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Uterine peristalsis is essential for gamete transport and embryo implantation. It shares the characteristics of spontaneity, rhythmicity, and directivity with gastrointestinal peristalsis. Telocytes, the “interstitial Cajal-like cells” outside the digestive canal, are also located in the uterus and may act as pacemakers. To investigate the possible origin and regulatory mechanism of periodic uterine peristalsis in the human menstrual cycle, telocytes in the myometrium were studied to determine the effect of estradiol on T-type calcium channel regulation. In this study, biopsies of the human myometrium were obtained for cell culture, and double-labeling immunofluorescence screening was used to identify telocytes and T-type calcium channel expression. Intracellular calcium signal measurements and patch-clamp recordings were used to investigate the role of T-type calcium channels in regulating calcium currents with or without estradiol. Our study demonstrates that telocytes exist in the human uterus and express T-type calcium channels. The intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity marked by Fluo-4AM was dramatically decreased by NNC 55-0396, a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker, but enhanced by estradiol. T-type calcium current amplitude increased in telocytes incubated with estradiol in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that telocytes exist in the human myometrium, expressing T-type calcium channels and estradiol-enhanced T-type calcium currents, which may be a reasonable explanation for the origin of uterine peristalsis. The role of telocytes in the human uterus as pacemakers and message transfer stations in uterine peristalsis may be worth further investigation.

ObjectiveCorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a crucial regulator of human pregnancy and parturition. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are important for regulating myometrial quiescence during pregnancy. We investigated regulatory effects of different concentrations of CRH on KATP channel expression in human myometrial smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in in vitro conditions.MethodsAfter treating HSMCs with different concentrations of CRH (1, 10, 102, 103, 104 pmol/L), mRNA and protein expression of KATP channel subunits (Kir6.1 and SUR2B) was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We investigated which CRH receptor was involved in the reaction and measured the effects of CRH on intracellular Ca2+ concentration when oxytocin was administered in HSMCs using Fluo-8 AM ester.ResultsWhen HSMCs were treated with low (1 pmol/L) and high (103, 104 pmol/L) CRH concentrations, KATP channel expression significantly increased and decreased, respectively. SUR2B mRNA expression at low and high CRH concentrations was significantly antagonized by antalarmin (CRH receptor-1 antagonist) and astressin 2b (CRH receptor-2 antagonist), respectively; however, Kir6.1 mRNA expression was not affected. After oxytocin treatment, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in CRH-treated HSMCs was significantly lowered in low concentration of CRH (1 pmol/L), but not in high concentration of CRH (103 pmol/L), compared to control.ConclusionOur data demonstrated the regulatory effect was different when HSMCs were treated with low (early pregnancy-like) and high (labor-like) CRH concentrations and the KATP channel expression showed significant increase and decrease. This could cause inhibition and activation, respectively, of uterine muscle contraction, demonstrating opposite dual actions of CRH.

Aims Lignocaine is used during intrapartum and postpartum period but there are conflicting reports regarding the effect of lignocaine on uterine contractility. Therefore, this study was undertaken to delineate the effect of lignocaine on uterine contractility and the underlying mechanisms. Main methods The in vitro contractions were recorded from the uterine segments obtained from adult rats (in estrous phase) and also from human myometrial tissue. Effect of lignocaine on spontaneous uterine contractions was recorded in the absence or presence of antagonists. Effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) on uterine contractility was assessed. The NO 2 − was assayed (indicator of NO activity) from the supernatant after exposing the myometrial tissue to lignocaine in the absence or the presence of L-NAME or hemoglobin. Key findings Lignocaine (100 μM) increased the amplitude of uterine contractions by 75% with no alterations in frequency. Similar magnitude of increase was seen with human myometrial tissue also. The spontaneous activities were absent in Ca 2 + -free or in nifedipine (10 μM) containing medium. Heparin (IP 3 blocker, 10 IU/ml), but not the indomethacin (10 μM) blocked the lignocaine-induced augmentation. L-NAME (NOS inhibitor, 10 μM) or methylene blue (guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 100 μM) partially blocked the lignocaine-induced augmentation. SNP (30 μM) increased the amplitude of spontaneous uterine contractions. Lignocaine increased the NO 2 − content (indicator of NO activity) of uterine tissue and the increase was blocked by L-NAME or hemoglobin. Significance Present observations indicate that lignocaine augments the amplitude of uterine contractions via Ca 2 + -dependent mechanisms involving NO-G cyclase-dependent mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress affects the contractile behavior of smooth muscle resulting in complications during labor. Toxicants such as lindane and ferric chloride (FeCl 3 )/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) cause oxidative stress and have previously been shown to inhibit smooth muscle contraction. In this study we examined the effects of the oxygen species scavengers, ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine on lindane and FeCl 3 /ADP’s inhibition of spontaneous myometrial contractions in rat and human myometrium. Lindane and FeCl 3 /ADP gave rise to concentration-dependent reductions in rat (EC 50 11.8 × 10 −6 M and 0.9 × 10 −3 M) and human myometrial contractions (EC 50 16.3 × 10 −6 M and 1.1 × 10 −3 M, respectively). Pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine significantly increased the EC 50 for the effects of lindane on motility index of human tissue and reduced the maximum inhibitory effect of FeCl 3 /ADP on contractions in both rat and human myometrium. Ascorbic acid reduced the effects of FeCl 3 /ADP in rat tissue only. In conclusion pre-treatment with specific antioxidants may protect both rat and human myometrium from the inhibitory effects of lindane and FeCl 3 /ADP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KIR7.1, an inwardly rectifying K+ channel, plays a critical role in regulating uterine excitability during pregnancy and has been suggested as a potential new target for the treatment of conditions arising from dysfunctional uterine contractility, for example, atonic postpartum hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the selective KIR7.1 blocker, VU590, on both spontaneous and agonist-stimulated contractions of human pregnant myometrium in vitro. At a concentration of 20 µmol/L, VU590 significantly increased the mean contractile force and the frequency of spontaneous contractions (P < 0.05) when compared to vehicle-treated tissues. However, there was a significant (P < 0.0001) monoexponential decay in amplitude with time of exposure. When VU590 was coadministered with EC50 concentration of the uterotonics oxytocin, ergometrine, or carboprost, the only significant changes were an immediate decrease in the amplitude of oxytocin- and carboprost-induced contractions and a delayed reduction in amplitude and an increase in the frequency of ergometrine-induced contractions. Amplitude to all 3 agents in the presence of VU590 showed a monoexponential decay with time of exposure (P < 0.0001). We conclude that VU590 modifies the contractility of pregnant human myometrium in support of a role for KIR7.1 in regulating that process. However, VU590 in vitro does not produce the types of contraction, either alone or in combination with other uterine stimulants that would suggest its usefulness as a first- or second-line clinical uterotonic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many pharmacological agents have been investigated to manage preterm labor; we postulate that a combination of tocolytic drugs may achieve a better effect in the prevention of uterine contractions without dose-dependent adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of dual combinations of tocolytics in vitro. Human myometrium was obtained during elective cesarean sections (term without labor; n = 40). Myometrial strips were placed in organ baths for the measurement of isometric tension. Contractile activity was induced by oxytocin (10-8 mol/L), then a concentration-response curve to single or dual combinations of tocolytics was started. All studied tocolytics (nifedipine, ritodrine, nitroglycerin, atosiban, and NS-1619), when used alone, significantly inhibited myometrial contractions. When combined, nifedipine plus ritodrine produced a significantly greater inhibition of contractility than each drug alone in the midrange of concentrations. The combination of nifedipine plus nitroglycerin or nifedipine plus atosiban produced a significantly greater inhibition than nitroglycerin or atosiban alone but not greater than nifedipine. The combination of nifedipine plus NS-1619 (Ca+2-activated K+ [BKCa] channel opener) reduced the inhibitory effect of each drug. We concluded that a selected combination of tocolytics (nifedipine plus ritodrine) produced a significantly greater inhibitory effect on contractility than each drug alone at intermediate concentrations. Thus, specific combinations of tocolytics with different intracellular signaling pathways may have a synergic effect constituting a provocative new option for preterm labor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine atony is a major cause of postpartum haemorrhage and maternal mortality. However, the comparative pharmacology of agents used to treat this condition is poorly understood. This study evaluates, using human pregnant myometrium in vitro , a range of contractile parameters for agents used in the clinical treatment of atonic postpartum haemorrhage. The effects of oxytocin, carbetocin, ergometrine, carboprost, syntometrine and misoprostol were investigated in 146 myometrial strips from 19 donors. The potency and maximal response values were obtained, and compared, using both maximal amplitude and mean contractile force as indices of contraction. Single, EC 50 concentrations of the agents were administered and both force and contraction peak parameters were compared during a 15-min exposure. Differences were considered significant when P<0.05. There were no significant differences in the peak amplitude of response between agents, except for misoprostol, which was inactive. There was a wide difference in potencies using both measures of contractility, with oxytocin and carbetocin being the most potent. The most important difference between the agents was in their ability to increase the mean contractile force, with oxytocin superior to all agents except syntometrine. In single dose experiments, mean contractile force was the parameter that separated the agents. In this respect, oxytocin was not statistically different from carboprost or syntometrine, but was superior to all other agents. These findings support a clear role for oxytocin as the first line agent for treatment of postpartum haemorrhage and raise doubts about the potential clinical usefulness of misoprostol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine relaxation is crucial during preterm labor. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors have been proposed as tocolytics. Some thalidomide analogs are PDE-4 inhibitors. The aim of this study was to assess the uterus-relaxant properties of two thalidomide analogs, methyl 3-(4-nitrophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4NO2PDPMe) and methyl 3-(4-aminophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4APDPMe) and were compared to rolipram in functional studies of spontaneous phasic, K+-induced tonic, and Ca2+-induced contractions in isolated pregnant human myometrial tissues. The accumulation of cAMP was quantified in HeLa cells. The presence of PDE-4B2 and phosphorylated myosin light-chain (pMLC), in addition to the effect of thalidomide analogs on oxytocin-induced pMLC, were assessed in human uterine myometrial cells (UtSMCs). Thalidomide analogs had concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on spontaneous and tonic contractions and inhibited Ca2+-induced responses. Tonic contraction was equipotently inhibited by 4APDPMe and rolipram (IC50 = 125 ± 13.72 and 98.45 ± 8.86 µM, respectively). Rolipram and the thalidomide analogs inhibited spontaneous and tonic contractions equieffectively. Both analogs increased cAMP accumulation in a concentrationdependent manner (p < 0.05) and induced changes in the subcellular localization of oxytocininduced pMLC in UtSMCs. The inhibitory effects of thalidomide analogs on the contractions of pregnant human myometrium tissue may be due to their PDE-4 inhibitory effect and novel mechanism as calcium-channel blockers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm births are an expensive global health problem. Despite the basic science and clinical research advances to better understand and prevent preterm births, the rates are increasing. There are several therapeutic options. While some options such as progestins work for selected women, others such as magnesium sulfate can only be used for delaying births for 24 to 48 hours so that the patients can be treated with corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity. Based on the scientific and clinical evidence, we recommend testing human chorionic gonadotropin in a large multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trials in women with active preterm labor and those with a previous history of preterm births. Human chorionic gonadotropin is not only inexpensive but also has not shown any side effects so far in the infants or in the mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the relaxant effect of 2 known tocolytics; indomethacin and atosiban and progesterone, on pregnant human myometrial spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions from singleton and twin pregnancies. All agents exerted a concentration-dependent relaxant effect on myometrial contractions. There was no significant difference in the concentration–response curves between singletons and twins for progesterone or indomethacin on spontaneous contractions or atosiban on oxytocin-induced contraction. Under oxytocin however, the concentration–response curves for indomethacin and progesterone were significantly shifted to the right for both amplitude of contraction (P < .01) and activity integral (P < .01). When compared to singleton myometrium however, the concentration–response curves were significantly shifted to the right in the twin myometrium group (P < .05 progesterone and P < .001 indomethacin). We conclude that a greater concentration of progesterone and indomethacin is required to inhibit oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions in twins compared to singletons in vitro. The differences noted in the tissue pharmacologies may have implications for the successful prevention or inhibition of preterm labor in twin pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is controversy as to whether maternal age exerts an influence on the contractility of human myometrium in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine a series of functional contractile parameters of human myometrium in vitro, over a broad range of maternal ages. Myometrial tissue specimens were obtained at cesarean delivery from 32 women with maternal ages ranging from 28 to 52 years. Using in vitro recordings, a number of contractile parameters including maximal amplitude, mean contractile force, time to maximal amplitude, maximum rate of rise, and occurrence of simple and complex (biphasic and multiphasic) contractions were examined for spontaneous and induced contractile activity. The relationship between maternal age and individual parameters was evaluated using linear regression analysis. For all contractile parameters examined, for both spontaneous and induced contractions, no significant correlation was observed with maternal age between 28 and 52 years. The mean maximum amplitude values for spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions were 23 ± 3 and 43 ± 5 mN, respectively. The mean contractile forces for spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions were 1.5 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.9 mN, respectively. There was no variation in the proportion of biphasic or multiphasic contractions with maternal age. These results indicate there is no significant functional impairment of uterine contractility and no lack in responsiveness of myometrium in vitro, in the older mother. These findings do not support the concept that there may be a biological basis for dysfunctional labor or increased cesarean delivery rates in older parturients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Cathepsin B is a major cysteine protease involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, as well as in the activation of precursor forms of other proteases and in release of matrix-bound growth factors. We assessed the expression and activity of cathepsin B, and the inhibitory effect of cysteine protease inhibitors in human myometrium and uterine leiomyomas at various stages of tumour growth. Study design Studies were performed on human myometrium collected from 12 patients and on uterine leiomyomas of various weights: small (less than or equal to 25 g, taken from 10 patients) and large (more than or equal to 100 g, obtained from 13 patients). Tissue extracts were assayed for cathepsin B activity and for inhibitory effect of cysteine protease inhibitors against papain using fluorogenic substrates, and calculated per DNA content. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance followed by Dunn's post hoc tests. The enzyme expression was evaluated by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western immunoblotting. Results In all the investigated tissues cathepsin B exists mainly in a fully processed double-chain form. The enzyme activity and expression were similar in control myometrium and in small leiomyomas. However, they distinctly increased during tumour growth. The effect of cysteine protease inhibitors was comparable in all the tissues examined. Conclusion These data suggest that the enhanced activity and expression of cathepsin B but not the action of cysteine protease inhibitors contribute to an increased remodelling of extracellular matrix and bioavailability of various growth factors, which favour leiomyoma growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, telocytes (TCs) were described as a new cell type in the interstitial space of many organs, including myometrium. TCs are cells with very long, distinctive extensions named telopodes (Tps). It is suggested that TCs play a major role in intercellular signaling, as well as in morphogenesis, especially in morphogenetic bioelectrical signaling. However, TC plasma membrane is yet unexplored regarding the presence and activity of ion channels and pumps. Here, we used a combination of in vitro immunofluorescence and patch-clamp technique to characterize T-type calcium channels in TCs. Myometrial TCs were identified in cell culture (non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium) as cells having very long Tps and which were positive for CD34 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α. Immunofluorescence analysis of the subfamily of T-type (transient) calcium channels Ca3.1 and Ca3.2 presence revealed the expression of these ion channels on the cell body and Tps of non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium TCs. The expression in TCs from the non-pregnant myometrium is less intense, being confined to the cell body for Ca3.2, while Ca3.1 was expressed both on the cell body and in Tps. Moreover, the presence of T-type calcium channels in TCs from non-pregnant myometrium is also confirmed by applying brief ramp depolarization protocols. In conclusion, our results show that T-type calcium channels are present in TCs from human myometrium and could participate in the generation of endogenous bioelectric signals responsible for the regulation of the surrounding cell behavior, during pregnancy and labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telocytes (TCs) are a brand-new cell type frequently observed in the interstitial space of many organs (see ). TCs are defined by very long (tens of micrometers) and slender prolongations named telopodes. At their level, dilations-called podoms (~300 nm), alternate with podomers (80-100 nm). TCs were identified in a myometrial interstitial cell culture based on morphological criteria and by CD34 and PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα) immunopositivity. However, the mechanism(s) of telopodes formation and/or elongation and ramification is not known. We report here the low-level laser stimulation (LLLS) using a 1,064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (with an output power of 60 mW) of the telopodal lateral extension (TLE) growth in cell culture. LLLS of TCs determines a higher growth rate of TLE in pregnant myometrium primary cultures (10.3 ± 1.0 μm/min) compared to nonpregnant ones (6.6 ± 0.9 μm/min). Acute exposure (30 min) of TCs from pregnant myometrium to 1 μM mibefradil, a selective inhibitor of T-type calcium channels, determines a significant reduction in the LLLS TLE growth rate (5.7 ± 0.8 μm/min) compared to LLLS per se in same type of samples. Meanwhile, chronic exposure (24 h) completely abolishes the LLLS TLE growth in both nonpregnant and pregnant myometria. The initial direction of TLE growth was modified by LLLS, the angle of deviation being more accentuated in TCs from human pregnant myometrium than in TCs from nonpregnant myometrium. In conclusion, TCs from pregnant myometrium are more susceptible of reacting to LLLS than those from nonpregnant myometrium. Therefore, some implications are emerging for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in uterine regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligands for extracellular calcium-sensing (CaS) receptors inhibit oxytocin-induced contractions of the rat’s uterus. In this study, we investigated whether the CaS receptor ligands calindol, cinacalcet, and calhex 231 have similar effects on pregnant human myometrium. We compared their effects to those of the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine. In conventional concentration–effect experiments, both the mean contractile force (MCF) and the maximum amplitude of contractions induced by 1 nmol/L oxytocin were inhibited by nifedipine. Calindol and cinacalcet were ineffective as inhibitors, while calhex-231 produced partial inhibition. When single 10 μmol/L doses were applied calhex-231 produced a slowly developing inhibition, reducing the MCF to 38%, and amplitude to 34%, of vehicle controls after 1 hour. In similar experiments, calindol was ineffective while cinacalcet weakly inhibited only the amplitude. Immunohistochemistry revealed sparse expression of CaS receptors in pregnant human myometrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The existence of opioid receptors in mammalian myometrial tissue is now widely accepted. Previously enkephalin degrading enzymes have been shown to be elevated in pregnant rat uterus and a met-enkephalin analogue has been shown to alter spontaneous contractility of rat myometrium. Here we have undertaken studies to determine the effects of met-enkephalin on in vitro human myometrial contractility and investigate the expression of opioid receptors in pregnant myometrium. Myometrial biopsies were taken from women undergoing elective caesarean delivery at term. Organ bath experiments were used to investigate the effect of the met-enkephalin analogue [d-Ala 2, d-met 5] enkephalin (DAMEA) on spontaneous contractility. A confocal immunofluorescent technique and real time PCR were used to determine the expression of protein and mRNA, respectively for two opioid receptor subtypes, mu and delta. DAMEA had a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on contractile activity (1×10−7 M–1×10−4 M; 54% reduction in contractile activity, P<0.001 at 1×10−4 M concentration). Mu and delta opioid receptor protein sub-types and their respective mRNA were identified in all tissues sampled. This is the first report of opioid receptor expression and of an opioid mediated uterorelaxant action in term human non-labouring myometrium in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium ( SK3) channels have been detected in human myometrium and we have previously shown a functional role of SK channels in human myometrium in vitro. The aims of this study were to identify the precise localization of SK3 channels and to quantify SK3 m RNA expression in myometrium from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Myometrial biopsies were obtained from pregnant ( n = 11) and non-pregnant ( n = 11) women. The expression of SK3 channels was assessed using immunohistochemistry and SK3 m RNA was determined by q RT- PCR. In non-pregnant myometrium SK3 immunoreactivity was observed in CD34 positive ( CD34+) interstitial Cajal-like cells ( ICLC), now called telocytes. Although CD34+ cells were also present in pregnant myometrium, they lacked SK3 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical results showed that SK3 expression in vascular endothelium was similar between the two groups. CD117 immunoreactivity was only detected in small round cells that resemble mast cells. Compared to non-pregnant myometrium we found significantly less SK3 m RNA in pregnant myometrium. We demonstrate that SK3 channels are localized solely in CD34+ cells and not in smooth muscle cells, and that the molecular expression of SK3 channels is higher in non-pregnant compared to pregnant myometrium. On the basis of our previous study and the present findings, we propose that SK3 activators reduce contractility in human myometrium by modulating telocyte function. This is the first report to provide evidence for a possible role of SK3 channels in human uterine telocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the labouring uterus, millions of myocytes forming the complex geometrical structure of myometrium contract in synchrony to increase intrauterine pressure, dilate the cervix and eventually expel the foetus through the birth canal. The mechanisms underlying the precise coordination of contractions in human myometrium are not completely understood. In the present study, we have characterized the spatio-temporal properties of tissue-level [ Ca2+]i transients in thin slices of intact human myometrium. We found that the waveform of [ Ca2+]i transients and isotonic contractions recorded from thin slices was similar to the waveform of isometric contractions recorded from the larger strips in traditional organ bath experiments, suggesting that the spatio-temporal information obtained from thin slices is representative of the whole tissue. By comparing the time course of [ Ca2+]i transients in individual cells to that recorded from the bundles of myocytes we found that the majority of myocytes produce rapidly propagating long-lasting [ Ca2+]i transients accompanied by contractions. We also found a small number of cells showing desynchronized [ Ca2+]i oscillations that did not trigger contractions. The [ Ca2+]i oscillations in these cells were insensitive to nifedipine, but readily inhibited by the T-type Ca2+ channel inhibitor NNC55-0396. In conclusion, our data suggest that the spread of [ Ca2+]i signals in human myometrium is achieved via propagation of long-lasting action potentials. The propagation was fast when action potentials propagated along bundles of myocytes and slower when propagating between the bundles of uterine myocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myogenic tone (MT) is a primary modulator of blood flow in the resistance vasculature of the brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, and perhaps in other high-flow organs such as the pregnant uterus. MT is known to be regulated by endothelium-derived factors, including products of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and/or the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways. We asked whether pregnancy influenced MT in myometrial arteries (MA), and if so, whether such an effect could be attributed to alterations in NOS and/or COX. MA (200-300 μm internal diameter, 2- 3 mm length) were isolated from 10 nonpregnant and 12 pregnant women undergoing elective hysterectomy or cesarean section, respectively. In the absence of NOS and/or COX inhibition, pregnancy was associated with increased MT in endothelium-intact MA compared with MA from nonpregnant women (P < 0.01). The increase in MT was not due to increased Ca2+ entry via voltage-dependent channels since both groups of MA exhibited similar levels of constriction when exposed to 50 mM KCl. NOS inhibition (N+-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) or combined NOS/COX inhibition (L-NAME/indomethacin) increased MT in MA from pregnant women (P > 0.001 and P > 0.042, respectively) but was without effect in arteries from nonpregnant women. Indomethacin alone was without effect on MT in MA from either nonpregnant or pregnant women. We concluded that MT increases in MA during human pregnancy and that this effect was partially opposed by enhanced NOS activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We assessed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the phosphorylated (activated) form of Smad1 and 5 (P-SMAD1/5), of Noggin and of two smooth muscle cell markers (α-SMA and SM22) in a series of human myometrium samples and in a smooth muscle cell line derived from human myometrium (HUt-SMC, PromoCell, USA). Myometrium samples were removed from two cadavers (a fetus at 26weeks of gestation and a neonate) and from ten non-menopausal women who underwent hysterectomy for adenomyosis and leiomyoma. P-SMAD1/5 expression was never detected in myometrium (both normal and pathological specimens), but only as a nuclear positive staining in glandular and luminal epithelial cells in sections in which also the endometrial mucosa was present. Noggin was strongly expressed especially in myometrium and adenomyosis samples from non-menopausal patients in comparison to the neonatal and fetal myometrium specimens in which muscle cells were less positive. In more than 95% of HUt-SMCs, α-SMA and Desmin were co-expressed, indicating a pure smooth muscle phenotype. When progesterone was added to the culture medium, no P-SMAD1/5 expression was detected, whereas the expression Noggin and SM22, a marker of differentiated smooth muscle cells, increased by 3 fold (p=0.002) and 4.3 fold (p=0.001), respectively (p=0.002). Our results suggest that, in non-menopausal normal human myometrium, the BMP pathway might be inhibited and that this inhibition might be enhanced by progesterone, which increases the differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SM22 levels). These findings could help in the identification of new mechanisms that regulate uterine motility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is the archetypal smooth muscle relaxant, mediating the effects of many hormones and drugs. However, recently PGI2, acting via cAMP/PKA, was found to increase contraction-associated protein expression in myometrial cells and to promote oxytocin-driven myometrial contractility. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, which is critical to the onset and progression of human labour. We have investigated the impact of cAMP on myometrial COX-2 expression, synthesis and activity. Three cAMP agonists (8-bromo-cAMP, forskolin and rolipram) increased COX-2 mRNA expression and further studies confirmed that this was associated with COX-2 protein synthesis and activity (increased PGE2 and PGI2 in culture supernatant) in primary cultures of human myometrial cells. These effects were neither reproduced by specific agonists nor inhibited by specific inhibitors of known cAMP-effectors (PKA, EPAC and AMPK). We then used shRNA to knockdown the same effectors and another recently described cAMP-effector PDZ-GEF1-2, without changing the response to cAMP. We found that MAPK activation mediated the cAMP effects on COX-2 expression and that PGE2 acts through EP-2 to activate MAPK and increase COX-2. These data provide further evidence in support of a dual role for cAMP in the regulation of myometrial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effect of 4,5-dichloro-1,3-diethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one (NS4591), a novel SK/IK channels positive modulator, on human myometrial activity. Methods: Organ bath studies were performed on myometrial preparations obtained from women undergoing elective caesarean section at term ( N = 11) or hysterectomy ( N = 11). NS4591 was added cumulatively in the concentration range of 0.3-30 μ m. In separate experiments, the effects of pre-incubation of muscle preparation with the SK or IK channel blockers apamin (1 μ m) and TRAM34 (10 μ m) on the outcomes of NS4591 were evaluated. Simultaneous vehicle controls were performed for all experiments. The effects of drugs were studied on spontaneous contractions. Results: NS4591 exerted an inhibitory effect on myometrial contractions in muscle strips from non-pregnant and pregnant women. The contractility in non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium was reduced to the following values respectively: amplitude 20.65 ± 7.38% ( P < 0.001) and 42.85 ± 11.04% ( P < 0.05) and area under the curve 11.72 ± 7.39% ( P < 0.001) and 34.84 ± 10.50% ( P < 0.001) and are reflective of 30 μ m NS4591 compared to vehicle control. In non-pregnant tissue, apamin partially reduced the inhibitory effects of NS4591, but we observed relaxation mediated by NS4591 despite pre-incubation with TRAM34. In contrast, in pregnant tissue, neither apamin nor TRAM34 could reverse the relaxatory effects of NS4591. Conclusion: Our findings imply that SK/IK channels are present and functional in myometrium from pregnant and non-pregnant women. The SK/IK channel-positive modulator NS4591 exerts relaxation of human myometrium in vitro, and this may have implications for the clinical management of preterm labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation Ivanisevic M, Segerer S, Rieger L, Kapp M, Dietl J, Kämmerer U, Frambach T. Antigen-presenting cells in pregnant and non-pregnant human myometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 188–196 Problem Inflammatory cells play a crucial role in human parturition. Different populations of leucocytes invade the reproductive tract. Numerous studies have described the decidual immune cell population in pregnant and non-pregnant endometrium. However, little is known about the presence of immune cells in human myometrium. Method of study We herein analysed a spectrum of immune cells in human myometrium comparing tissue samples from non-pregnant ( n = 8) and pregnant ( n = 10) uteri. Applying immunohistochemistry with a panel of antibodies specific for T cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, B cells and antigen-presenting cells (CD4, CD8, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD56, CD68, CD83, HLA-DR, DC-Sign, mast cell tryptase), we characterized the immune cell population of human myometrium. Results A significantly higher number of CD14, CD15, CD16, DC-SIGN as well as CD4-positive cells were found in myometrium of pregnant compared to non-pregnant uteri, while mast cells were significantly reduced in pregnant myometrium. Conclusion All markers found increased in pregnant myometrium indicate monocyte/macrophage lineage cells and thus suggest a possible involvement of these cells in healthy pregnancy maintenance. Monocytes/macrophages might produce a microenvironment that permits a controlled invasion of trophoblast cells into the myometrium while preventing a rejection of the semiallogenic conceptus and providing an important barrier against invading pathogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Growth factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of uterine myomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression during leiomyoma growth at different phases of the menstrual cycle with RT-PCR. Method. We studied 56 patients: 43 with myomas, 13 with healthy myometriums. In patients with myomas (secretory phase), VEGF expression was 2.82 times higher than in control patients ( p < 0.05). In patients with myomas (phase I), VEGF expression was 2.53 times higher ( p < 0.05) than in control patients. For all patients with myomas, those who were in menopause had 1.52 times higher VEGF expression than those who menstruated. For patients with healthy myometriums, those who were in menopause had 1.97 times higher VEGF expression than those who menstruated. A comparison of all the patients in menopause revealed that VEGF expression was 2.03-fold higher in those with myomas than in those with healthy myometriums. Conclusion. We observed the highest VEGF mRNA expression in women with myomas who were in menopause. Among menstruating patients, VEGF expression was significantly higher in those with myomas compared to those with a healthy myometrium. This suggested that VEGF may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of uterine myomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings implicate protein kinase C in regulation of contraction of uterine muscle (myometrium). However, the role of protein kinase C isoforms in myometrial contraction remains uncertain. Therefore, this study examined protein kinase Cα's role in regulation of contraction and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]I) of myometrium from term pregnant women. The authors demonstrated that protein kinase Cα inhibitor Go6976 decreased the amplitude of potassium chloride-induced myometrial contractions in a time-dependent manner. The treatment of the myometrial strips with protein kinase Cα-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides decreased the potassium chloride-induced contraction and [Ca2+]I response to 39.3% ± 6.8% and 50.0% ± 3.3%, respectively, compared to control. The sense oligonucleotides treatment did not significantly change the potassium chloride responses (89.8% ± 6.8% and 93.9% ± 4.5% of the control for the contraction and [Ca2+]I, respectively). These data, coupled with the observation that protein kinase Cα levels are elevated in the pregnant myometrium, suggest the involvement of protein kinase Cα in regulation of human uterine contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of serotonin to increase contractions in human myometrium. Methods. Isometric tension measurements were used to determine the effect of increasing doses of serotonin on strips of human myometrium obtained at the time of cesarean section. Results. Serotonin had little or no effect on the spontaneous activity of myometrium strips in control conditions. In tissue where this activity had been reduced by either forskolin or diazoxide, serotonin caused a dose-dependent increase in contractions and produced up to a 3-fold increase in contractions over basal activity. Conclusions. The ability of serotonin to increase contractions in the uterus appears to depend on the background activity of the tissue and is greatest in quiescent tissue. It is therefore possible that in quiescent, preterm myometrium, aberrant serotonin signaling could contribute to preterm labor. Serotonin may also play a key role in the postpartum prevention of uterine atony and consequent hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]