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Additional file 1. Figure S1. The protein expression of all critical enzymes involved in glucose metabolism in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells overexpressing OVOL2. Figure S2. P65 promotes the membrane translocation of endogenous GLUT1. Figure S3. Nuclear P65 protein level is not regulated by OVOL2.

Whistler mode very low frequency (VLF) waves from man-made ground-based transmitters in a frequency range of 10–30 kHz are mainly used for submarine communication, and they propagate primarily in the Earth-lower ionosphere waveguide and part of their energy can leak into the inner magnetosphere, leading the energetic electrons in inner radiation belt and slot region to precipitate into atmosphere and then affect the energetic electron dynamics in the near-Earth space. The scattering effects of artificial VLF signals from NWC, NAA and DHO38 transmitters on energetic electrons in Earth’s inner belt and slot region are investigated in detail in this work. Based on the quasi-linear theory and the Full Diffusion Code, we calculate the bounce-average pitch angle diffusion coefficients induced by NWC, NAA and DHO38 VLF transmitter signals, for which the resonance harmonics |N| ≤ 10 are considered, respectively. We further implement the one-dimensional Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations by using the available pitch angle diffusion rates to model the dynamic evolutions of energetic electrons caused by the scattering of the VLF transmitter signals in the inner belt and slot region in 200 d. The simulation results indicate that the NWC VLF transmitter signals are dominant in scattering ~100 keV electrons with pitch angles less than 60° at L ≤ 1.8, and the mainly scattered electron energy values increase with L-shell decreasing , from L = 1.8 to L = 1.5, the mainly scattered electron energy increases from 90–120 keV to 550–650 keV. The NAA and DHO38 VLF transmitter signals are important in scattering < 20 keV electrons with pitch angles less than 70° at higher L-shells (2.2 ≤ L ≤ 2.7), from L = 2.2 to L = 2.7, the mainly scattered electron energy decreases from 10–20 keV to several keV. The VLF transmitter signals are found to have a slight influence on the loss of energetic electrons with pitch angles larger than 80°.

A statistical study of the properties of ions (O+, He+ and H+) measured by the Cluster-II in cusp region as a function of the solar wind dynamic pressure and geomagnetic index Kp respectively was made during the summer and fall of 2001–2003. The main results are that: (1) O+ ion density responds in a significant way to geomagnetic index Kp, and He+ ion density is not correlated with geomagnetic index Kp, both of them have a significant positive correlation with solar wind dynamic pressure; (2) H+ ion density is also observed to increase with solar wind dynamic pressure, and not correlated with geomagnetic index Kp.

A statistical study of interhemispheric comparison of dipole tilt angle effect on the latitude of the mid-altitude cusp is preformed by a data set of the Cluster cusp crossings over a 5-year period. The result shows that the dipole tilt angle has a clear control of the cusp latitudinal location. When the dipole tilts sunwards, the cusp is shifted poleward. The northern cusp moves 1° ILAT for every 15.4° increase in the dipole tilt angle, while the southern cusp moves 1° ILAT for every 20.8° increase in the dipole tilt angle. This suggests that an interhemispheric difference appears in the dependence of cusp latitudinal location on the dipole tilt angle.