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Low dose non-toxic disulfide cross-linked micelle (DCM) encapsulated paclitaxel (PTX) was found to be highly efficacious as a radiosensitizer against oral cancer preclinical model. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was locally administered for three consecutive days 24 h after intravascular injection of DCM-[PTX] at 5 mg/kg PTX. DCM-[PTX] NPs combined with conventional radiotherapy (2 Gy) resulted in a 1.7-fold improvement in therapeutic efficacy compared to conventional PTX plus radiotherapy. Interestingly, we found that radiotherapy can decrease tight junctions and increase the accumulation of DCM-[PTX] in tumor sites. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) given at 6 Gy was used to further investigate the synergistic anti-tumor effect. Tumor tissues were collected to analyze the relationship between the time interval after SBRT and the biodistribution of the nanomaterials. Compared to combination DCM-[PTX] with conventional radiation dose, combination DCM-PTX with SBRT was found to be more efficacious in inhibiting tumor growth.

Tumor cells, including cancer stem cells (CSCs) resistant to radio- and chemotherapy, must enhance metabolism to meet the extra energy demands to repair and survive such genotoxic conditions. However, such stress-induced adaptive metabolic alterations, especially in cancer cells that survive radiotherapy, remain unresolved. In this study, we found that CPT1 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I) and CPT2 (Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II), a pair of rate-limiting enzymes for mitochondrial fatty acid transportation, play a critical role in increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) required for the cellular fuel demands in radioresistant breast cancer cells (RBCs) and radiation-derived breast cancer stem cells (RD-BCSCs). Enhanced CPT1A/CPT2 expression was detected in the recurrent human breast cancers and associated with a worse prognosis in breast cancer patients. Blocking FAO via a FAO inhibitor or by CRISPR-mediated CPT1A/CPT2 gene deficiency inhibited radiation-induced ERK activation and aggressive growth and radioresistance of RBCs and RD-BCSCs. These results revealed that switching to FAO contributes to radiation-induced mitochondrial energy metabolism, and CPT1A/CPT2 is a potential metabolic target in cancer radiotherapy.

The particle size of sediments below the seabed is a crucial factor affecting the formation and enrichment of gas hydrates. Apart from the formation and enrichment law of gas hydrate in coarse‐grained sediments (dominated by a sandy‐sized fraction), in the fine‐grained sediments (<62.5 μm) which accounts for more than 90% of offshore gas hydrate resources globally, the control effect of sediment particle size on gas hydrate is still unclear. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the fine‐grained sediment particle size and gas hydrate enrichment is essential for revealing the global distribution and dynamic evolution of gas hydrates. Here, we analyzed the vertical gas hydrate saturation, particle size parameters of sediments, whole‐rock minerals, and clay mineral components based on drilling data and sediment samples from fine‐grained gas hydrate reservoirs (GHRs) in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea. The results show that in fine‐grained sediments, the coarse particles cannot improve the reservoir quality or enrich the gas hydrate because many fine particles fill the intergranular pores formed by the coarse particles. Meanwhile, the fine particles were dominated by clay minerals, especially in the illite/smectite mixed layer, which significantly reduced the permeability of the sediment layer and was not conducive to the enrichment of gas hydrates. Moreover, sedimentary processes directly control the sediment particle size and mineral composition, which play an essential role in controlling GHRs at the macroscale. In the fine‐grained sediments, very fine sediments (<8 μm) have a more significant negative impact on gas hydrate enrichment. Plain Language Summary: Offshore gas hydrates have great global resources and environmental significance. Gas hydrate is the important pool that stores methane in offshore fine‐grained sediments. However, the formation and enrichment rules of gas hydrate in fine‐grained sediments still need to be clarified. We collected sediment samples from the gas hydrate reservoirs and adjacent layers in the northern South China Sea and analyzed the controlling effect of sediment particle size on the formation and enrichment of gas hydrate in the fine‐grained sediments. We found that the coarse particles in the fine‐grained sediments cannot play a positive role in the enrichment of gas hydrate. The very fine‐grained particles (<8 μm) seriously restrict the formation and enrichment of gad hydrate, which is worthy of attention in fine‐grained reservoirs. Our results on natural sediments partly conform to previous laboratory simulation results on induced gas hydrate formation, effectively establishing potential links between laboratory simulations and natural deposition records. Key Points: Pore‐filling type dominates the gas hydrate in fine‐grained reservoir, particle size between 5 and 6 Φ is beneficial to gas hydrate enrichmentIn fine‐grained gas hydrate reservoir, the very fine‐grained particles (≤8 μm) restricting the enrichment of gas hydrateDifferent sedimentary processes playing an essential role in the formation and enrichment of gas hydrate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the effective profile control of a heavy oil reservoir, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin (PR) were chosen to prepare the profile control system, which gelled at medium or low temperatures and existed stably at high temperatures in the meantime. The effects of phenolic ratios, PR concentration, and HPAM concentration on the formation and strength of the gels were systematically studied by the gel-strength code method and rheological measurements. And the microstructure of the gels was investigated by scanning electron microscope measurements. The results showed that the gelling time of the HPAM-PR system was 13 h at 70 °C. The formed gel could stay stable for 90 days at 140 °C. In addition, the gels showed viscoelastic properties, and the viscosity reached 18,000 mPa·s under a 1.5 s−1 shearing rate due to their three-dimensional cellular network structure. The formation of the gels was attributable to the hydroxyl groups of the PR crosslinking agent, which could undergo the dehydration condensation reaction with amide groups under non-acidic conditions and form intermolecular crosslinking with HPAM molecules. And the organic crosslinker gel system could maintain stability at higher temperatures because covalent bonds formed between molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This multicenter retrospective study aimed to compare the effects of HES and gelatin (GEL) on the risk of post-OLT AKI.

A series of ester‐ and fluoro‐containing thermoplastic polyimide (PI) films, PEsI‐1 ~ PEsI‐4 have been prepared by the two‐step thermal imidization procedure via the soluble poly(amic acid) (PEsAA) precursors from the copolymerization of four monomers, including the dianhydrides of bisphenol A dibenzoate‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (TMBPA) and 3,3′, 4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA) and the diamine monomers of 4‐aminophenyl‐4′‐ aminobenzoate (APAB) and 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4,4′‐diamino biphenyl (TFMB) in the polar aprotic solvent of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). The PI films obtained from the high‐temperature dehydration of the PEsAA solutions exhibited the good thermal stabilities with the glass transition temperatures (Tg) over 269°C, the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) higher than 480°C, and the linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) values in the range of 17.7 × 10−6/K–33.6 × 10−6/K in the temperature range of 50–250°C. Meanwhile, the PI films showed good thermoplasticity in the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests, in which the storage modulus of the PI films dropped sharply in the temperature range of glass transition of the polymers. At last, the PI films exhibited the good dielectric properties with the breakdown voltages (Vb) over 5200 V, the dielectric strength (Ds) higher than 210 V/μm, the dielectric constants (Dk) in the range of 3.26 ~ 3.32 at the frequency of 10 GHz, and the dielectric dissipation factors (Df) of 0.0038 ~ 0.0047. Compared with the commonly used PEsI‐ref film for high‐frequency flexible copper clad laminates (FCCL), the currently developed PI films exhibited the obviously increased Tg values, decreased CTE values, and comparable dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorless and transparent semi‐alicyclic fluoro‐containing polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films with enhanced high‐temperature dimensional stability and sustained optical transparency were designed and prepared via incorporation of nano‐sized colloidal silica (SiO2) fillers into the PI matrix derived from hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (HPMDA) and 2,2′‐bis[(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (BDAF). The derived PI composite films, abbreviated as 6FCPI‐X in which X stands for the weight percent of the SiO2 in the composite films, exhibited superior thermal and comparable optical properties to the pristine 6FCPI‐0 (6FDA‐BDAF) matrix film. For example, as for the thermal properties, 6FCPI‐35 composite film showed a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 279.1°C and a residual weight ratio at 750°C (Rw750) of 66.1%, which were apparently higher than those of 6FCPI‐0 matrix (Tg = 272.2°C; Rw750 = 47.1%). More importantly, the 6FCPI/SiO2 nanocomposite films showed obviously lower linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) values as compared with that of the 6FCPI‐0 matrix. 6FCPI‐35 composite film showed a CTE value of 36.1 × 10−6/K in the temperature range of 50–250°C, which was lower than half of that of the 6FCPI‐0 matrix (CTE = 77.9 × 10−6/K) in the same range of temperature. In addition, incorporation of nano‐sized colloidal SiO2 particles basically maintained the intrinsically good optical properties of the pristine 6FCPI‐0 matrix film. 6FCPI‐35 composite film showed the optical transmittances of 81.7%, 85.3%, and 87.2% at the wavelength of 400 nm (T400), 450 nm (T450), and 500 nm (T500), respectively, which were in the same level with those of the 6FCPI‐0 film (T400 = 84.0%; T450 = 86.3%; T500 = 87.6%). The 6FCPI series of nanocomposite films also exhibited similar CIE Lab color parameters, including the yellow indices (b*) lower than 2.0 and haze values lower than 1.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]