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Helvella guttata Q. Zhao & J.R. Lu sp. nov Fig. 1, 2 Index Fungorum number: IF 900384; Faces of Fungi number: FoF 14372. Etymology: Guttata refers to its guttata hymenium surface. Holotype: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Lushui County, Luzhuang, alt. 900 m, 26 Aug. 2009, Qing Cai 274 (HKAS 67836). Diagnosis: Similar to Helvella macropus but differs in its constantly mottled hymenium, and larger subellipsoid to subfusiform ascospores. Sexual morph: Pileus shallowly cupulate to discoid, 0.3–1 cm high, 1–2.5 cm broad, hymenium even, brown to dark brown, constantly mottled with patches of paler pigmentation when fresh, brownish when dried, receptacle surface villose to densely pubescent, greyish, light brown to dark brown when fresh, becoming greyish brown to dark brown when dried. Stipe 1–6 cm long, 0.2–0.5 cm diam, terete, internally solid, villose to densely pubescent, concolorous with the receptacle surface. Medullary excipulum 200–350 μm broad, of textura intricata, hyaline, composed of 3–7 μm diam hyphae, walls thickened, J-. Ectal excipulum 90–180 μm broad, of textura angularis, brown, terminal cells 18–40 × 7–13 μm, blue in cotton blue, J-. Stipitipellis 140–250 μm, of textura angularis, hyaline, terminal cells 18–28 × 7–15 μm, blue in cotton blue, J-. Asci arising from croziers, 8-spored, subcylindrical to clavate, with apex rounded, 200–300 × 14–22 μm, J- in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue. Paraphyses filiform, 3–4 μm dia., slightly exceeding the asci, apex enlarged, 7–10 μm dia., brown, blue in cotton blue, J-. Ascospores [80/4/2, in H 2 O] (20–)21–27.5(–28) × (11–)11.5–15(–16) μm [Q = 1.56–2.16, Q m = 1.78 ± 0.18)], subellipsoid to subfusoid, smooth-walled under the light microscope, uniguttulate, with large central globose to broadly ellipsoidal oil droplet. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Habitat: Scattered or gregarious on the ground, under Quercus spp. forest. Distribution: Currently only known in southwestern China. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Lushui County, under Quercus sp. forest, alt. 1000 m, 26 Aug. 2009, Ting Guo 56 (HKAS 69046), same location, 6 Aug. 2010, Ting Guo 150 (HKAS 69546); Lijiang City, under Quercus sp. forest, alt. 2600 m, 20 Aug. 2010, Qi Zhao 1012 (HKAS 69733); Tibet, Bomi County, under Quercus sp. forest, alt. 2700 m, 30 Jun. 2014, Qi Zhao 2079 (HKAS 87759). Notes: Morphologically, H. guttata and H. macropus both share cupulate pileus, villose receptacle, and stipe surface, and subfusiform ascospores. However, the latter species never possess mottled apothecia, and the hymenium or receptacle surface is usually light to medium brown or greyish brown. In microstructure, H. macropus has slenderer ascospores than H. guttata. In phylogeny, H. guttata is the sister of H. macropus, which has relatively high statistical support (Fig. 1). The comparison of H. guttata with its phylogenetic relatives (H. ephippioides, H. fibrosa, and H. macropus) in fibrosa–macropus lineage is shown in Table 2., Published as part of Lu, Jin-Rong, Yu, Feng-Ming, Lei, Lei, Zhang, Ying & Zhao, Qi, 2023, A new species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizomycetes) within the H. macropus group from China, pp. 212-222 in Phytotaxa 601 (3) on pages 216-217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8141752

Helvella macropus (Pers.) P. Karst., 1871, Bidrag Känn. Finl. Natur. Folk. 19: 37 Figure 1, 3 Index Fungorum number: IF 237869; Faces of Fungi number: FoF 08727. Sexual morph: Pileus cupulate, shallowly cupulate to discoid, 0.5–2cm high, 1–4.5 cm broad, hymenium even, greyish brown to brown when fresh, brownish when dried, receptacle surface villose to densely pubescent, light to medium brown or greyish brown when fresh, becoming grey brown when dried. Stipe 3–7 cm long, 0.2–1 cm diam, terete to slightly sulcate, but never with ribs, internally solid, villose to densely pubescent, concolorous with the receptacle surface. Medullary excipulum 200–240 μm broad, of textura intricata, hyaline, composed of 3–4 μm broad hyphae, walls thickened, J-. Ectal excipulum 110–230 μm broad, of textura angularis, hyaline, terminal cells 16–35 × 7–24 μm, blue in cotton blue, J +. Stipitipellis 110–260 μm, of textura angularis, hyaline, terminal cells 20–40 × 9–14 μm, blue in cotton blue, J +. Asci arising from croziers, 8-spored, subcylindrical to clavate, with apex rounded, 220–260 × 14–19 μm, J- in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue. Paraphyses filiform, 4–5 μm broad, slightly exceeding the asci, apex enlarged, 6–11 μm broad, brown, blue in cotton blue, J-. Ascospores [40/2/2, in H 2 O] (19.5–)20–24(–24.5) × (9.5–)10–12 μm [Q = 1.90–2.35, Q m = 2.16 ± 0.14)], fusoid to subfusoid, smooth-walled to under the light microscope, triguttulate or unigutulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Habitat: Scattered or gregarious on the ground, under Quercus sp. or Pinus sp. forests. Distribution: Widely distributed in north temperate Eurasia and North America (Dissing 1966, Häffner 1987, Abbott & Currah 1997). Material examined: AUSTRIA, Klein Walsertal, Waldst ̧ck hinter dem Sport und Studienheim Marburg, 6 Jul. 2014, Flavus Popa K6 A59 (HKAS 84891), Flavus Popa K6 AA2 (HKAS 84895). GERMANY, Hessen, Wooghölle, 6 Jun., 2014, Flavus Popa K6085 (HKAS 84887), Flavus Popa K63 A2 (HKAS 84893). CHINA, Hubei Province, Shennongjia County, on the ground, under Pinus armandii forest, alt. 1700 m, 13 Sep. 2015, Qi Zhao 1497 (HKAS 78756). Notes: Morphologically, H. macropus is similar to H. fibrosa, H. cupuliformis and H. rivularis, which have cupulate pileus with villose to densely pubescent, light to medium brown or greyish brown receptacle surface (Dissing 1966, Häffner 1987, Abbott & Currah 1997), but the latter three species have ellipsoid ascospores. Our phylogeny confirms the existence of at least four species of the H. macropus morphospecies complex, i.e., H. guttata, H. macropus s.s., H. fibrosa, and H. ephippioides. These four species can be well distinguished according to the characteristics mentioned in Table 2., Published as part of Lu, Jin-Rong, Yu, Feng-Ming, Lei, Lei, Zhang, Ying & Zhao, Qi, 2023, A new species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizomycetes) within the H. macropus group from China, pp. 212-222 in Phytotaxa 601 (3) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8141752, {"references":["Dissing, H. (1966) The genus Helvella in Europe with special emphasis on the species found in Norden. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 25: 1 - 172.","Haffner, J. (1987) Die Gattung Helvella: Morphologie und Taxonomie. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur Mykologie 7: 1 - 165.","Abbott, S. P. & Currah, R. S. (1997) The Hevellaceae: systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America. Mycotaxon 62: 1 - 125."]}

Key to the species in Helvella macropus group 1 Apothecium cupuliform......................................................................................................................................................................2 1’ Apothecium ephippioid.............................................................................................................................................. H. ephippioides 2 Ascospores elliptic................................................................................................................................................................ H. fibrosa 2’ Ascospores subelliptic, fusiform to subfusiform................................................................................................................................3 3 Hymenium brown to dark brown, constantly mottled with patches of paler pigmentation................................................ H. guttata 3’ Hymenium mouse-grey, grey-beige or greyish brown.................................................................................................... H. macropus, Published as part of Lu, Jin-Rong, Yu, Feng-Ming, Lei, Lei, Zhang, Ying & Zhao, Qi, 2023, A new species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizomycetes) within the H. macropus group from China, pp. 212-222 in Phytotaxa 601 (3) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8141752

Çalışmada iki nükleer DNA lokusu kullanılarak Türkiye‘den bazı Helvella türlerinin (Helvella acetabulum, H. arctoalpina, H. calycina, H. corium, H. crispa, H. elastica, H. lacunosa, H. leucomelaena, H. leucopus, H. solitaria) filogenetik ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Transkribe edilen aralayıcı bölgeler (ITS) ve translasyon uzama faktörü 1-alfa (TEF1-α) DNA dizileri Maksimum olasılık ve Bayes çıkarım yöntemleri baz alınarak analiz edilmiştir. TEF1-α bölgesi daha az indel ve tutarlı nukleotid varyasyonları içermesine ragmen, ITS bölgesi Helvella türlerinin filogenetik ayrımında daha iyi sonuç verebilir. Fakat her iki bölge de bu cins içerisinde yer alan bazı kriptik türlerin ya da morfotürlerin ayrımında tek başına yeterli olmayabilir., In the present study, phylogenetic relationships of some Helvella species from Türkiye (Helvella acetabulum, H. arctoalpina, H. calycina, H. corium, H. crispa, H. elastica, H. lacunosa, H. leucomelaena, H. leucopus, H. solitaria) were assessed using morphological and molecular characters. DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) were analyzed based on Bayesian Inference methods. Although, the TEF1-α region has less number of indels and consistent nucleotide variations, ITS region can be preferred for figuring out the phylogeny of Helvella species. However, none of the regions may be sufficient alone for the identification of some cryptic and morphospecies within the genus.

Helvella cystidiata R.J. Xu, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. FIGURE 3 Index Fungorum number: IF559702, Facesoffungi number: FoF 11345 Etymology. Cystidiata, named after the inflated ectal excipulum cells. Holotype: HKAS 78941 Pileus loosely saddle-shaped to irregularly lobed, 1–3 cm high, 1–4 cm broad, margin reflexed and fused with stipe, hymenium slightly wrinkled to rugose, greyish to greyish brown when fresh, becoming brown to blackish when dry, receptacle surface even, grey to greyish brown when fresh, becoming brownish when dry. Stipe 3–5 cm long, 0.5–1 cm broad, lacunose, with rounded-ribs, glabrous, greyish to greyish brown when fresh, becoming brownish when dry, with white mycelium at the base. Medullary excipulum 90–210 μm broad, of textura intricata, hyaline, composed of 3–4 μm broad hyphae, walls thickened, J- in Melzer’s reagent. Ectal excipulum 60–110 μm broad, of textura angularis, composed of 20–50 × 20–30 μm, subglobose to ellipsoid, inflated cells, hyaline, terminal cells 10–35 × 8–20 μm, blue in cotton blue, J-. Stipitipellis 45–70 μm, of textura angularis, hyaline, terminal cells 8–44 × 5–20 μm, blue in cotton blue, J-. Asci arising from croziers, 8-spored, subcylindrical to clavate, with apex rounded, 200–330 × 13–19 μm, J- in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue. Paraphyses filiform, 3–5 μm broad, slightly exceeding the asci, apex enlarged, 4–8 μm broad, hyaline, blue in cotton blue, J-. Ascospores [80/2/2, in H 2 O] 15–18.5 × 9–12 (–12.5) μm [Q = (1.33–1.83), Qm = (1.62 ± 0.86)], ellipsoid, smooth-walled under the light microscope, uniguttulate, with large central globose to broadly ellipsoidal oil droplet. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Habitat: Scattered or gregarious on the ground, under Pinus yunnanensis forests. Distribution: Currently only known in southwestern China. Specimen examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Gucheng County, on the ground, under Pinus yunnanensis Franch, alt. 2500 m, 16 Sep. 2012, Qi Zhao 1683 (HKAS 78941, holotype). CHINA, Yunnan Province, Lanping County, on the ground, alt. 2300 m, 16 Aug. 2011, Qi Zhao 1363 (HKAS 74316). Notes: Helvella cystidiata is characterized by its loosely saddle-shaped pileus with a margin reflexed and fused with stipe, a slightly wrinkled to rugose, greyish to grey-brown hymenium, an even, grey to greyish receptacle surface, a lacunose stipe with rounded-ribs, ectal excipulum comprised of ellipsoid to subglobose inflated cells and all tissues J- in Melzer’s reagent. Morphologically, Helvella cystidiata is similar to H. lacunosa, both sharing a margin flexed and fused with stipe of pileus and lacunose stipe, but the latter differs from the former as pubescent, yellowish brown to brownish when fresh. Ectal excipulum cells catenuliform in long fasciculate tufts (Afzelius 1783). Phylogenetically, Helvella cystidiata is allied with H. pseudolacunosa with strong statistical support (99% ML, 1.00 BYPP, FIGURE 1) and (97% ML, 1.00 BYPP, FIGURE 2). However, the latter species has a pinched hymenium, a creamy receptacle surface, and a lacunose stipe with an enlarged base (Ariyawansa et al. 2015)., Published as part of Xu, Rong-Ju, Li, Lu & Zhao, Qi, 2022, Helvella cystidiata sp. nov. (Helvellaceae, Ascomycota) from Tibetan Plateau, China, pp. 82-92 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7031279, {"references":["Afzelius, A. & Akrel, F. (1783) Svamp-Slagtet Helvella. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 4: 299 - 313.","Ariyawansa, H., Hyde, K. D., Jayasiri, S., Buyck, B., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D., Dai, Y. C., Daranagama, D., Jayawardena, R., Lucking, R., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Niskanen, T., Thambugala, K., Voigt, K., Zhao, R., Li, G. J., Doilom, M., Boonmee, S., Yang, Z., Cai, Q., Cui, Y. Y., Bahkali, A., Chen, J., Cui, B., Chen, J., Dayarathne, M., Dissanayake, A., Ekanayaka, A., Hashimoto, A., Hongsanan, S., Jones, E. B. G., Larsson, E., Li, W., Li, Q. R., Liu, J., Luo, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S. N., Mapook, A., McKenzie, E. C., Norphanphoun, C., Konta, S., Pang, K., Perera, R., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Pinruan, U., Randrianjohany, E., Singtripop, C., Tanaka, K., Tian, C., Tibpromma, S., Abdel-Wahab, M., Wanasinghe, D., Wijayawardene, N., Zhang, J. F., Zhang, H., Abdel-Aziz, F., Wedin, M., Westberg, M., Ammirati, J., Bulgakov, T., Lima, D., Callaghan, T., Callac, P., Chang, C. H., Coca, L., Dal-Forno, M., Dollhofer, V., Fliegerova, K., Greiner, K., Griffith, G., Ho, H. M., Hofstetter, V., Jeewon, R., Kang, J., Wen, T. C., Kirk, P., Kytovuori, I., Lawrey, J., Xing, J., Li, H., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liimatainen, K., Lumbsch, H. T., Matsumura, M., Moncada, B., Nuankaew, S., Parnmen, S., de Azevedo Santiago, A. L. C. M., Sommai, S., Song, Y., de Souza, C. F., de Souza-Motta, C., Su, H., Suetrong, S., Wang, Y., Wei, S. F., Wen, T., Yuan, H., Zhou, L., Reblova, M., Fournier, J., Camporesi, E., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Tasanathai, K., Khonsanit, A., Thanakitpipattana, D., Somrithipol, S., Diederich, P., Millanes, A., Common, R., Stadler, M., Yan, J., Li, X., Lee, H., Nguyen, T. T., Lee, H., Battistin, E., Marsico, O., Vizzini, A., Vila, J., Ercole, E., Eberhardt, U., Simonini, G., Wen, H. A. & Chen, X. H. (2015) Fungal diversity notes 111 - 252 - taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 75: 1 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0346 - 5"]}

Helvella lacunosa Afzelius, 1783, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Nya Hand. 4: 303. FIGURE 4 Index Fungorum number: IF 495899, Facesoffungi number: FoF 02201 Neotype (here designated): SWEDEN, Lapland, Vindeljallets naturreservat, Gieravard, on the ground, under Betula nana, Salix sp., Dryas sp. forests, 20 Aug. 2010, K. Hansen, K. Gillen & I. Olariaga (KH.10.97). Pileus irregularly lobed to slightly saddle-shaped, 2–4 cm high, 2–5 cm broad, margin reflexed and fused with stipe; hymenium wrinkled to folded towards the center, taupe or nearly black when fresh, blackish when dry, receptacle surface glabrous, grey to pale greyish when fresh, becoming light blackish when dry. Stipe 3–10 cm long, 1.5–4 cm broad, lacunose, with sharp to rounded ribs, internally chambered, pubescent, taupe, yellowish brown to brownish when fresh, becoming dark brown when dry. Medullary excipulum 270–330 μm broad, of textura intricata, hyaline, composed of 3–4 μm broad hyphae, blue in cotton blue, J- in Melzer’s reagent. Ectal excipulum 50–110 μm broad, of textura angularis, outermost cells 15–37 × 7–12 μm, catenuliform in long fasciculate tufts, hyaline, evenly blue in cotton blue, J- in Melzer’s reagent. Stipitipellis 60–90 μm, hyaline, composed of cells of textura angularis, terminal cells 13–30 × 7–14 μm, clavate, with a yellow refractive content in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue. Asci arising from croziers, 8-spored, subcylindrical to clavate, with apex rounded, 230–275 × 14–17 μm, J- in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue. Paraphyses filiform, 3–5 μm broad, slightly exceeding the asci, with a slightly yellow refractive content in Melzer’s reagent, blue in cotton blue, apex slightly enlarged, 5–7 μm broad. Ascospores [40/2/2, in H 2 O] (13) 14–16 (17) × 8–11 μm [Q = (1.36–1.81), Qm = (1.52 ± 0.09)], ellipsoid, smooth-walled under the light microscope, uniguttulate, with large central globose to broadly ellipsoidal oil droplet. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Habitat: Scattered or gregarious on the ground, under Betula sp., Salix sp., Dryas sp. forests. Distribution: Known in Europe (Dissing, 1966; Häffner, 1987) and China (Liu et al, 1985; Zhuang, 2004). Material examined: CHINA, Tibet, Linzhi County, Lulang Town, alt. 3300 m, 28 Jul. 2014, Qi Zhao 2111 (HKAS 87877), same location, 28 Jul. 2014, Qi Zhao 2112 (HKAS 87878). Notes: Helvella lacunosa was described by Afzelius (1783), and the type was studied by Abbott & Currah (1997). The distinctive characteristics of our collections, such as irregularly-lobed pileus with a dark brown to blackish hymenium, wrinkled to folded towards the center, a reflexed margin and fusing with stipe in several places, a glabrous, yellowish brown to brownish receptacle surface, and a lacunose, pubescent, yellowish brown, slightly greyish brown to brownish stipe, matches the character variation reported for Helvella lacunosa (Dissing 1966, Häffner 1987). Helvella lacunosa has been described and illustrated repeatedly by mycologists worldwide (e.g., Dissing 1966, Weber 1972, Häffner 1987, Abbott & Currah 1997, Zhuang 2004). The relationship and identity of Helvella lacunosa with other species of Helvella, e.g., H. crispa, H. dryophila, H. fusca, H. juniperi, H. maculata, H. palustris, H. phlebophora, H. pseudolacunosa and H. robusta, H. rugosa, H. sulcata, H. vespertina N.H. Nguyen & Vellinga and H. zhongtiaoensis, have been addressed several times (Dissing 1966, Häffner 1987, Abbott & Currah 1997, Nguyen et al. 2013, Ariyawansa et al. 2015)., Published as part of Xu, Rong-Ju, Li, Lu & Zhao, Qi, 2022, Helvella cystidiata sp. nov. (Helvellaceae, Ascomycota) from Tibetan Plateau, China, pp. 82-92 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on pages 88-89, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7031279, {"references":["Afzelius, A. & Akrel, F. (1783) Svamp-Slagtet Helvella. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 4: 299 - 313.","Haffner, J. (1987) Die Gattung Helvella - Morphologie und Taxonomie. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur My-kologie 7: 1 - 165.","Liu, B., Du, F. & Cao, J. Z. (1985) New species and new combinations of the genus Helvella. Acta Mycologica Sinica 4: 208 - 217.","Zhuang, W. Y. (2004) Preliminary survey of the Helvellaceae from Xinjiang, China. Mycotaxon 90: 35 - 42.","Abbott, S. P. & Currah, R. S. (1997) The Hevellaceae: systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America. Mycotaxon 62: 1 - 125.","Weber, N. S. (1972) The genus Helvella in Michigan. The Michigan Botanist 11: 147 - 201.","Nguyen, N. H., Landeros, F., Garibay-Orijel, R., Hansen, K. & Vellinga, E. C. (2013) The Helvella lacunosa species complex in western north america: cryptic species, misapplied names and parasites. Mycologia 105: 1275 - 1286. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 12 - 391","Ariyawansa, H., Hyde, K. D., Jayasiri, S., Buyck, B., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D., Dai, Y. C., Daranagama, D., Jayawardena, R., Lucking, R., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Niskanen, T., Thambugala, K., Voigt, K., Zhao, R., Li, G. J., Doilom, M., Boonmee, S., Yang, Z., Cai, Q., Cui, Y. Y., Bahkali, A., Chen, J., Cui, B., Chen, J., Dayarathne, M., Dissanayake, A., Ekanayaka, A., Hashimoto, A., Hongsanan, S., Jones, E. B. G., Larsson, E., Li, W., Li, Q. R., Liu, J., Luo, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S. N., Mapook, A., McKenzie, E. C., Norphanphoun, C., Konta, S., Pang, K., Perera, R., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Pinruan, U., Randrianjohany, E., Singtripop, C., Tanaka, K., Tian, C., Tibpromma, S., Abdel-Wahab, M., Wanasinghe, D., Wijayawardene, N., Zhang, J. F., Zhang, H., Abdel-Aziz, F., Wedin, M., Westberg, M., Ammirati, J., Bulgakov, T., Lima, D., Callaghan, T., Callac, P., Chang, C. H., Coca, L., Dal-Forno, M., Dollhofer, V., Fliegerova, K., Greiner, K., Griffith, G., Ho, H. M., Hofstetter, V., Jeewon, R., Kang, J., Wen, T. C., Kirk, P., Kytovuori, I., Lawrey, J., Xing, J., Li, H., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liimatainen, K., Lumbsch, H. T., Matsumura, M., Moncada, B., Nuankaew, S., Parnmen, S., de Azevedo Santiago, A. L. C. M., Sommai, S., Song, Y., de Souza, C. F., de Souza-Motta, C., Su, H., Suetrong, S., Wang, Y., Wei, S. F., Wen, T., Yuan, H., Zhou, L., Reblova, M., Fournier, J., Camporesi, E., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Tasanathai, K., Khonsanit, A., Thanakitpipattana, D., Somrithipol, S., Diederich, P., Millanes, A., Common, R., Stadler, M., Yan, J., Li, X., Lee, H., Nguyen, T. T., Lee, H., Battistin, E., Marsico, O., Vizzini, A., Vila, J., Ercole, E., Eberhardt, U., Simonini, G., Wen, H. A. & Chen, X. H. (2015) Fungal diversity notes 111 - 252 - taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 75: 1 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0346 - 5"]}

Helvella lacunosa is a species complex, with Helvella lacunosa s.s. not currently distributed in America. The objective of this study was to resolve the taxonomy of specimens from central Mexico identified as Helvella lacunosa s.l. associated with Abies religiosa forests. The nuclear ITS and LSU regions were PCR-amplified and sequenced from dry herbaria specimens. Phylogenetic analyses were based on Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches. Sequences of Helvella from A. religiosa forests grouped into a well-supported lineage within the North American clade together with Helvella dryophila (associated with Quercus in western USA) and Helvella vespertina (associated with conifer forests in western USA). Therefore, we describe and illustrate Helvella jocatoi as a new species based on phylogeny and morphological traits. In central Mexico, this taxon is an edible mushroom known as “gachupín”, has high cultural importance and is sold in large quantities. The description of this new species restricted to A. religiosa forests has implications for its conservation since its habitat is endangered.

Phylogenetic analyses of 115 newly collected Helvella specimens from Spain using three genetic markers [heat shock protein 90 (hsp), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU)] confirm the assignment of the Spanish collections to one Dissingia and 30 Helvella species. The analyses were supplemented with an additional sample of 65 Spanish and extralimital Helvella specimens from the fungaria of Oslo (O), Trondheim (TRH), Copenhagen (C), Uppsala (UPS), Stockholm (S) and Venice (MCVE). Nine species are described as new, i.e. Helvella fuscolacunosa, H. hispanica, H. iberica, H. inexpectata, H. neopallescens, H. phlebophoroides, H. poculiformis, H. retinervis, and H. terricola. We present photographs of a selection of fresh specimens and provide descriptions of all species of this diverse South European Mediterranean element of the genera in Europe.

In the present study, current information based on morphological characters and DNA sequence (nrITS) data is given on some uncommon or noteworthy Ascomycetes species collected from different geographic regions of Turkey. First phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS data of Helvella fibrosa and H. macropus the rare and little-known species was performed in Turkey by this study. Also, the nrITS sequence of H. fibrosa was uploaded to current databases for the first time. Detailed morphological description, macro photographs and detailed drawings of micro structures of the two species studied have been presented, and the ecology and distributions of each species has been given. © 2020 Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection. TAGEM14 /AR-GE/40 The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey (TAGEM) (Project number: TAGEM14 /AR-GE/40).

Helvella species are ascomycetous macrofungi with saddle-shaped or cupulate apothecia. They are distributed worldwide and play an important ecological role as ectomycorrhizal symbionts. A recent multi-locus phylogenetic study of the genus suggested that the cupulate group of Helvella was in need of comprehensive revision. In this study, all the specimens of cupulate Helvella sensu lato with ribbed stipes deposited in HMAS were examined morphologically and molecularly. A four-locus phylogeny was reconstructed using partial sequences of the heat shock protein 90, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. Three clades were revealed in Helvella sensu stricto. Twenty species were included in the analysis, of which 13 are distributed in China. Three new species, H. acetabuloides, H. sichuanensis and H. tianshanensis, are described and illustrated in detail. A neotype was designated for H. taiyuanensis. Helvella calycina is a new record for China, while Dissingia leucomelaena should be excluded from Chinese mycota. Hsp90 and ITS2 are recommended as useful supplementary barcodes for species identifications of the genus.

The Helvellaceae encompasses taxa that produce some of the most elaborate apothecial forms, as well as hypogeous ascomata, in the class Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota). While the circumscription of the Helvellaceae is clarified, evolutionary relationships and generic limits within the family are debatable. A robust phylogeny of the Helvellaceae, using an increased number of molecular characters from the LSU rDNA, RPB2 and EF-1α gene regions (4 299 bp) and a wide representative sampling, is presented here. Helvella s.lat. was shown to be polyphyletic, because Helvella aestivalis formed a distant monophyletic group with hypogeous species of Balsamia and Barssia. All other species of Helvella formed a large group with the enigmatic Pindara (/Helvella) terrestris nested within it. The ear-shaped Wynnella constitutes an independent lineage and is recognised with the earlier name Midotis. The clade of the hypogeous Balsamia and Barssia, and H. aestivalis is coherent in the three-gene phylogeny, and considering the lack of phenotypic characters to distinguish Barssia from Balsamia we combine species of Barssia, along with H. aestivalis, in Balsamia. The closed/tuberiform, sparassoid H. astieri is shown to be a synonym of H. lactea; it is merely an incidental folded form of the saddle-shaped H. lactea. Pindara is a sister group to a restricted Helvella, i.e., excluding the /leucomelaena lineage, on a notably long branch. We recognise Pindara as a separate genus and erect a new genus Dissingia for the /leucomelaena lineage, viz. H. confusa, H. crassitunicata, H. leucomelaena and H. oblongispora. Dissingia is supported by asci that arise from simple septa; all other species of Helvellaceae have asci that arise from croziers, with one exception being the /alpina-corium lineage of Helvella s. str. This suggests ascus development from croziers is the ancestral state for the Helvellaceae and that ascus development from simple septa has evolved at least twice in the family. Our phylogeny does not determine the evolutionary relationships within Helvella s.str., but it is most parsimonious to infer that the ancestor of the helvelloids produced subsessile or shortly stipitate, cup-shaped apothecia. This shape has been maintained in some lineages of Helvella s.str. The type species of Underwoodia, Underwoodia columnaris, is a sister lineage to the rest of the Helvellaceae.

The holotype of Helvella pedunculata, housed in the herbarium of the University of Oulu (OULU, Finland), was examined along with other non-type specimens stored under that name. Morphological studies and genetic evidence from 28S rDNA confirm that H. pedunculata is a synonym of Dissingia confusa. Colour pictures of dried and fresh specimens, as well as images of microscopical characters are provided.

In order to create a preliminary check-list of fungal species in the territory of the “Orjen” Nature park, during 2019, a more comprehensive mycological field research and inventory study have been conducted. In total, four field researches have been organized in different periods of the year (February, May, June and October). Among all findings, 69 species of fungi from the phylum Ascomycota have been recorded. Herein the authors present preliminary list of those fungi with special emphasis on some of the most important ones with data about their morphology, ecology, distribution pattern and conservation guidelines included.Out of all recorded species, the most numbered are the representatives from the families Pyronemataceae (15 species) and Helvellaceae (7 species) while Helvella (7 species) and Peziza (4 species) are the most numbered genera. Solid number of species, like Arachnopeziza obtusipila, Flammocladiella decora, Bryoscyphus rhytidiadelphi, Lasiobelonium belanense, Pseudombrophila ripensis represent novelties for the mycobiota of Bosnia and Herzegovina and some of these species are quite rare and have scattered populations worldwide. The results gained from this study clearly indicates that the territory of the “Orjen” Nature park is one of the most important fungal diversity hot-spot in the Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina as well. This courageous conclusion is in accordance with all previously closely related conducted biological studies which have valorised natural values of the Mt. Orjen before.Still, preliminary check-list of ascomycetous fungi presented within this study should be considered just as a partial projection of total mycobiota diversity in this area.That is why the continuation of the mycological research in this area together with closely organized fungal diversity monitoring process are one of the top priorities among the all upcoming activities which should be undertaken by the relevant authorities in the near future.

Mycologists have always been curious about the elaborate morphotypes and shapes of species of the genus Helvella. The small, black, cupulate Helvella specimens have mostly been assigned to Helvella corium, a broadly defined morpho-species. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have revealed an aggregate of species hidden under this name. We performed a multispecies coalescent analysis to re-assess species limits and evolutionary relationships of the Helvella corium species aggregate in the Nordic countries. To achieve this, we used morphology and phylogenetic evidence from five loci – heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and the 5.8S and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. All specimens under the name Helvella corium in the larger university fungaria of Norway, Sweden and Denmark were examined and barcoded, using partial hsp and/or rpb2 as the preferential secondary barcodes in Helvella. Additional fresh specimens were collected in three years (2015–2018) to obtain in vivo morphological data to aid in species discrimination. The H. corium species aggregate consists of seven phylogenetically distinct species, nested in three divergent lineages, i.e. H. corium, H. alpina and H. pseudoalpina sp. nov. in the /alpina-corium lineage, H. alpestris, H. macrosperma and H. nannfeldtii in the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage, and H. alpicola as a weakly supported sister to the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage. Among the seven species, the ribosomal loci expressed substantial variation in evolutionary rates, suggesting care in the use of these regions alone in delimitation of Helvella species. Altogether, 469 out of 496 available fungarium specimens were successfully barcoded.

The present chapter has documented a total of 548 species of fungi, including 268 species of micro- and 280 species of macro-fungi, from Jammu and Kashmir State, mainly based on review of published literature and studies conducted by the authors during the last decade. Basidiomycetes are the dominant group, represented by 182 species, followed by Ascomycetes with 25 species. Among the Basidiomycetes, dominant families are Russulaceae (29 species), Cortinariaceae and Boletaceae (17 species each), Coprinaceae (12 species) and Tricholomataceae (11 species), whereas the largest genus is Russula (21 species), followed by Amanita (11 species). In Ascomycetes, Morchellaceae (seven species), Helvellaceae (six species) and Pyronemataceae (five species) are the major families, whereas Morchella and Helvella are the larger genera (represented by five species each). Nonetheless, overall fungal diversity in the State is still insufficiently known, and there is immediate need to undertake studies required for arriving at a complete authentic inventory of this important group of biota.

Helvella is a widespread, speciose genus of large apothecial ascomycetes (Pezizomycete: Pezizales) that are found in terrestrial biomes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This study represents a beginning on assessing species limits and applying correct names for Helvella species based on type material and specimens in the university herbaria (fungaria) of Copenhagen (C), Harvard (FH) and Oslo (O). We use morphology and phylogenetic evidence from four loci – heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) – to assess species boundaries in an expanded sample of Helvella specimens from Europe. We combine the morphological and phylogenetic information from 55 Helvella species from Europe with a small sample of Helvella species from other regions of the world. Little intraspecific variation was detected within the species using these molecular markers; hsp and rpb2 markers provided useful barcodes for species delimitation in this genus, while LSU provided more variable resolution among the pertinent species. We discuss typification issues and identify molecular characteristics for 55 European Helvella species, designate neo- and epitypes for 30 species, and describe seven Helvella species new to science, i.e., H. alpicola, H. alpina, H. carnosa, H. danica, H. nannfeldtii, H. pubescens and H. scyphoides.

WOS: 000478066700012, Herein, 15 fungi species belonging to different genera of Pezizales were studied morphologically and molecularly. During the morphological analyses performed by means of Primer 7 software, 28 characters were used, mainly including the stalk, cap, asci, and spores, to assess the taxonomical relationships of the fungi species. The data matrix and nMDS plot approaches based on the morphological data were highly functional in the determination of the taxonomical relationship of very closely related fungi taxa, particularly at the genus level. Moreover, the data from the ISSR locus analyses significantly supported the current morphological relationships on a wide scale. Contrary to the morphological data expressing taxonomical relationships related to morels or early morels, a minor exceptional condition was determined inferring to the relatively higher genetic similarity among Verpa and Gyromitra in the dendrogram connected with the ISSR analyses., TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [111T633]; Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP)Selcuk University [11201012], The authors would like to thank TUBITAK (Project No, 111T633) and Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP, Project No. 11201012) for their financial support of this project.

Three species of Helvella were collected from Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, southwestern China. Helvella maculatoides sp. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens collected on moss. Helvella subglabra and H. ulvinenii are recorded for the first time from China. Our new collections were confirmed to be divergent from other species of Helvella based on morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequence data. Descriptions and figures are provided for the taxa which are compared with allied taxa.

The Bachu mushroom, previously identified as Helvella leucopus, is characterized by a saddle-shaped, to irregularly lobed pileus, with a gray, brown to blackish hymenium and a whitish to pale receptacle surface and white, terete stipe with enlarged basal grooves. It has high economic value, mostly as a dietary supplement in western China, and its medicinal functions have raised broad interest. In the present paper species of the Bachu mushroom in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, western China were investigated with morphology and DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS, 28S and TEF1 sequence data strongly supported lineages corresponding to morphological features. The Bachu mushroom, which differs from the European Helvella leucopus, comprises two distinct new species, namely Helvella bachu and Helvella subspadicea. In this paper we introduce the new species with descriptions and figures and compare them with similar taxa. The European Helvella spadicea is also re-examined, described and illustrated.

The international trade of natural Christmas trees generates billions of US dollars annually; the production of such trees in Mexico is a growing industry, delivering around 900,000 trees annually, mainly from the native species Pinus ayacahuite . To survive, this species establishes a mutualistic symbiosis in its roots known as ectomycorrhiza. However, currently no studies have been performed regarding the ectomycorrhizal inoculation effects on P. ayacahuite . In this work, the effect of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and nutritional content of P. ayacahuite was evaluated using 2 native edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. After 2 years, the inoculation produced increases of total dry weight and total contents of macro- (N, P and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe) of P. ayacahuite . The mycorrhization percentage of inoculated plants varied between 41% and 59%, depending on the inoculum source. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was confirmed with optical and electron microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect on growth and nutrient mobilization by ectomycorrhizae in P. ayacahuite ; and one of the first reports on Fe mobilization in gymnosperms by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Our work also demonstrates the importance of inoculation with Helvella cf. lacunosa and Hebeloma mesophaeum for the production of P. ayacahuite plants in nurseries.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: En Jalisco, diversos estudios micobióticos se han realizado en diferentes municipios, entre ellos el de San Sebastián del Oeste ubicado en la región Costa-Sur Occidental de esta entidad, y del que se continúa explorando debido a la alta diversidad de especies fúngicas hasta ahora registradas. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar el conocimiento sobre la diversidad de los hongos registrados para el área de estudio.Métodos: Se realizaron 15 exploraciones durante el periodo lluvioso de junio a septiembre en los últimos diez años (2007-2017). Adicionalmente, se realizó la revisión de material de la colección micológica del herbario IBUG. El estudio del material se llevó a cabo bajo las técnicas tradicionales micológicas, y usando literatura especializada para su determinación. Resultados: Trescientos once taxones se incluyen en 165 géneros y 66 familias de hongos. Del total, 285 son Basidiomycota y 26 Ascomycota. Se reportan en este trabajo 29 registros nuevos para el área. Entre los géneros de mayor riqueza dentro de los Basidiomycota destacan Amanita (23), Trametes (11), Ganoderma, Lactarius, Pluteus, Scleroderma y Stereum (6), y de Ascomycota, Helvella (5) y Xylaria (4).Conclusiones: Se considera necesario seguir realizando exploraciones micológicas, principalmente en aquellos sitios que no han sido explorados, lo que permitirá conocer un mayor número de especies fúngicas, y hacer un análisis de las posibles especies endémicas o las que están en riesgo, así como documentar su distribución actual en los tipos de vegetación presentes en San Sebastián del Oeste y el occidente de México.

The present study aimed to determine the total antioxidant status TAS total oxidant status TOS and oxidative stress index OSI of ethanol extracts of Helvella leucomelaena Pers Nannf and Sarcosphaera coronaria Jacq J Schr ouml t Mushrooms collected from Gaziantep province TAS TOS and OSI values were determined with Rel Assay Diagnostics kits It was determined that the TAS values of H leucomelaena and S coronaria mushrooms were and respectively and the TOS values were and respectively OSI values were calculated as and for H leucomelaena and S coronaria mushrooms respectively As a result it has been determined that fungi have high oxidant levels despite antioxidant potential nbsp

The relation between ecological and genetic divergence of Helvella species (saddle fungi) has been perplexing. While a few species have been clearly demonstrated to be ectomycorrhizal fungi, ecological roles of many other species have been controversial, alternately considered as either saprotrophic or mycorrhizal. We applied SATe to build an inclusive deoxyribonucleic acid sequence alignment for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of annotated Helvella species and related environmental sequences. Phylogenetic informativeness of ITS and its regions were assessed using PhyDesign. Mycorrhizal lineages present a diversity of ecology, host type and geographic distribution. In two Helvella clades, no HelvellaITS sequences were recovered from root tips. Inclusion of environmental sequences in the ITS phylogeny from these sequences has the potential to link these data and reveal Helvella ecology. This study can serve as a model for revealing the diversity of relationships between unculturable fungi and their potential plant hosts. How non-mycorrhizal life styles within Helvella evolved will require expanded metagenomic investigation of soil and other environmental samples along with study of Helvella genomes.

The present paper deals with four Helvella species namely Helvella acetabulum, H.corium, H.queletii and H.macropus from Leh district in Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Of these, the first three species are new fungus records for India while H.macropus constitutes first authentic record from Ladakh.