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Background: While sport is often considered a vehicle for peace, the evidence for this notion is weak. There is also a vast differencein the way in which sports have been studied. Problem and aim: In light of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, the current study investigated reconciliatory attitudes among Ukrainian athletes when facing Russian and non-Russian opponents. The aim was to explore whether sport and competition can unite combat sports athletes despite them coming from countries in conflict. Method: One hundred and fifty-six Ukrainian athletes in several different types of combat sports were recruited and divided into two groups according to whether or not they faced a Russian opponent. The groups then answered questions in regard to reconciliatory attitudes, sociopolitical hostility and aggression. Their answers were analyzed in an ANOVA and with subsequent moderation analysis with the PROCESS macro v3.1. Results and conclusions: We found that, in general, competition influenced reconciliatory attitudes in a positive way. Moreover, the effect was predicted by physical aggression, verbal aggression and anger. Additionally, hostility moderated the relationship between pre- and post-reconciliatory attitudes. However, neither nationality nor sociopolitical perception of Russia influenced reconciliatory attitudes. These findings might have implications for future research on combat sports, such as identifying individuals suitable to reconcile and the fostering of positive attitudes (peace) despite political conflict.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how a web application can be designed to appeal to the customer group young adults on the aspects navigability and usability. This is investigated with the problem thesis: How can a web application with the purpose of renting outdoor equipment be designed to be experienced as usable and navigable? The report and the study rested on a theoretical foundation for the design of the service and the methods that are used during the study as well as the definitions of the concepts that are used. This includes core concepts for the study such as usability and navigability. During the pre-study a survey was sent to the target group and during the implementation phase two user tests were performed, of which the results from the first were used to improve the then unfinished web application. The result from the second user test is used as a basis for answering the problem thesis. The methods that were used in the second user test were test of lostness, a Concurrent think-aloud (CTA) test, System Usability Scale (SUS) test and questions regarding navigability. During the development of the web application tests were done to investigate the usability and navigability of it. The results from the tests were good and the problem the- sis can thereby be answered with a few important points. For good usability it is important to implement Molich’s five golden rules and put focus on creating high efficiency on the web application. For good navigability the developers should focus on Gherke et-als eight prin- ciples, put extra focus on having a consistent navigation structure and have correct and well distinguished links.

The aim of this study was to examine the handling process within financial assistance from a gender equality perspective, in order to problematize and create a deeper understanding of notions of gender in the social services. The different working methods of the social services were compared with the politically based gender equality goals. The study was based on eight individual qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers in financial assistance from different municipalities in Sweden. The main subjects of the interviews were how the authority works on the basis of gender equality in their payments of financial assistance, their guidelines and future change from a gender equality aspect. To analyze the data, theories of gender perspectives were used from the social theorists Yvonne Hirdman and Raewyn Connell. This study showed that the social services were using four different payment methods. To conclude, the study indicated that the different municipalities fulfilled the requirements of the gender equality goals to varying degrees and reproduced or challenged notions of gender. Despite these varying results, our study showed that, in relation to previous research, there has been a development in the financial assistance services in terms of gender equality.

Vi vet idag inte tillräckligt om sömnvanor, medievanor och dess relation till andra livsstilsfaktorer såsom fysisk aktivitet och övervikt hos barn och ungdomar. Med förändringarna i samhället förändras också våra barns och ungdomars sömn- och livstilsvanor. Detta är frågor som många ställer till elevhälsan. I detta kapitel kommer resultat från studier om sömn, medievanor och livsstil att beskrivas. Vi kommer även att sätta ljuset på frågor som är angelägna att studera vidare.

Benny Anderssons och Björn Ulvaeus musikal Kristina från Duvemåla är baserad på Vilhelm Mobergs utvandrarepos och sågs mellan åren 1995–1999 av över en miljon besökare. Denna undersökning har med utgångspunkt i de teoretiska termerna adaption, ledmotiv och folkton analyserat dels hur den litterära textens teman och handling har adapterats till musikalen i form av sångtexterna och dels hur upphovsmännen har valt att musikaliskt förmedla Karl Oskars och Kristinas kärlek samt Kristinas hemlängtan. Begreppen ”aural equivalents” och ”musically voiced” har varit ledord i undersökningen, likaså dramaturgiska teman. Undersökningen är både en adaptionsanalys och en musikalisk analys. Enligt det hermeneutiska tankesättet pendlar undersökningen mellan detaljerade analyser av utvalda låtar och låttexter och mer översiktliga analyser av musikalen som helhet i förhållande till Vilhelm Mobergs utvandrarepos. Det står klart att upphovsmännen har förvaltat originalverkets berättelse väl, men de har också gjort en del perspektivförändringar då många av karaktärerna har fått mindre utrymme än i böckerna, medan karaktären Kristina tar mer plats i musikalen. Upphovsmännen har använt sig av ledmotiv och folkton som ”aural equivalents” för att både skildra kärleken mellan Kristina och Karl Oskar och Kristinas hemlängtan. Ledmotivens symbolik är tematisk, snarare än kopplad till enskilda karaktärer, vilket i sin tur har resulterat i en komplex ”väv av ledmotiv”. Folkton och direkta inlån från traditionell folkmusik har använts för att gestalta Kristinas hemlängtan och för att placera berättelsen i tid och rum. Till sist reflekteras det över det faktum att även utvandrareposet är en adaption av den svenska utvandringen till Amerika under 1800-talet. Denna undersökning hoppas kunna bidra till forskningen kring hur ett originalverk påverkas av att adapteras till musikteaterns förutsättningar och konventioner och på vilka sätt en musikalkompositör musikaliskt kan gestalta de dramaturgiska teman som en musikal består av.

PURPOSE: Doctoral student well-being is an important matter that shapes the well-being of academics throughout their careers. Given that well-being has been found to be closely related to employee productivity and efficiency, strategies associated with maintaining well-being during PhD studies might be crucial for higher education, its outcomes and-just as importantly-for a balanced life of PhD students. Method: Based on 17 studies, this literature review critically assesses the literature on doctoral student well-being. Results: Theoretical models, concepts of well-being, and methods applied are discussed, as are the results of the articles. The reviewed studies are then discussed based on a SWOT analysis addressing the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed research as well as the identified opportunities and threats, which can be used as a basis for future research. Based on the review findings and the SWOT analysis, a multidimensional view of the well-being of doctoral students is proposed. Conclusions: The study proposes a more student-centred approach to meeting doctoral students' needs, and the enhancement of doctoral student well-being in order, as a long-term goal, to improve academics' well-being and productivity.Doctoral student well-being is an important matter that shapes the well-being of academics throughout their careers. Given that well-being has been found to be closely related to employee productivity and efficiency, strategies associated with maintaining well-being during PhD studies might be crucial for higher education, its outcomes and-just as importantly-for a balanced life of PhD students. Based on 17 studies, this literature review critically assesses the literature on doctoral student well-being. Theoretical models, concepts of well-being, and methods applied are discussed, as are the results of the articles. The reviewed studies are then discussed based on a SWOT analysis addressing the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed research as well as the identified opportunities and threats, which can be used as a basis for future research. Based on the review findings and the SWOT analysis, a multidimensional view of the well-being of doctoral students is proposed. The study proposes a more student-centred approach to meeting doctoral students' needs, and the enhancement of doctoral student well-being in order, as a long-term goal, to improve academics' well-being and productivity.

The path to an eating disorder (ED) always leads through a borderland, which, in this thesis, is referred to as disordered eating (DE) (Neumark-Sztainer, Wall, Eisenberg,Story, & Hannan, 2006; Waaddegaard, Thoning, & Petersson, 2003). In this borderland, people tend to make unhealthy eating choices, such as greatly reducing their food intake, self-inducing vomiting, or engaging in binge eating, but not to the extent that they would receive an ED diagnosis. Nevertheless, DE can have a strong negative effect on psychological health. Approximately 15%–52% of all adolescents, depending on the gender and the study’s focus, are found within the borderland between a healthy diet accompanied by psychological well-being and full-blown ED (e.g. Hautala et al., 2011; Herpertz-Dahlmann et al., 2008). While most of these individuals return to a more or less healthy diet after engaging in DE for some time, others continue to engage in DE and also tend to have trouble regulating their emotions, depression, and low self-esteem. For these reasons, DE itself, apart from being a springboard to EDs, is well worth exploring.At the outset of this thesis, an instrument assessing DE among 1265 adolescents (54.5% girls) was validated. This easily administered questionnaire, referred to by the acronym SCOFF (Morgan, Reid, & Lacey, 1999), comprises five questions assessing possible eating disturbances that are all answered using a “yes”/“no” answer format. The results showed that more girls than boys suffered from DE, and that girls also suffered from more severe DE, which is in line with previous research (e.g. Hautala et al., 2008). Additionally, this assessment of the SCOFF gave rise to the question of whether a positive answer on only certain items (instead of the stipulated cut-off of two) is necessary for indicating the possible presence of DE among adolescents, such as the item assessing whether individuals had ever vomited because they felt uncomfortably full.To further explore DE among adolescents, a person-oriented approach to identify specific patterns of DE based on the subscales of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (restraint, eating, weight, and shape concerns) was used. There were six different DE patterns for both boys and girls. The associations of these patterns with emotion dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem, which all are related to DE (e.g. Shea & Pritchard, 2007; Svaldi, Griepenstroh, Tuschen- Caffier, & Ehring, 2012), were also assessed. Four of the six girl clusters and five of the six boy clusters showed scores above the cut-off for a clinical ED on at least one of the four indicators. Furthermore, although the “non-problematic” pattern was substantial, including 50% and 76% of girls and boys, respectively, a large portion of adolescents were part of clusters reporting generally high levels of DE. This might partly have to do with my use of an overly permissive cut-off, but nevertheless indicates that a considerable amount of adolescents suffer from DE. Generally, individuals in the DE patterns showed worse emotion regulation, depressive thoughts, and self- esteem than did those in the “non-problematic” patterns. However, some exceptions were found, which emphasizes the utility of analyzing different patterns of DE, not merely severity. Specifically, both girls and boys belonging to the pattern characterized by scores well above the cut-off on shape and weight concerns reported the lowest levels of self-esteem. Moreover, girls and boys in the pattern with scores above the cut-off on restraint showed good emotion regulation skills, few depressive symptoms, and high self-esteem.In Study III, the possible links between adolescents’ and parents’ possible DE and emotion dysregulation were explored, alongside the possible impact of shared family meals on DE. This study further examined whether it is possible to predict DE among adolescents according to their parents’ behaviors. Both DE and emotion dysregulation were found to be more frequent among adolescents than among parents. Furthermore, both adolescents and parents showed weak but significant associations between DE and emotion dysregulation, and showed similarities regarding specific aspects of emotion regulation, although the associations were gender specific. For example, parental emotional strategies were associated with girls’ emotional strategies, impulse control, and emotional goals, but only with boys’ emotional strategies. The only factor that was (weakly) associated with DE and emotion regulation among adolescents was the number of dinners that they shared with the family. Additionally, parental ED was the only predictor of current adolescent DE.In summary, the results of this thesis showed that many adolescents, especially girls, suffer from DE as well as poor emotional regulation, depressive thoughts, and low self-esteem. This is a problem, especially given that existing instruments for evaluating DE do not seem optimal, especially for boys. For instance, answering “yes” to the question of ever having engaged in self-induced vomiting because you have felt too full is probably best followed by a visit to the school nurse. Furthermore, the results indicated the importance of viewing DE not as a singular problem, but as a collection of different problems, even among individuals of the same gender. These differences call for different strategies aimed at helping adolescents achieve a healthier diet. Finally, while the parental influence of DE was significant, more research is required,preferably in a Swedish or Nordic context, where parental responsibility is not as heavily reliant on the mother as in other countries.

Background Although Disordered Eating Behaviors (DEB) is an ill-defined concept, multiple studies have examined prevalence of DEB and its relations to other variables in various populations. DEB have been shown to predict more serious eating disorders which in turn can lead to death. Mostly girls seem to suffer from DEB, but the question has been raised whether this, at least, partially is due to the methods used for screening. The SCOFF-questionnaire has been suggested as a quick and easily administered tool to assess DEB. However, the psychometric results regarding SCOFF suggest some inconsistencies, and more research is needed in various countries and age samples. Method To validate SCOFF, a total of 1265 Swedish adolescents (51.6 % girls) completed self-report questionnaires using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) as a reference standard. Results The factor analyses show inconclusive results as to whether SCOFF should be regarded as a comprehensive scale; furthermore, the results indicate a correlation between SCOFF and the EDE-Q in both girl and boy samples. Girls scored significantly higher on SCOFF and also had a higher total score, indicating more severe problems than boys. Conclusions The results raised questions as to whether the SCOFF might be interpreted and responded to in different ways by girls and boys, risking overlooking boys’ DEB and also whether one “yes” answer, instead of the stipulated two, could be sufficient when using SCOFF for screening purposes. In sum, the results challenge the use of SCOFF in a general adolescent population.