according to the degree of salmonellosis severity, which is a contagious infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a Gram-negative bacterium, in two beef calves in northern Parana State, southern Brazil. Cases : Two 90-day-old crossbred Angus and Nellore calves from a beef farm in northern Parana State were referred to a Veterinary Hospital. Animal 1 - developed acute clinical signs (enteritis, ataxia, and muscle rigidity) and died the day after the signs began. Gross findings included heavy and non-collapsed lungs, pulmonary oedema, hepatomegaly, enteritis, and severe diffuse typhlitis. Microscopic analysis revealed severe diffuse necrotic enteritis, typhlitis, severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia, moderate centrilobular hepatic necrosis, mild multifocal nephritis, and severe spleen and lymph node necrosis. Paratyphoid nodules were evidenced on the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Animal 2 - presented apathy, green fibrinous diarrhea, and died three days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic examination showed moderate diffuse enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly. At the microscopic examination, many paratyphoid nodules were observed on the liver, spleen, kidneys, and Peyer's patches, which were associated with intralesional and intravascular bacilli. Additional findings included severe diffuse fibrinous necrotic enteritis with intralesional bacilli, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal splenic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and moderate multifocal to coalescent lymphocytic nephritis. Histological Gram staining was performed on selected samples, revealing intralesional Gram-negative bacilli in the liver and intestine. Thus, liver and intestine fragments were used for the microbiological examination. Microbiological culture, isolation and biochemical tests identified the genus Salmonella spp. Then, the colonies were subjected to serological tests for serovar identification, according to ISO/TR 6579-3, which determined the serovar Dublin. After identifying the disease etiological agent, the outbreak was controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy combined with the correction of sanitary measures. Discussion : Enteritis is a frequent disease in calves, posing a diagnostic challenge in identifying the etiological agent. In the present case, the histological, microbiological, and serological results confirmed a disseminated Salmonella spp. infection. The microscopic findings, such as interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous necrotic enteritis markedly in ileum and paratyphoid nodules in various organs, are the most common aspects of the disease. However, fibrinous cholecystitis, which is considered pathognomonic for salmonellosis, was not observed in this study. Therefore, the absence of such a lesion should not exclude the disease in sick animals. A microscopic injury score was used to determine lesion severity by assigning values from 1 to 4, wherein: 1 = no apparent lesions, 2 = mild lesions, 3 = moderate lesions, and 4 = severe lesions. Both calves were scored as 4. Multiple predisposing factors for the condition were identified in this farm such as different age animals in the same paddock and no specific paddock for sick animals, given that the infectious agent remains in feces, saliva, and nasal discharge. The serovar Dublin induces several clinical signs such as septicemic, respiratory, and enteric manifestations, making a clinical diagnosis a challenge. Keywords: dysbiosis, calf diarrhea, infection, paratyphoid nodules, septicemia. Descritores: disbiose, diarreia neonatal, infeccao, nodulos paratifoides, septicemia. Titulo: Salmonelose em bezerros pelo sorovar Dublin no estado do Parana, Brasil - aspectos clinico-patologicos

Background: The incidence of cancer has increased due to greater longevity of the animals as a consequence of better control of other diseases, improvement of nutrition and good practices in preventive medicine. Malignant tumors can cause paraneoplastic syndrome as hypercalcemia, anemia, cachexia, among others and consequent cardiovascular disorders. The electrocardiography (ECG) is a complementary exam that can reveal with its traces these rhythms disorders. Based on that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ECG in bitches with mammary tumors in order to detect in which type of tumor would be found significant changes as in cardiac rhythm, ECG waves, segments or cardiac axis.Material, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine female dogs were used in this study, being 19 bitches with mammary tumor, and they were allocated in three groups: G1: control group (n=10), G2: benign neoplasia group (n=6) and G3: malignant neoplasia group (n=13). The most prevalent type of neoplasia in G2 was the benign mixed tumor (83%), followed by adenoma (17%) whereas in G3: carcinoma in mixed tumor (61%); papillary carcinoma (23%). Regarding cardiac rhythm, it was found sinus arrhythmia (SA) and normal sinus rhythm (NS): G1: 50% SA and 50% NS; G2: 67% SA and 33% NS; G3: 54% SA and 46% NS. No ventricular or atrial arrhythmias were detected. For other parameters in G1, G2 and G3, respectively (mean±Std error): FC (bpm): 110±9.2, 120±8.5, 124±7,5; P (ms): 48±1.6, 51±1.8, 50±1.2; P (mV) 0.19±0.02, 0,2±0.02, 0,19±0.02; PR (ms): 94±4.3, 93±5.5, 89±3.9; QRS (ms): 56±1.54, 60±4, 62±1.2; R (mV): 1.1±0.06, 1.2±0.24, 0.9±0.13; QT (ms): 203±9.4; 204±7.9; 182±15.6; and cardiac axis (°): 66±6.2, 61±7.9, 70±7.5. There were no significant differences for all cardiac parameters and also for ST interval and T wave morphology.Discussion: All electrocardiographic parameters found are in accordance with other studies carried out in the canine species. The results regarding tumor types differ from what was found in another study, in which in 18 bitches with mammary tumors, 55% were benign, with prevalence of adenomas (38%) followed by benign mixed tumors, and 45% malignant, with adenocarcinoma prevailing (22%). In another study, it was verified in 63 bitches the predominance of tubular carcinoma (26.56%) and carcinoma in mixed tumor (23.44%). Diverging from the electrocardiographic parameters of this study, a significant difference was found in the R wave amplitude value in the research by Barros et al., (2015) who performed computerized electrocardiography in 50 dogs, not only with mammary neoplasms (55% mammary carcinomas), but also in mastocytomas, lymphomas, benign tumors and other sarcomas. This author found out that the R wave amplitude values of the neoplasia group were lower when compared to the control group. In addition, we suspect that other types of tumors could result in more paraneoplastic syndrome than the mammary neoplasms found in this research. Neoplasms as lymphomas (T cells), apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas, multiple myelomas and thymomas are known as a cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy and histiocytic sarcomas, myelomas, leukemia and lymphomas causing anemia. In conclusion, ECG has no changes in benign or malignant mammary tumors in dogs. However, this fact does not exclude the importance of its performance in pre-anesthetic evaluations.

Neoplasms of the digestive system are uncommon in dogs, and may be of epithelial, neuroendocrine, hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin. The leiomyosarcoma is a tumor of mesenchymal origin of smooth, malignant, slow-growing muscles. Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect different systems, being the most commonly found: hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, cachexia and anemia. There are rare cases of mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs that result in hypoglycaemia with clinical signs. The objective of this study is to report a case of gastric leiomyosarcoma associated with clinical hypoglycemia. The patient had neurological signs such as ataxia and seizures associated with hypoglycemia, which did not recur after surgical excision of the tumor. The definitive diagnosis was based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor.

RESUMO Os tumores da bainha perineural são pouco frequentes em animais domésticos. Relata-se o caso de um cão, sem raça definida, de cinco anos, fêmea, com histórico de aumento de volume em região retrobulbar do globo ocular direito (GOD) havia três semanas. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se a presença de uma neoformação retrobulbar direita com deslocamento do globo ocular cranialmente. Aos exames realizados durante o internamento, não foi possível localizar a origem e a extensão da neoformação. O animal veio a óbito por parada cardiorrespiratória e foi encaminhado para a necropsia. À avaliação macroscópica, observou-se neoformação esbranquiçada fixada à base do crânio em região selar, com possível origem no terceiro (III) par de nervos cranianos, a qual se infiltrava no encéfalo na altura do hipotálamo, estendia-se caudalmente em direção ao tronco encefálico e cranialmente à órbita direita, comprimindo, assim, o GOD. Microscopicamente consistia de feixes curtos entrelaçados ou enovelados de células fusiformes com pleomorfismo discreto a moderado, alternando-se a áreas de necrose multifocalmente, compatível com tumor da bainha perineural. Ao exame imuno-histoquímico, apresentou marcação fraca para S100 e GFAP e marcação positiva para vimentina, o que indica caráter maligno.

A retrospective immunohistochemical study was designed to investigate the frequency of concomitant traditional infectious disease pathogens in puppies that died suddenly and review the aspects of associated pathogenesis. Fifteen puppies were evaluated; the pathology reports and histopathologic slides of these animals were reviewed to determine the pattern of histopathologic lesions. The intralesional identification of antigens of canine (distemper) morbillivirus (CDV), canine adenovirus-1 and -2 (CAdV-1 and -2), canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum was evaluated by IHC within the histopathologic patterns observed. All puppies contained CDV nucleic acid by molecular testing. The most frequent histopathologic patterns were intestinal crypt necrosis (n = 8), white matter cerebellar demyelination (n = 7), necrohaemorrhagic hepatitis (n = 7), interstitial pneumonia (n = 7), and gallbladder oedema (n = 5). All puppies contained intralesional antigens of CDV in multiple tissues resulting in singular (n = 3), and concomitant dual (n = 3), triple (n = 5) and quadruple (n = 4) infections by CAdV-1, and -2, CPV-2, and N. caninum; T. gondii was not identified. Concomitant infections by CDV was observed with N. caninum (100%; 1/1), CPV-2 (100%; 8/8), CAdV-1 (100%; 8/8), and CAdV-2 (100%; 8/8). Intralesional antigens of CDV and not CAdV-1 were identified in cases of gallbladder oedema. The “blue eye” phenomenon was histologically characterized by corneal oedema and degenerative lesions to the corneal epithelium, without inflammatory reactions.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic disease of humans from Latin America that is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii, with most cases of PCM in domestic animals being associated with P. brasiliensis. This study presents the clinical, cytological, mycological, serological, and molecular findings associated with P. brasiliensis in a dog from Southern Brazil. Fine needle biopsies were collected from the skin and several lymph nodes of a 5-year-old female Labrador dog that had enlargement of most superficial lymph nodes. Cytology of the skin and lymph nodes revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis associated with fine-necked, budding fungal structures consistent with the Paracoccidioides genus of organisms; mycological culture derived from the lymph node aspirate demonstrated similar budding structures. Serological assays using exoantigens obtained from the fungal culture demonstrated that the fungal organisms derived from the lymph node were antigenically similar to P. brasiliensis by immunodiffusion and Western blot. A PCR assay, using the fungal culture as input, amplified a partial segment of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions of P. brasiliensis; direct sequencing and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the PCR product as P. brasiliensis. The combined cytological, mycological, serological, and molecular findings confirmed a diagnosis of fungal dermatitis and lymphadenitis due to P. brasiliensis in this dog. This case represents the third description of clinical PCM in dogs and the first confirmation of mycotic dermatitis associated with P. brasiliensis in this species. The participation of dogs in the possible dissemination of PCM is reviewed, and it is proposed that dogs are probable accidental hosts in the epidemiological cycle associated with P. brasiliensis.

As neoplasias mamárias estão em segundo no ranking das neoplasias mais diagnosticadas em cães. As fêmeas caninas são amplamente acometidas por esta doença que, na maioria dos casos, apresenta-se na forma maligna. Sabe-se que diversos fatores estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento e determinação da malignidade destas lesões, incluindo a ação da ciclo-oxigenase-2. A utilização de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais atuantes como inibidores desta enzima é estudada como um promissor tratamento adjuvante das neoplasias. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do piroxicam na diminuição da inflamação causada pela progressão dos tumores mamários em 25 cadelas, a partir da aferição da temperatura peritumoral utilizando o recurso da termografia, durante 10 dias de administração do fármaco. Os resultados indicaram diferença significativa (p=0,003) entre as temperaturas médias do primeiro e último dia de tratamento. Ao realizar a avaliação das neoplasias malignas e benignas separadamente, foi possível observar que, estatisticamente, as neoplasias malignas (n=19) apresentaram redução significativa das temperaturas peritumorais (P=

The aim of the present prospective-retrospective study was to evaluate the response of high-risk canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and to correlate this with prognostic factors. A total of 24 dogs presented with macroscopic cutaneous MCTs at disease stage II or III, and therefore, at high-risk of associ ated mortality, were included in the study and treated with masitinib (n=20) or toceranib (n=4). A total of 12/24 dogs achieved an objective response and the overall survival (OS) for all subjects was 113 days. Dogs responding to treatment had a significant increase in OS compared to non‑responders (146.5 days vs. 47 days, P=0.02). Internal tandem duplications in exon 11 of the c‑kit gene were identified in 6/24 cases. Ki67, KIT immunolabelling and c-kit mutation did not provide information regarding prognosis or prediction of response to TKIs in this population. Initial response to TKIs appears to be the most reliable prognostic factor for survival duration. O objetivo do presente estudo prospectivo-retrospectivo estudo foi avaliar a resposta do mastro canino de alto risco tumores celulares (MCTs) a inibidores de tirosina quinase (TKIs) e correlacionar isso com fatores prognósticos. Um total de 24 cães apresentaram MCTs cutâneos macroscópicos em doença em estágio II ou III e, portanto, com alto risco de mortalidade associada, foram incluídos no estudo e tratados com masitinibe (n=20) ou toceranibe (n=4). Um total de 12/24 cães alcançou uma resposta objetiva e a sobrevida global (OS) para todos os sujeitos foi de 113 dias. Cães que respondem ao tratamento teve um aumento significativo no OS em comparação com os não respondedores (146,5 dias vs. 47 dias, P=0,02). Duplicações em tandem internas no exon 11 do gene c‑kit foram identificados em 6/24 casos. Ki67, A imunomarcação KIT e a mutação c-kit não forneceram informações sobre prognóstico ou previsão de resposta a TKIs nesta população. A resposta inicial aos TKIs parece ser o fator prognóstico mais confiável para a duração da sobrevida.

Cryptococcus gattii-induced cryptococcosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals worldwide, with rare descriptions of this infection in domestic animals from Brazil. This study presents the findings associated with C. gattii in dogs from Londrina, Paraná, Southern Brazil. Two dogs, a 3-year-old, female German shepherd and a 6-year-old, male Boxer, were evaluated by a combination of pathological, mycological, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Significant pathological alterations included cryptococcal lymphadenitis, meningoencephalitis, tonsillitis, and rhinitis with nasal cryptococcomas in the German shepherd dog, while cryptococcal lymphadenitis and pneumonia were observed in the Boxer; both dogs had pseudocystic cryptococcosis. The mucicarmine histochemical stain readily identified the intralesional cryptococcal budding organisms in all affected tissues. Mycological culture and isolation confirmed the yeasts as C. gattii due to positive reaction with the L-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue agar. A PCR assay using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS)1 and ITS2 primers, which target the ITS1 and 2 regions including the 5.8S rRNA gene, amplified the desired amplicons; direct sequencing confirmed the isolate as C. gattii. ITS nucleotide differentiation demonstrated that the isolate forms part of the ITS type 4 Cryptococcus organisms which corresponds to the C. gattii VGII molecular subtype or the RAPD type 2 Cryptococcus organisms. Collectively, these findings confirmed the participation of C. gattii in the etiopathogenesis of the lesions observed in these dogs and expanded the epidemiological niche of this important mycotic agent to include Southern Brazil. It is noteworthy to mention that previous epidemiological studies have suggested that C. gattii-induced cryptococcosis is more frequently diagnosed in Northern relative to Southern Brazil, so these findings might suggest an expansion of the distribution of this agent within continental Brazil.

Background: Spinal neoplasms are classified into extradural, intradural/extramedullary or intramedullary. Intradural/extramedullary tumors include meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors, which arise from meninges or peripheral nerves around the spinal cord. Clinical signs are related to dysfunction of the involved nerve and include pain, nerve root signature and atrophy. Osteochondromas are benign tumors located within the bone, on its surface or in extra-osseous regions, when they are classified as soft tissue osteochondoma. The aim of this study is to describe a case of an osteochondroma in a nervous root of the cauda equina in a dog, whose surgical resection allowed the resolution of the clinical signs.Case: A 12-year-old, male, Labrador Retriever dog, was presented with a 40-day history of progressive, painful, pelvic limb paresis, with no improvement when treated with analgesics and acupuncture. Neurological abnormalities included paraparesis, sometimes worse in the left pelvic limb, that was carried flexed at the level of the stifle, hindlimb atrophy, decreased interdigital reflexes and pain in the lumbar spinal region, mainly over L6 vertebra. Results of blood count and serum biochemical analysis were unremarkable. Computed tomography (CT) of the lumbosacral area was performed and the evaluation of images in transverse and reconstructed dorsal and sagittal planes allowed the visualization of a hyperattenuating and calcified round structure with 8 mm x 6 mm, in the left side of vertebral canal, at the level of caudal epiphysis of L6. Lumbosacral (L7-S1) CT abnormalities, as subchondral sclerosis, mild disc margin bulging, spondylosis deformans and foraminal proliferation were also observed but were considered clinically insignificant. Then, a dorsal L6 laminectomy was performed and after opening of the vertebral canal it was observed the presence of an ovoid mass, in the left side of the medullary cone, measuring approximately 0.9 cm in length, originating from a sacral nerve root. This structure was excised and submitted to histopathological evaluation. The dog improved after surgery without any complications, and neurological functions were gradually recovered. The histopathology of the mass was confirmed as an osteochondroma.Discussion: The history and neurologic examination findings as well the improvement after surgery were compatible with the lesion visualized by TC in L6, rather than the degenerative changes in L7-S1. Regarding the position of the mass, the main differential would be nerve sheath tumor, one of the most common types of primary neoplasia of the peripheral nervous system, however in a CT study in dogs with brachial plexus and nerve roots neoplasms, calcification of the tumor was not observed. Most of benign cartilaginous tumors of soft tissue are chondromas/osteochondromas, and this lesion should not be confused with multiple osteochondroma or multiple cartilaginous exostoses, which have been reported as multifocal, proliferative lesions involving the surface of ribs, vertebrae and pelvis of young dogs. If this lesion is unique, it is called osteochondroma. There are two reports of chondromas into the first lumbar vertebrae of dogs, with adherence to the floor of the vertebral canal and one report of an osteochondroma originated from the left pedicle of T11 in a cat. Radiculopathy and myelopathy caused by osteochondromas inside the spine are rare in humans and description of this tumor arising from nerve roots were not found in the veterinary literature. Probably the origin of the mass was metaplasia of the meninges surrounding the nervous root. In conclusion, neurological examination, CT and surgical exploration allowed the diagnosis and removal of a soft tissue osteochondroma, a rare benign tumor, with good patient recovery.

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cattle affected by rabies or BoHV-5 meningoencephalitis and correlating them with the severity of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Samples of CSF and CNS tissues from cattle naturally infected with rabies virus (n = 17) and BoHV-5 (n = 17) were examined. Histologically, meningitis was classified according to the type and quantity of inflammatory cells. The lesions observed in the brain parenchyma and in the spinal cord that defined the presence of inflammatory process were perivascular cuffs, gliosis and glial nodules. CSF mononuclear pleocytosis and high protein concentration were present in both diseases, but 47% of rabies cattle had no changes, and the median number of leukocytes was 5.4 fold higher (p

Reports of bovine listeriosis in Brazil are uncommon, being restricted to citations within retrospective studies, resulting in scarce documented information of this important disease of cattle. This manuscript describes the molecular findings associated with spontaneous encephalitic listeriosis in two steers from distinct herds within the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Both animals demonstrated altered consciousness suggestive of brain stem dysfunctions and died a few days after the initial onset of disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were designed to target specific genes of infectious neurological agents of cattle. These included bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and BoHV-5), ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), Listeria monocytogenes, and Histophilus somni. Rabies virus was discarded in evaluations done at the official state diagnostic laboratory. Gross alterations were insignificant; histopathology demonstrated rhombencephalitis associated with macrophage-predominant, multifocal to coalescing microabscesses and extensive perivascular cuffings in both steers. The L. monocytogenes PCR assay amplified the 172-bp amplicon of the listeriolysin gene from the brain stem of both animals and from the telencephalon, thalamus, and cerebellum of one of them. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the strains derived from this study clustered with known strains of L. monocytogenes lineage I. The BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, OvHV-2, and H. somni PCR assays were negative. These results confirm the participation of L. monocytogenes lineage I in the etiopathogenesis of the neurological disease herein described and represent the first complete description of encephalitic listeriosis in cattle from Brazil.

We describe a congenital mature intracranial teratoma in a Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in southern Brazil. We found an irregular, spongy, space-occupying mass in the brain. The tumor consisted of well-differentiated tissues that derived from all three germ layers.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) involving spinal nerve roots are uncommon in dogs. A nine-year old, intact, mixed-breed dog, demonstrated clinical signs of incoordination in the pelvic limbs and micturition for approximately one week. Clinical examination revealed proprioceptive deficits and bilateral patellar hyperreflexia. During exploratory celiotomy a mass was observed adhered to the lumbar vertebral segments. Medical therapy was initiated, but neurological signs were progressive, and the owner opted for euthanasia. Gross examination showed that the mass in the abdominal cavity was attached to the lumbar segments L3 and L4, causing bone lysis in L3, but showed no tumor invasion into the spinal canal. Microscopic features were characterized by prominent proliferation of ovoid and fusiform cells with poorly defined cytoplasm arranged in interlacing bundles and concentric whorls. The cells were embedded in a delicate to moderate collagenous stroma and moderate anisokariose and high mitotic activity were noted. The immunohistochemical assay showed positive staining for GFAP, S-100 protein and vimentin, and negative staining for factor VIII, ?-actin and citokeratine. The definitive diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was made on the basis of the histological and immunohistochemical findings. Tumores malignos da bainha de nervo periférico (TMBNP) em raízes nervosas espinhais são incomuns em cães. Relata-se o caso de um cão, sem raça definida, nove anos de idade, não castrado, com histórico de incoordenação em membros pélvicos e retenção urinária há aproximadamente uma semana. Ao exame clínico constatou-se déficit proprioceptivo e hiperreflexia patelar bilaterais. Durante a celiotomia exploratória constatou-se uma massa intensamente vascularizada e aderida aos segmentos vertebrais lombares. Estabeleceu-se plano terapêutico e o animal foi tratado com fluidoterapia, anti-inflamatório e analgésico. No entanto, diante do agravamento dos sinais clínicos, o proprietário optou pela realização da eutanásia do animal. Ao exame necroscópico observou-se massa em cavidade abdominal, aderida ao corpo dos segmentos vertebrais L3 e L4, porém sem invasão do canal medular. Ao exame microscópico da massa observou-se proliferação de células ovaladas a alongadas, com citoplasma eosinofílico pálido e pouco delimitado. Havia moderada anisocariose e elevado índice mitótico. A matriz extracelular estava disposta em feixes entrelaçados e com arranjo espiralado, entremeado por delicado a moderado estroma. O exame imuno-histoquímico evidenciou marcação positiva para os anticorpos anti-GFAP, anti-S100 e anti-vimentina, e marcação negativa para anti-fator VII, anti-?-actina de músculo liso e anticitoqueratina. Diante dos achados histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos concluiu-se o diagnóstico como tumor maligno de bainha de nervo periférico.

Background: The adrenal glands development important endocrine functions and can be affected by primary or secondary diseases. These adrenal gland pathologies may induce clinical syndromes resulting from abnormalities in the production and secretion of hormones. Data about pathological changes in dogs are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate the histopathological and epidemiological features of adrenal changes in dogs submitted to necropsy examination from 2005 to 2016 in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: During this period, 80 animals presented alterations of adrenal gland, representing 5.5% of all necropsied dogs. The pure breed dogs representing 58.6% and mixed breed 41.4%; 53.4% were female and 46.6% were male. The non-neoplastic adrenal lesions were more frequently (57.5%) compared to the neoplastic changes (42.5%). Most of the adrenal glands lesions occurred in older dogs (60%), following by the middle aged (31.25%) and young dogs (8.75%). The main non-neoplastic lesions observed in the adrenal glands were of hyperplastic (69.5%) and circulatory (26%) origin, among the earlier, 68.8% were diffuse hyperplasia and 31.2% nodular hyperplasia. The nodular hyperplasia was classified as micronodular multifocal in 40% of the glands with nodular hyperplasia, macronodular multifocal in 30%, micronodular diffuse in 20%, and micronodular focal in 10%. The neoplasms observed were adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) in 44.1%, pheochromocytomas in 23.5% and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) in 11.7% of the dogs with adrenal tumors. Metastasis from other primary tumors were observed in 20.6%.Discussion: The data in veterinary literature about the frequency of changes in adrenal gland of dogs are scarce and focus features of diagnosis by ultrasound examination. Most of the adrenal changes observed in the present study were incidental findings observed during the necropsy examination and no specific clinical signs were observed. Non-neoplastic adrenal lesions, mainly of hyperplastic origin, were more frequently observed compared to the neoplastic changes. Differing from previous studies, the diffuse hyperplasia was the most common non neoplastic finding in the adrenal glands. Considering the subclassification of nodular hyperplasia, the multifocal micronodular and macronodular multifocal pattern were the most frequent. In veterinary literature, there are no data about frequency of nodular hyperplastic subtypes. However, in humans the subclassification of nodular hyperplasia is associated to development of endocrine disorders. Previous studies reported lower incidence of neoplastic changes in adrenal gland of dogs compared to the present results. The adrenocortical adenoma was the most common primary tumor, followed by the adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical carcinoma. Congestion and hemorrhage were common findings observed in the adrenal gland primary tumors. On the other hand, necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate were observed only in the adrenocortical carcinomas. These histopathological features may be used as tool in the differential diagnosis between well differentiated adrenocortical carcinoma and adenoma. The histopathological examination was fundamental to differential and definitive diagnosis of all canine adrenal gland disorders observed.

A intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia causa doença degenerativa do sistema nervoso central, caracterizada por síndrome cerebelar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos observados em um surto de intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia em caprinos, sendo o primeiro relato no estado do Paraná. Há dez anos a doença era observada em uma propriedade na região norte pioneiro do estado, causando a morte de 35 caprinos, de diferentes idades, com evolução de três dias a seis meses. No surto mais recente, a enfermidade foi observada em três caprinos que tinham acesso a uma área, sombreada, intensamente invadida pela planta. Os sinais clínicos consistiam em emagrecimento progressivo, incoordenação motora, tremores de intenção da cabeça, nistagmo, déficits proprioceptivos e episódios de queda espontânea. A vacuolização nas células de Purkinje foi a principal lesão histológica. Também estava presente em hepatócitos, epitélios tubular e corpuscular parietal renal, epitélio acinar e células das ilhotas pancreáticas. A presença da planta em grande quantidade somada às evidências de que haviam sido consumidas, os sinais clínicos apresentados pelos caprinos e as lesões histológicas presentes foram as principais informações que determinaram o diagnóstico de intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia. Essa planta deve ser incluída na relação das plantas tóxicas que podem causar mortalidade de herbívoros no estado do Paraná.

Objetivo: Descrever um caso de Perosomus elumbis, anomalia congênita raramente encontrada e de etiologia desconhecida. Descrição: Em um bezerro, macho, natimorto, Holandês, encaminhado para necropsia, constatou-se gênese anômala da coluna vertebral, caracterizada pela ausência das vértebras lombares, sacrais e coccígeas, bem como da medula espinhal a partir deste segmento. Apresentava, ainda, sete vértebras cervicais e seis torácicas, além de canal vertebral terminando em fundo cego. Mostrava, também, hipoplasia do coxal, artrogripose e atrofia da musculatura dos membros posteriores. Conclusões: As anomalias evidenciadas na necropsia comparadas aos dados da literatura permitiram o diagnóstico de Perosomus elumbis, uma anomalia congênita, rara, de etiologia desconhecida.

O presente estudo consistiu da avaliacao histologica de 75 prostatas de caes com idade entre cinco e 15 anos, sendo 41destas provenientes de material de arquivo e 34 coletadas em necropsias. Entre as glândulas estudadas, 81,3% apresentaramhiperplasia, sendo a estromal a de maior frequencia (31,1%). A associacao deste tipo de hiperplasia com atrofia glandulare infiltrado inflamatorio se fez presente em cinco animais (26,3%). A ocorrencia concomitante de mais de um tipo de hiperplasiafoi observada em 42,6% dos casos. Animais com hiperplasia epitelial papilifera apresentaram a menor media de idade (7,1anos) entre os tipos histologicos avaliados, enquanto a maior (11,6 anos) foi encontrada em animais com hiperplasia epitelialpapilifera e cistica concomitante. Os resultados obtidos enfatizam a alta incidencia de hiperplasia prostatica em caes adultose idosos, bem como o predominio do tipo estromal.

A teratoma is a tumor characterized by a change in the size of the ovary and by presence of well differentiated tissues that are not usual to ovarian stroma. This entity is derived from totipotent cells and early ovarian germ cell differentiation into various tissues. This report aims to describe the morphologic and histologic features of a teratoma found within an antral follicle in the ovary of a mare after slaughter. The ovary was 8 cm in diameter and had a smooth, nodular surface. One antral follicle of 4 cm in diameter containing fluid and lumps of material, both yellow in color, and adhering to a skin, cartilage and bone fragment 1 cm in diameter was visually identified to be attached to the ovarian tissue. Healthy follicles smaller than 3 cm in diameter and hemorrhagic follicle were also observed. Histologic showed normal ovarian tissue containing antral follicles, hemorrhagic follicles and neoformation of multiple tissues. The presence of areas containing epidermis, dermis and skin appendages (sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles) surrounding cystic cavities filled with keratin, fragments of the cholesterol crystal, and macrophage-containing, waxy sebaceous material was also noted. This paper reports the presence of a teratoma within an equine antral follicle and suggests functionality of the ovary, even in the presence of the teratoma, due to the presence ofactive antral follicles and recent ovulation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre as principais afecções que podem acometer a próstata de cães, tendo em vista a necessidade deste conhecimento por todos que militam na área de pequenos animais. A literatura humana tem referido o cão como modelo experimental no estudo de lesões prostáticas, especialmente no que diz respeito a hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) e ao carcinoma prostático. Tais estudos objetivam maior rapidez e eficácia no diagnóstico e novas alternativas terapêuticas para estas afecções, uma vez que, a exemplo do que ocorre com a espécie humana, a geriatria veterinária tem ganho destaque substancial nos últimos anos. As afecções prostáticas são problemas comuns em cães adultos e idosos e estão associadas principalmente ao avanço da idade e desequilíbrio hormonal. As mais freqüentes são prostatites, hiperplasias prostáticas benignas (HPB) e carcinomas, além de cistos, abscessos e metaplasias escamosas que geralmente ocorrem em conseqüência aos processos inicialmente citados. Devido à similaridade dos sinais clínicos decorrentes destas moléstias, o diagnóstico deve basear-se em um conjunto de informações provenientes do exame clínico dos animais associadas à exames laboratoriais e técnicas de diagnóstico por imagens.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:47:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84871347911.pdf: 3815302 bytes, checksum: 2436c5d3d7f04aeb925bf37c20cf9444 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-01 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) involving spinal nerve roots are uncommon in dogs. A nine-year old, intact, mixed-breed dog, demonstrated clinical signs of incoordination in the pelvic limbs and micturition for approximately one week. Clinical examination revealed proprioceptive deficits and bilateral patellar hyperreflexia. During exploratory celiotomy a mass was observed adhered to the lumbar vertebral segments. Medical therapy was initiated, but neurological signs were progressive, and the owner opted for euthanasia. Gross examination showed that the mass in the abdominal cavity was attached to the lumbar segments L3 and L4, causing bone lysis in L3, but showed no tumor invasion into the spinal canal. Microscopic features were characterized by prominent proliferation of ovoid and fusiform cells with poorly defined cytoplasm arranged in interlacing bundles and concentric whorls. The cells were embedded in a delicate to moderate collagenous stroma and moderate anisokariose and high mitotic activity were noted. The immunohistochemical assay showed positive staining for GFAP, S-100 protein and vimentin, and negative staining for factor VIII, α-actin and citokeratine. The definitive diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was made on the basis of the histological and immunohistochemical findings. Residente Patologia Animal Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR Residente Clínica Cirúrgica de Animais de Companhia UEL, Londrina, PR Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, SP Dept. de Clínicas Veterinárias, DCV UEL, Londrina, PR Dept. de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, DMVP UEL, Londrina, PR Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, SP

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:00:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782010000500023.pdf: 307814 bytes, checksum: 3a93441c2257c8759c76f4ffb371ca5c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:00:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782010000500023.pdf: 307814 bytes, checksum: 3a93441c2257c8759c76f4ffb371ca5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000500023.pdf: 307814 bytes, checksum: 3a93441c2257c8759c76f4ffb371ca5c (MD5) S0103-84782010000500023.pdf.txt: 26055 bytes, checksum: db20971e7c4756065b5e454062a2b6db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:39:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000500023.pdf: 307814 bytes, checksum: 3a93441c2257c8759c76f4ffb371ca5c (MD5) S0103-84782010000500023.pdf.txt: 26055 bytes, checksum: db20971e7c4756065b5e454062a2b6db (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000500023.pdf: 307814 bytes, checksum: 3a93441c2257c8759c76f4ffb371ca5c (MD5) S0103-84782010000500023.pdf.txt: 26055 bytes, checksum: db20971e7c4756065b5e454062a2b6db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) O estudo da próstata canina tem se tornado comum em razão da grande incidência de doenças prostáticas nessa espécie e das similaridades com as alterações apresentadas pela glândula prostática humana. Frente à alta frequência de displasias epiteliais acompanhadas de infiltrado linfocitário intersticial e atrofia acinar na espécie canina, o presente estudo teve como objetivos a caracterização imunofenotípica e a avaliação quantitativa desse infiltrado, utilizando marcadores para identificação de linfócitos T (anti-CD3) e B (anti-CD79a). Foram catalogadas 42 lesões displásicas classificadas em discreta (48%), moderada (38%) e acentuada (14%). O infiltrado linfocitário intersticial periacinar junto às áreas de epitélio prostático displásico constituiu-se predominantemente por linfócitos T (66%) e houve interação entre o grau histológico da displasia e o marcador imunoistoquímico, com oscilação na quantidade de células T e B intersticiais em função do grau da displasia epitelial. Canine prostatic studies have been common due to high incidence of prostatic diseases in these animals and similarities with alterations in human prostatic gland. Due the high frequency of dysplasia associated with interstitial lymphocitary infiltrate and acinar atrophy in canine prostate, the aims in this study were the immunophenotypic characterization and the quantitative evaluation of the same infiltrated using anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a to T and B lymphocytes, respectively. Forty two epithelial dysplasic lesions were graduated in discrete (48%), moderate (38%) and accentuated (14%). Lymphocitary periacinar infiltrate in dysplasic areas was T type and interaction between dysplasia grade and marker was observed, with oscillation of T and B cells in according with epithelial dysplasia grade. Centro Universitário Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Departamento de Ciências Básicas Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Clínica Veterinária Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) Escola de Veterinária Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Clínica Veterinária

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:19Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:29:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-78149238322.pdf: 165266 bytes, checksum: ddb71747ccd78ed2d58405e0f60a80e1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 Prostatic diseases have been a common problem in middle age and older intact male dogs. Among these, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP) is the most frequent, age-related and hormonal-dependent condition of human and canine prostate. Blood samples were collected from 37 male intact dogs, tree years old dogs or more to determine androgens, estrogen, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) according to histopathological aspects. Low levels of estrogen and high levels of prostatic specific antigen (PSA) were founded in dogs with BHP, respectively. Seric and urinary PAP levels were high in dogs with hyperplasia. Setor de Patologia Animal Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Escola Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás Campus 2, Caixa Postal 131, 74001-970 - Goiania - GO Serviço de Patologia do Departamento de Clínica Veterinária Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual, Paulista, Botucatu - SP Fundação de Ensino 'Octávio Bastos' do Centro Universitário Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos, São João da Boa Vista - SP

A produção de peixes segue em crescimento mundial e nacionalmente, principalmente devido a investimentos em tecnologia e intensificação da produção. A tilápia é umas das espécies mais produzidas devido a sua rusticidade e facilidade em se adaptar a sistemas intensivos. Apesar dos ganhos em produção, sistemas intensivos favorecem o surgimento de doenças. A franciselose e a estreptococose, ambas de etiologia bacteriana, destacam-se como as principais doenças causadoras de surtos com alta mortalidade em pisciculturas. A franciselose é causada por bactérias do gênero Francisella que possuem comportamento intracelular facultativo. Essa característica torna o desenvolvimento de vacinas dificultoso e não há ainda vacinas comerciais disponíveis para a profilaxia desta enfermidade. Há vacinas disponíveis para a profilaxia da estreptococose, porém devido à variedade de espécies e sorotipos de Streptococcus e a falta de imunidade cruzada entre eles, falhas vacinais são comuns. O sorotipo III de S. agalactiae tem emergido como patógeno nas pisciculturas brasileiras e destaca-se devido a descrição de linhagens multirresistentes e de genótipo (ST283) com potencial zoonótico. A principal estratégia de controle dessas bacterioses é utilização de antimicrobianos. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação avaliou a eficácia clínica da oxitetraciclina contra a infecção experimental por F. orientalis em tilápias e previu alvos de drogas no genoma do sorotipo III de Streptococcus agalactiae através de análises genômicas. No trabalho A, duas doses de oxitetraciclina foram fornecidas via oral, 100 mg∙kg peso vivo−1 e 200 mg∙kg peso vivo−1, antes e após a infecção experimental, por 16 e 15 dias, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos neste experimento indicaram que a oxitetraciclina é segura, mesmo na maior dose, e eficaz para controlar a franciselose em tilápias. No trabalho B, 24 genomas completos de isolados humanos ou de peixes de S. agalactiae sorotipo III foram utilizados para obter o core genoma deste sorotipo. Através de critérios subtrativos e ferramentas de bioinformática, cinco proteínas foram identificadas como alvos potenciais para antimicrobianos. Uma biblioteca contendo 5008 compostos naturais foi confrontada com esses alvos através de docking virtual. As moléculas com as melhores características de ligação foram sugeridas para futuros testes in vitro e in vivo. Os resultados aqui apresentados acrescentarão segurança no emprego da oxitetraciclina em uma cadeia produtiva de grande importância e ainda trazem perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de novas moléculas antimicrobianas contra uma linhagem com descrição de multirresistência e com potencial zoonótico. Fish farming continues to grow worldwide and nationally, mainly due to investments in technology and intensification of production. Tilapia is one of the most cultivated species owing to its rusticity and ease in adapting to intensive systems. Despite the great outcomes in intensive production systems, emergence of diseases is favored by this kind of production. Francisellosis and streptococcosis, both bacterial diseases, stand out as the main outbreaks causes with high mortality in fish farms. Francisellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Francisella. Bacteria from this genus are facultatively intracellular. This characteristic hampers the development of vaccines and there are no commercial vaccines available for the prophylaxis of this disease. Vaccines are available for the prophylaxis of streptococcosis, but due to the variety of species and serotypes of Streptococcus and a lack of cross-immunity between them, vaccine failures are common. S. agalactiae serotype III has emerged as a pathogen in Brazilian fish farms and stands out due to the description of multi-resistant strains and the existence of a potentially zoonotic genotype (ST283). The main strategy for controlling bacterial diseases is the use of antimicrobials. In this context, the presente dissertation evaluated the clinical efficacy of oxytetracycline against an experimental infection with F. orientalis in tilapia and predicted drug targets in the genome of serotype III of S. agalactiae through genomic analyzes. In the study A, two doses of oxytetracycline were given orally, 100 mg∙kg fish-1 and 200 mg∙kg fish-1, before or after the experimental infection, for 16 and 15 days, respectively. The data obtained from this experiment indicated that oxytetracycline is safe, even at the highest dose, and effective in controlling francisellosis in tilapia. In the study B, 24 complete genomes of human or fish S. agalactiae serotype III isolates were used to obtain the core genome of this serotype. Through subtractive criteria and bioinformatics tools, five proteins were identified as potential targets for antimicrobials. A library containing 5008 natural compounds was docked with these targets virtually. The molecules with the best binding characteristics were suggested for future in vitro and in vivo tests. The results herein will contribute in the safety of the use of oxytetracycline in a production chain of great importance and moreover bring perspectives for the development of new antimicrobial drugs against a strain with a description of multidrug resistance and with zoonotic potential.

Os rins apresentam um papel essencial na manutenção da homeostase, portanto o conhecimento sobre os efeitos tóxicos de xenobióticos sobre os mesmos, bem como os mecanismos de lesão apresentam relevância científica. A avaliação da nefrotoxicidade utiliza principalmente animais de laboratório, no entanto são necessárias alternativas à avaliação in vivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e padronizar a utilização de explantes renais de suínos para ensaios toxicológicos. Foram avaliados 576 explantes renais obtidos de oito suínos de terminação e oito leitões de 24 dias. Os explantes foram divididos em: controle zero horas (C0), controle 4 horas (C4), grupo exposto ao ácido fítico (5 µM) (AF), grupo exposto a gentamicina (1,05 M) (EG), grupo exposto ao DON (10 µM) (EDON) e grupo exposto ao DON (10 µM) mais ácido fítico (5 µM) (EDONAF). Após a incubação, os explantes foram fixados e processados para análise histológica. Estabeleceu-se escore lesional de acordo com a intensidade e gravidade das alterações histológicas. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pelos métodos de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), redução do ferro (FRAP), 2,2-azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico) (ABTS) e glutationa reduzida (GSH). Os biomarcadores de gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) e creatinina foram quantificados no sobrenadante do meio de cultura. O escore lesional para C0 (1,38±0,37) e C4 (2,33±0,33) não apresentaram diferença significativa. Observou-se aumento do escore nos explantes expostos à gentamicina (7,37±0,68) e expostos ao DON (4,57±0,5) em comparação aos grupos controles. A GGT evidenciou maior atividade frente aos agentes agressores EDON (8,67±0,32 UI/L) e EG (15,7±2,1UI/L) e redução quando o ácido fítico presente no meio EDONAF (5,35±0,32 UI/L). Na avaliação do estresse oxidativo, observou-se a capacidade antioxidante do ácido fítico com melhores respostas do grupo AF em relação ao grupo C4 nos testes ABTS e FRAP, demonstrando efeito protetor do ácido fítico com redução do estresse oxidativo e melhora na capacidade antioxidante do grupo EDONAF em relação ao grupo EDON vistos no teste de GSH. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de explante renal de suínos é adequado para avaliar os efeitos de substâncias tóxicas sobre o tecido renal, além de ser uma alternativa ao modelo in vivo, atendendo as necessidades éticas atuais que preconizam a redução do número de animais utilizados em pesquisas. The kidneys play an essential role in the maintenance of homeostasis, so knowledge about the toxic effects of xenobiotics on the kidneys as well as the mechanisms of injury have scientific relevance. The evaluation of nephrotoxicity frequently uses laboratory animals, however, alternatives to in vivo evaluation are necessary. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate and standardize the use of renal explants of swines for toxicological tests. 576 kidney explants obtained from eight finishing pigs and eight 24 day piglets were evaluated. The explants were divided in: control zero hours (C0), control 4 hours (C4), group exposed to phytic acid (5 μM) (AF), group exposed to gentamicin (1.05 M) (EG), group exposed to DON (10 µM) (EDON) and group exposed to DON (10 μM) plus phytic acid (5 μM) (EDONAF) . After incubation the explants were fixed and processed for histological analysis. A lesion score was established according to the severity and severity of the histological changes. Oxidative stress was evaluated by methods of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), iron reduction (FRAP), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS ) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and creatinine biomarkers were quantified in the culture medium supernatant. The lesion score C0 (1.38±0.37) and C4 (2.33±0.33) showed no significant difference. An increase in the score was observed in explants exposed to gentamicin (7.37±0.68) and exposed to DON (4.57±0.5) in comparison to the control groups. GGT showed a higher expression of EDON (8.67±0.32 IU/L) and EG (15.7 ± 2.1 IU/L) and a reduction when phytic acid was present in the EDONAF medium (5.35±0.32 IU/L). In the evaluation of the oxidative stress, we observed the antioxidant capacity of phytic acid with better AF group responses in relation to the C4 group in the ABTS and FRAP tests showing phytic acid protective effect with oxidative stress reduction and improvement in the antioxidant capacity of the EDONAF group in relation to the EDON group seen in the GSH test. The results indicate that the model of renal explants of is adequate to evaluate the effects of toxic substances on the renal tissue, besides being an alternative to the in vivo model, meeting the current ethical needs that recommend the reduction of the number of animals used in researches.

Foram apresentados três produtos finais, separados por capítulos, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Mestrado Profissional em Clínicas Veterinárias. O primeiro trabalho intitulado “Tumores mamários em cadelas” é uma revisão bibliográfica sobre tumor mamário em cadelas e descreve os aspectos morfológicos das glândulas mamárias e dos linfonodos regionais, estadiamento TNM, avaliação e mapeamento dos linfonodos regionais em neoplasmas mamários, e identificação do linfonodo sentinela, estruturado nas normas da ABNT. O segundo trabalho, sob o título “Emprego da citologia aspirativa por agulha fina dos linfonodos regionais guiada pela ultrassonografia em cadelas com tumor mamário”, é um artigo formatado nas normas da revista Semina Ciências Agrárias, no qual 16 pacientes com neoplasia mamária tiveram a avaliação clínica de seus linfonodos regionais comparadas com a citologia aspirativa por agulha fina guiada pela ultrassonografia punção aspirativa guiada pela ultrassonografia e a análise histopatológica com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina. O terceiro trabalho intitulado “Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of a mammary carcinosarcoma in a cat”, é um relato de caso de carcinossarcoma felino estruturado nas normas da revista “Journal of Comparative Pathology”. Three final products were presented, separated by chapters, to the Postgraduate Program Professional Master in Veterinary Clinics. The first work entitled "Bitch mammary tumors" is a literature review of bitch mammary tumors and describes the morphological aspects of mammary glands and regional lymph nodes, TNM staging, evaluation and mapping of regional lymph nodes in sentinel lymph nodes, structured in ABNT norms. The second paper, entitled “Employment of the fine-needle aspiration cytology ultrasound guided of the regional lymph nodes in bitches with mammary tumor”, is an article formatted in the standards of the Semina Ciência Agrária magazine, in which 16 patients with mammary tumors had the clinical evaluation of their regional lymph nodes compared to fine-needle aspiration cytology ultrasound guided and histopathological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The third work, “Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of a mammary carcinosarcoma in a cat”, is a case report of feline carcinosarcoma structured in the Journal of Comparative Pathology guidelines.

O hemangiossarcoma (HSA) é uma neoplasia maligna de células endoteliais de vasos sanguíneos e pode ocorrer em diversos tecidos. É frequente em cães e apresenta comportamento biológico agressivo, que associado a protocolos terapêuticos ineficientes resulta em alta mortalidade dos animais. Não há na literatura atual estudos sobre a relação de expressão de marcadores imuno-histoquímicos e prognóstico de cães com HSA cutâneo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a expressão de marcadores imuno-histoquímicos e relacionar com a sobrevida de cães com HSA cutâneo. Foram avaliados o índice de marcação de fator VIII (fVIII), cicloxigenase-2 (COX-2), fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), proliferationg cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) e caspase-3 (Casp-3) por meio da imuno histoquímica em 60 amostras de HSA cutâneo. Estas variáveis foram relacionadas com a sobrevida dos animais por meio da análise de sobrevivência usando o modelo de riscos competitivos. Adicionalmente, verificou-se a relação da idade, sexo, raça, graduação tumoral, grau de diferenciação histológica e tamanho do tumor com a sobrevida dos cães. A média de idade dos animais foi 8,5 anos. As raças mais frequentes foram sem raça definida, Pit Bull, Boxer e Teckel e as localizações anatômicas mais comuns a inguinal e abdominal. A expressão dos marcadores foi positiva em 80 a 100% das amostras. A intensidade de marcação predominante foi fraca a moderada para fVIII, COX-2 e VEGF. O tempo médio de sobrevida dos cães foi 16,5 meses e a mediana 12 meses. A idade dos cães, graduação tumoral, grau de diferenciação histológica e tamanho dos tumores não apresentaram relação com a sobrevida (p>0,05). Houve uma tendência dos cães de raças predispostas a terem sobrevida maior em comparação aos cães de raças não predispostas. Os cães que apresentaram outras neoplasias primárias concomitantes tiveram curva de sobrevida maior do que cães que tinham apenas HSA, e desse grupo as fêmeas apresentaram sobrevida menor (p=0,03) pelo teste de Gray. O índice de marcação de fVIII, COX-2, VEGF, PCNA e Casp-3 não apresentou relação com a sobrevida, assim como a intensidade de marcação de fVIII, COX-2 e VEGF. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que as variáveis imuno-histoquímicas analisadas dos HSA cutâneos não 36 apresentaram associação com a sobrevida dos animais, no entanto a expressão frequente de COX-2 e VEGF sugerem a necessidade de ampliação dos estudos com esses marcadores. Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm of vascular endothelial cells and may arise in any tissue. It is frequent in dogs and exhibits aggressive biological behavior, which, together with ineffective therapeutic protocols, results in high mortality of the animals. There are no studies in the literature associating immunohistochemical expression of markers and survival of dogs with cutaneous HSA. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of immunohistochemical markers and to correlate with survival of dogs with cutaneous HSA. Was evaluated the index of labeling of factor VIII (fVIII), cycloooxigenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proliferationg cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase-3 (Casp-3) by immunohistochemistry in 60 samples of canine cutaneous HSA. These variables were associated with the survival of animals through the analysis of survival, in the model of competitive risks. In addition, was verified the relation of age, sex, breed, tumor grade, score of histological differentiation and tumor size with survival of the dogs. The mean age of the animals was 8.5 years. The most frequent breeds were mixed breed, Pit Bull, Boxer and Teckel and the most common anatomical locations were inguinal and abdominal. The expression of the markers was positive in 80 to 100% of the samples, predominantly with weak to moderate labeling intensity in fVIII, COX-2 and VEGF and strong in PCNA and Casp-3. The mean survival time of dogs was 16.5 months, and median was 12 months. The age of the dogs, tumor grade, score of histological differentiation and size of tumors were not related to survival (p>0.05). There was a tendency of dogs of predisposed breeds to have greater survival, compared to dogs of not predisposed breeds. The dogs that had other concomitant primary neoplasms had a longer survival curve than dogs that had only HSA, and of this group the females presented lower survival (p=0.03) by the Gray's test. The labelling index of fVIII, COX-2, VEGF, PCNA and Casp-3 had no relation with survival time, as well as the labelling intensity of fVIII, COX-2 and VEGF. Results of the present study indicate that the immunohistochemical variables analyzed in cutaneous HSA were not associated with survival time of the animals. However, the frequent expression of COX-2 and VEGF suggest the need to extend the studies with these markers.

A alta casuística das neoplasias mamárias nos animais de companhia, em conjunto com a maior preocupação e cuidados dispensados à saúde dos animais que vivem próximos ao homem, vistos como membro da família, gera a crescente necessidade de estudos que busquem desde métodos diagnósticos mais precisos, novas formas de abordagem terapêutica e fatores preditivos de prognóstico como aspectos que aumentem a morbidade, a presença de síndromes paraneoplásicas e a possível existência de estresse oxidativo também são objeto de estudo. O malondialdeído (MDA), um biomarcador geral de dano oxidativo, considerado um importante parâmetro para avaliação de estresse oxidativo celular, utilizado rotineiramente na medicina humana, foi escolhido para ser utilizado como forma de detecção desta condição no presente trabalho. Dois estudos foram realizados em cadelas portadoras de tumor de mama. No primeiro, com objetivo de identificar a presença de estresse oxidativo, 144 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia mamária, foram submetidas a avaliação clínica para estadiamento da doença, classificação histológica dos tumores, avaliação hematológica, bioqúimica sérica, incluindo testes de função renal, hepática, níveis séricos de cálcio total e dosagem de MDA, no momento de sua abordagem e 30 dias após realização de tratamento. De 144 cadelas incluidas no estudo, em 113 (78,47%) foram diagnosticados tumores malignos, sendo o carcinoma em tumor misto, o padrão histológico mais frequente (26,54%), e em 31 cadelas (21,53%) foram detectados apenas neoplasias benignas, sendo o adenoma mamário o padrão mais frequente (45,16%). Os valores séricos de MDA das cadelas com neoplasias malínas e benignas, no momento da abordagem e 30 dias após tratamento foram comparados com os valores obtidos de um grupo de 100 cadelas saudáveis. Houve diferença significativa entre todos os grupos estudados, identificando valores mais altos no grupo de cadelas com tumores malígnos, além disso, foi encontrada correlação significativa entre presença de anemia e níveis mais elevados de MDA. No segundo estudo, foram utilizadas 100 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia maligna de mama com o objetivo de realizar a comparação entre níveis de cálcio total e cálcio ionizado e padrão histológico das neoplasias, estadiamento clínico, alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas referentes a função renal e hepática. Em (52%) das cadelas doentes, foi constatada hipercalcemia, por meio da dosagem de cálcio ionizado, o que não foi verificado quando a análise foi feita por meio de dosagem de cálcio total. Além disso, verificou-se correlação positiva entre hipercalcemia e estadiamento clínico da doença, nos estágios mais avançados foram observados maiores concentrações séricas da fração ionizada do cálcio, demonstrando a importância da pesquisa sobre a presença de síndromes paraneoplásicas em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias. Pode ser concluido que as cadelas portadoras de neoplasia malígna de mama estão em estresse oxidativo e podem apresentar hipercalcemia, que deve ser verificada por meio da mensuração de cálcio ionizado, além disso presença de anemia em cadelas portadoras de neoplasia malígna de mama pode estar relacionada ao estresse oxidativo. The high casuistic of mammary neoplasia in companion animals, with the greater concern and care given to the health of animals that live close to the man, as a family member, generates the growing need for studies that seek from more precise diagnostic methods, new forms of therapeutic approach and predictive factors of prognosis. Other aspects that increase morbidity, such as the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes and the possible existence of oxidative stress are also the object of study. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a general biomarker of oxidative damage, considered an important parameter for evaluation of cellular oxidative stress routinely used in human medicine, was chosen to be used as a means of detecting this condition in the present study. Two studies were performed on female dogs bearing mammary cancer. In the first one, 144 bitches with breast neoplasms were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, histological classification of the tumors, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry, including renal, hepatic, liver function tests, serum calcium levels and dosage of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of oxidative damage, at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. From 144 bitches included in the study, malignant tumors were diagnosed in 113 (78.47%), being the carcinoma in mixed tumor the most frequent histological pattern (26.54%), and in 31 bitches (21.53%), only benign neoplasms were detected, with mammary adenoma being the most frequent pattern (51.61%). Serum MDA values of bitches with malignant and benign neoplasms at the time of approach and 30 days after treatment were compared with values obtained from a group of 100 healthy bitches. There was a significant difference between all the studied groups, identifying higher values in the group of bitches with malignant tumors, in addition, a significant correlation was found between the presence of anemia and higher levels of MDA. In the second study, 100 bitches with malignant neoplasia of the breast were used in order to compare the levels of total calcium and ionized calcium and histological pattern of neoplasms, clinical staging, hematological and biochemical alterations related to renal and hepatic function. In 52% of the diseased dogs, hypercalcemia was observed by means of ionized calcium dosing, which was not verified when the analysis was done by total calcium dosing. In addition, there was a positive correlation between hypercalcemia and clinical staging of the disease, in the more advanced stages, higher serum concentrations of the ionized calcium fraction were observed, demonstrating the importance of the research on the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes in bitches with mammary neoplasms. It can be concluded that bitches with malignant neoplasia of the breast are in oxidative stress and may present hypercalcemia, which should be verified by measuring ionized calcium. The presence of anemia in female dogs with malignant neoplasia of the mammary may be related to oxidative stress.