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Differential cross section for the $$^1H(d,pp)n$$ 1 H ( d , p p ) n reaction is sensitive to various dynamical ingredients and allows for thorough tests of theoretical potentials describing the interaction in the three nucleon systems. The analysis of the experimental data collected for the breakup reaction at the beam energy of 100 MeV has been performed and the first cross section results for selected configurations are presented in this paper. They are in good agreement with calculations based on the realistic potentials. Studies at this relatively low energy will also be important for examining awaited calculations within the Chiral Effective Field Theory.

Analysis of the data acquired with the BINA detector system in $$^1$$ 1 H(d, pp)n reaction at the beam energy of 80 MeV/nucleon makes a systematic analysis of the star configurations possible. This paper shows the preliminary cross section of the Forward-Plane Star (FPS) configuration with the neighbouring configurations.

Special issue, XLVI Extraordinary Congress of Polish Physicists, Warsaw, Poland, October 16–18, 2020, Understanding nuclear interactions is the basis for describing nuclear systems, their structure and reac-tions. Studies of reactions in the simplest systems consisting of a few nucleons provide stringent tests for nuclear interaction models. The data collected by our group over the last 30 years are crucial for un-derstanding the few-nucleon system dynamics. Measurements of observables (cross-section, vector and tensor analyzing powers) for the deuteron breakup in collision with a proton/deuteron were conducted at SIN/PSI (Switzerland), KVI (the Netherlands), FZ-Jülich (Germany) and CCB IFJ PAN Kraków (Poland), and provided data covering a wide range of the reaction phase-space. Main conclusions fol-lowing from our research and its current status are presented.

W. Parol, A. Kozela, K. Bodek, A. Deltuva, M. Eslami-Kalantari, J. Golak, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, G. Khatri, St. Kistryn, J. Kubo´s, P. Kulessa, A. Magiera, H. Mardanpour, J. G. Messchendorp, I. Mazumdar, R. Skibiński, I. Skwira-Chalot, A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani, D. Rozpędzik, H. Witała, B. Włoch, A. Wrońska, Differential cross sections for the deuteron breakup 1H(d, pp)n reaction were measured for a large set of 243 geometrical configurations at the beam energy of 80 MeV/nucleon. The cross-section data are normalized by the luminosity factor obtained on the basis of a simultaneous measurement of the elastic-scattering channel and the existing cross-section data for this process. The results are compared with the theoretical calculations modeling nuclear interactions with and without taking into account the three-nucleon force (3NF) and the Coulomb interaction. In the validated region of the phase space, both the Coulomb force and 3NF play an important role in providing a good description of the data. There are also regions in which description improvements due to the inclusion of 3NF are insufficient.

Pozostali autory: I. Ciepał, K. Bodek, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, G. Khatri, St. Kistryn, A. Kozela, J. Kubo´s, P. Kulessa, A. Magiera, J. Messchendorp, I. Mazumdar, W. Parol, R. Ramazani-Sharifabadi, D. Rozpedzik, I. Skwira-Chalot, B. Włoch, A. Wrońska, J. Zejma, Four nucleon scattering at intermediate energies provides unique opportunities to study effects of the two key ingredients of the nuclear dynamics, the nucleon-nucleon P-wave (NNP-wave) and the three-nucleon force (3NF). This is possible only with systematic and precise data, in conjunction with exact theoretical calculations. Using the BINA detector at KVI Groningen, the Netherlands, a rich set of differential cross section of the 2H(d, dp)n breakup reaction at 160 MeV deuteron beam energy has been measured. Besides the three-body breakup, also cross sections of the 2H(d, 3He)n proton transfer reaction have been obtained. The data are compared to the recent calculations for the threecluster breakup.

cd autorów: B. Włoch, K. Bodek, I Ciepał, M. Eslami-Kalantari, J. Golak, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, G. Khatri, St. Kistryn, A. Kozela, J. Kuboś, P. Kulessa, A. Magiera, H. Mardanpour, J. Messchendorp, I. Mazumdar, W. Parol, A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani, D. Rozpędzik, R. Skibiński, I. Skwira-Chalot, H. Witała, A Wrońska, J. Zejma, Deuteron breakup reactions are basic laboratories for testing nuclear force models. Recent improvements in the data analysis allow for direct identification of neutrons in the BINA detection setup. This opens up the opportunity to study new aspects of few-nucleon system dynamics like charge dependence of nuclear force or Coulomb interaction. In this paper we determine regions along the kinematical curves where differential cross section of deuteron-proton breakup reactions can be measured by the proton-neutron and proton-proton coincidences simultaneously. This is particularly useful for validation of the neutron detection technique.

An experiment to investigate the \(^{1}\)H(d, pp)n breakup reaction using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA detector has been performed at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Julich. As a first step the data collected at the beam energy of 340 MeV are analysed, with a focus on the proton-proton coincidences registered in the Forward Detector. The differential cross section is determined for 189 configurations on a dense angular grid defined by the emission angles of the two outgoing protons: two polar angles \(\theta _1\) and \(\theta _2\) (in the range between 5\(^{\circ }\) and 15\(^{\circ }\) with the step size of 2\(^\circ \)) and the relative azimuthal angle \(\varphi _{12}\) (in the range from 20\(^\circ \) to 180\(^\circ \), with the step size of 20\(^\circ \)).The cross section data are compared to theoretical predictions based on the state-of-the-art nucleon-nucleon potentials, combined with three-nucleon force, Coulomb interaction or carried out in a relativistic regime.

Star Anomaly is one of the most intriguing and unsolved discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental data observed in the domain of few-nucleon systems at low energies. Previous and upcoming measurements of the breakup reaction with the use of the BINA detector enable systematic studies of the Star configurations at intermediate energies. A dedicated simulation was developed to study feasibility of registering such events with the required accuracy and to support the future data analysis. An additional rotation angle β has been introduced to parametrise the Star configurations. First results concerning the acceptance of certain segments of BINA for registering the Star configurations are presented.

The differential cross section for the 1H(d,pp)n breakup reaction at deuteron beam energy of 340 MeV has been measured with the use of the WASA detector at COSY-Jülich. The set of proton-proton coincidences registered at the Forward Detector has been analyzed on a dense grid of kinematic variables, giving in total around 5600 data points. The cross-section data are compared to theoretical predictions based on the state-of-the-art nucleon-nucleon potentials, combined with a three-nucleon force or the Coulomb interaction or carried out in a relativistic regime.

Even though the development of the theories providing a precise description of few-nucleon interactions is well advanced, certain inconsistencies between experimental data and theoretical predictions are still to be resolved, one of which is the Space Star Anomaly in deuteron-proton breakup. As the cross-sections for the star configurations are measured mainly for the energy range below 20 MeV, new measurements at higher energies could give an important hint for a possible source of the discrepancy between experimental data and the theoretical predictions. In this contribution, the very first preliminary 160 MeV deuteron on proton p(d, pp)n breakup cross-sections for the star configuration measured with the BINA experimental setup are presented.

We propose kinematically complete measurement of the differential cross section and analyzing power in proton polarized helium-3 elastic scattering and breakup. The proposed method, involving tracking of charged reaction products and subsequent reconstruction of the reaction vertex, should be regarded as a novel experimental approach in this low energy nuclear physics experiment. The details of the proposed experimental setup and prospects of the first measurement at the new Cyclotron Center Bronowice in Krakow are also given.

A set of differential cross section of the three-body $^{2}\mathrm{H}(d,dp)n$ breakup reaction at 160-MeV deuteron beam energy is presented for 147 configurations covering a wide kinematical region around quasifree scattering. The experiment was performed at KVI in Groningen, the Netherlands, using the BINA detector. The cross-section data have been normalized to the $^{2}\mathrm{H}(d,d)^{2}\mathrm{H}$ elastic-scattering cross section. The data are compared to the results of recent single-scattering approximation (SSA) calculations for three-cluster breakup in deuteron-deuteron collisions. This comparison shows that SSA provides the correct order of magnitude of the cross sections. The studied energy is probably too low to meet the SSA assumptions which prevents better accuracy of the description.

A rich set of differential cross section of the three-body $$^{2}$$ H(d,dp)n breakup reaction at 160 MeV deuteron beam energy has been measured over a large range of the available phase space. The experiment was performed at KVI in Groningen, the Netherlands, using the BINA detector. The cross-section data for the breakup reaction have been normalized to the simultaneously measured $$^{2}$$ H(d,d) $$^{2}$$ H elastic scattering cross section. The breakup cross sections obtained for 147 kinematically complete configurations near the quasi-free scattering kinematics are compared to the recent approximate calculations for the three-cluster breakup in deuteron–deuteron collisions. The cross sections for 294 kinematic configurations of the quasi-free scattering regime, for which no theoretical calculations exist, are also presented. Besides the three-body breakup, semi-inclusive energy distributions for the four-body $$^{2}$$ H(d,pp)nn breakup are reported.

Differential cross sections of $^{2}$H(d, d)d elastic scattering and proton transfer $^{2}$H(d, $^{3}$He)n reactions at 160 MeV beam energy have been obtained. They have been normalized relative to the existing cross-section data for the $^{2}$H(d, d)d elastic scattering at 180 and 130 MeV, benefiting from the negligible energy dependence of this observable at certain range of the four momentum transfer. The experiment was performed at KVI in Groningen, the Netherlands using the BINA detector. The elastic scattering data are compared to theoretical predictions based on the lowest-order term in the Neumann series expansion for four-nucleon transition operators. The calculations underpredict the data. The data presented in this paper can be used to validate the future theoretical findings.

The area of interests of nuclear physics are studies of reactions, wherein atomic nuclei of projectile collide with target nuclei. An amount of energy lost by projectile nucleus during its passing through the target is a major issue - it is important to know how charged particles interact with matter. It is possible to afford this knowledge by using theoretical programs, which calculate energy loss applying Bethe-Bloch equation. Hadrontherapy, which is a field of still growing interest, is based on interactions of charged particles with matter. Therefore exists a need of creating a simple model, which could be used to the calculation of dose distributions in biological matter. Two programs (SRIM, Xeloss), used to the calculation of energy loss by nuclear physicist, have been adapted to determine dose distributions in analogs of human tissues. Results of the calculations with those programs for beams used in hadrontherapy (e.g. $^1$H, $^{12}$C) will be compared with experimental data available in references., Comment: Proceedings of the Warsaw Medical Physics Meeting 2014

An experiment to investigate the ^{1}H(d,pp)n breakup reaction using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA detector has been performed at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich. As a first step, the data collected at the beam energy of 340 MeV are analysed, with a focus on the proton–proton coincidences registered in the Forward Detector. Elastically scattered deuterons are used for precise determination of the luminosity. The main steps of the analysis, including energy calibration, particle identification (PID) and efficiency studies, and their impact on the final accuracy of the result, are discussed.

Proton-deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of- the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies, below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exact theoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon-nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force (3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativistic effects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross section of the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of the measurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow are presented.

A large set of cross-section data for the H-1 (d,pp)n breakup reaction was measured at 130 MeV deuteron beam energy with the Germanium Wall setup covering the range of very forward polar angles. In the investigated part of the phase-space, the dynamics is dominated by the Coulomb force influence. The data are compared with results of theoretical calculations based on the realistic Argonne V18 potential supplemented with the long-range electromagnetic component. The predictions also include the Urbana IX three nucleon force model. The cross-section data reveal seizable Coulomb force effects.

This article belongs to the Topical Collection "30th anniversary of Few-Body Systems". This work was partially supported by Polish National Science Center from Grant DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR (Contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010)., Systems composed of three nucleons have been a subject of precise experimental studies for many years. Recently, the database of observables for the deuteron breakup in collision with protons has been significantly extended at intermediate energies. In this region the comparison with exact theoretical calculations is possible, while the sensitivity to various aspects of the interaction, in particular to the subtle effects of the dynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon–nucleon force, is significant. The Coulomb interaction and relativistic effects show also their influence on the observables of the breakup reaction. All these effects vary with energy and appear with different strength in certain observables and phase-space regions, which calls for systematic investigations of a possibly rich set of observables determined in a wide range of energies. Moreover, a systematic comparison with theoretical predictions performed in coordinates related to the system dynamics in a possibly direct way is of importance. The examples of existing experimental data for the breakup reaction are briefly presented and the amenability of a set of invariant coordinates for that type of analysis is discussed., NCN, European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme

Thisworkwas partially supported by PolishNational Science Center fromGrant DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR (Contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010)., Until recently, all calculations of breakup observables were carried out in a non-relativistic regime. The relativistic treatment of the breakup reaction in 3 N system is quite a new achievement. The detailed study of various aspects of few-nucleon system dynamics in medium energy region, with a particular emphasis on investigation of relativistic effects and their interplay with three nucleon force (3NF) becomes feasible with increasing available energy in the three nucleon system. Therefore an experiment to investigate the 1H(d, pp)n breakup cross section using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA detector has been performed at COSY-Jülich. The almost 4π geometry of the WASA detector gives an unique possibility to study variety of kinematic configurations, which reveal different sensitivity to aspects of dynamics of the three nucleon system. The main steps of the analysis, including energy calibration, PID, normalization and efficiency studies, and their impact on the final accuracy of the result, are discussed., NCN, European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR

Regular studies of few-nucleon systems reveal various dynamical components, such as three-nucleon force, Coulomb force and relativistic effects, which play an important role in correct description of nuclear interaction. A large set of existing experimental data for 1H(d; pp)n reaction allows for systematic investigations of these dynamical effects, which vary with energy and appear with different strength in certain observables and phase space regions. In order to perform systematic comparisons with precise theoretical calculations, the experimental data are transformed to the variables based on the Lorentz invariants.

Systematic experimental studies of few-nucleon systems expose various dynamical ingredients which play an important role in correct description of observables, such as three-nucleon force, Coulomb force and relativistic effects. A large set of existing experimental data for 1H(d,pp)n1H(d,pp)n^1H(d, p p)n reaction allows for systematic investigations of these dynamical effects, which vary with energy and appear with different strength in certain observables and phase space regions. Moreover, systematic comparisons with exact theoretical calculations, done in variables related to the system dynamics in a possibly direct ways is a very important tool to verify and improve the existing description of the nucleon interaction. Examples of experimental data for a breakup reaction, transformed to the variables based on Lorentz-invariants are compared with modern theoretical calculations.

We report on preliminary results of the first measurement of elastic scattering of protons from deuterons and proton induced deuteron breakup at proton beam energy of 108 MeV conducted at new Cyclotron Center Bronowice IFJ PAN in Krakow. The experiment is aimed at precise determination of the differential cross section for extensive set of kinematical configurations in a wide range of angular acceptance. In the first data taking run the average statistical per-point accuracy of about 5% has been reached.

International audience; Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 ( $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 2.7--4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials ( $\mu_B > 500$ MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation of state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including activities before the start of data taking in 2024, in the context of the worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.

A measurement of the differential cross sections for the proton-deuteron elastic scattering and the deuteron breakup in collision with a proton was carried out at Cyclotron Center Bronowice using the BINA detection system. The very preliminary analysis of the experimental data taken at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV is presented.

Experiments devoted to study subtle ingredients of nuclear dynamics were carried out at KVI in Groningen with the use of the $^{1}H\left ( d,pp \right )n$ breakup reaction at the deuteron beam energy of 80 MeV/nucleon. The aim of the work is to determine the breakup cross sections and confront them with the set of modern calculations which model forces acting between nucleons. Elastic scattering process was also measured for the purpose of the cross section normalization. This paper presents preliminary results of the data analysis including geometry cross check, energy calibration, particles identification and sample distributions of the unnormalized breakup cross sections.

The experiment was performed at CCB IFJ PAN in Kraków with the use of the BINA detector. The experimental program and data analysis of proton-induced deuteron breakup reaction at 108 MeV are presented.

The new detector CHIMERA, in its final 4π configuration, has been installed at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) in Catania in January 2003. Beams of different energies ranging from protons to Au ions were delivered by the Tandem and the Super Conducting Cyclotron for nuclear reaction studies, in agreement with the approval of the Scientific Advisory Committee of LNS. Recent experimental results confirm very low energy thresholds of the trigger (below 0.5 MeV/nucleon), ensured within a wide dynamical range. Good characteristics of identification of light charged particles and heavy fragments have been obtained by using three detection techniques: Δ E-E , Δ E -time of flight, and the Pulse-Shape discrimination method. We present results of recent analysis concerning the production of intermediate mass fragments (IMF) in semi-peripheral collisions. Our results combined with theoretical Boltzmann-Nordheim-Vlasov simulations clearly demonstrate the presence of very fast processes of IMF production in the overlapping region of the target and projectile nuclei during re-separation, i.e. in the time scale comparable with the collision time. Evidence for slower, sequential-like production of IMF's is also shown.

We present a new experimental method to correlate the isotopic composition of intermediate mass fragments (IMF) emitted at midrapidity in semiperipheral collisions with the emission timescale: IMFs emitted in the early stage of the reaction show larger values of (N/Z) isospin asymmetry, stronger angular anisotropies, and reduced odd-even staggering effects in neutron to proton ratio (N/Z) distributions than those produced in sequential statistical emission. All these effects support the concept of isospin “migration”, that is sensitive to the density gradient between participant and quasispectator nuclear matter, in the so called neck fragmentation mechanism. By comparing the data to a stochastic mean field (SMF) simulation we show that this method gives valuable constraints on the symmetry energy term of nuclear equation of state at subsaturation densities. An indication emerges for a linear density dependence of the symmetry energy.

Semi-peripheral collisions of ^{64}Ni + ^{124}Sn in direct and inverse kinematics, at 35 A MeV incident energy, are studied to characterize the dynamical origin and align-ments properties of fragments emission at midrapidity. This emission is partly due to the fragmentation of a transient neck joining the projectile and target in the early stages of the reaction. Recently we exploited observable from neck fragmentation to constraint the density dependence of the symmetry energy. In this contribution we focus on the density evolution of the mid-rapidity source. An experimental survey is suggested to check if data are consistent with the formation of neck fragments in a dilute density region in contact with the projectile-like and target-like spectators at normal saturation density.

The experiment was carried out using BINA detector at KVI in Groningen. For the first time an extensive data analysis of the data collected in back part of the detector is presented, where a clusterization method is utilized for angular and energy information. We also present differential cross-sections for the (dd$\rightarrow$dpn) breakup reaction within \textit{dp} quasi-free scattering limit and their comparison with first calculations based on Single Scattering Approximation (SSA) approach., 6 pages, 4 figures, presented at Jagiellonian Symposium 2015 in Krakow, PhD work

Author(s): Cap, T; Siwek-Wilczynska, K; Wilczynski, J; Amorini, F; Auditore, L; Cardella, G; De Filippo, E; Geraci, E; Grassi, L; Grzeszczuk, A; La Guidara, E; Han, J; Kozik, T; Lanzalone, G; Lombardo, I; Najman, R; Nicolis, NG; Pagano, A; Papa, M; Piasecki, E; Pirrone, S; Planeta, R; Politi, G; Rizzo, F; Russotto, P; Skwira-Chalot, I; Trifiro, A; Trimarchi, M; Verde, G; Zipper, W

According to the model predictions, observation of toroidal objects is expected in collisions of heavy ion at low incident energies. Comparison between experimental data and model predictions which may indicate the formation of flat/toroidal nuclear systems is shown.

Until recently, all calculations of breakup observables were carried out in a non-relativistic regime. The relativistic treatment of the breakup reaction in 3 N system is quite a new achievement. The detailed study of various aspects of few-nucleon system dynamics in medium energy region, with a particular emphasis on investigation of relativistic effects and their interplay with three nucleon force (3NF) becomes feasible with increasing available energy in the three nucleon system. Therefore an experiment to investigate the \(^1\)H(d, pp)n breakup cross section using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA detector has been performed at COSY-Julich. The almost 4\(\pi \) geometry of the WASA detector gives an unique possibility to study variety of kinematic configurations, which reveal different sensitivity to aspects of dynamics of the three nucleon system. The main steps of the analysis, including energy calibration, PID, normalization and efficiency studies, and their impact on the final accuracy of the result, are discussed.

A set of differential cross-section data of the 1H(d, pp)n breakup reaction at 130 and 160 MeV deuteron beam energies has been measured in the forward polar angles domain. The data were collected with the use of the Germanium Wall (FZ Jülich) and BINA (KVI Groningen) detectors. This part of the phase-space is special with respect to the dominant Coulomb force influence on the system dynamics. The data are compared with the theoretical calculations based on the Argonne V18 potential supplemented with the long-range electromagnetic component. The predictions also include the Urbana IX three nucleon force model. The strongest Coulomb effects are found in regions where the relative energy of the two protons is the smallest.

Data from the experiment on the 197Au + 197Au reaction at 23 AMeV are analyzed with an aim to find signatures of exotic nuclear configurations such as toroid-shaped objects. The experimental data are compared with predictions of the ETNA code dedicated to look for such configurations and with the QMD model. A novel criterion of selecting events possibly resulting from the formation of exotic freeze-out configurations, "the efficiency factor", is tested. Comparison between experimental data and model predictions may indicate for the formation of flat/toroidal nuclear systems.

We present results of a new analysis of the experiment carried out by the REVERSE-ISOSPIN collaboration on the 124 Sn + 64 Ni reaction at the bombarding energy of 35 MeV/nucleon. The mass numbers of the intermediate mass fragments (isotopes of Be , B and C ) could be resolved in this experiment. Angular distributions of the neck fragmentation products in the rest frame of the primary projectile-like fragment were studied. The angular dependence of the isotopic ratios of the intermediate mass fragments proves the effect of neutron enrichment of the neck region.

Purpose The basis of neutron radiotherapy is to induce the decay of 10B to 7Li, an alpha particle and gamma ray. Emitted particles deposit dose in surrounding cancer cells what lead to their death. Though neutron beam can also lead to production other radioactive isotopes with lives longer than 11B∗. The main goal of out project is to measure the induced radioactivity in human tissues after the irradiation and identify the produced radioisotopes and estimate the dose from those nuclides. The secondary aim of this work is the validation of simulation calculations in comparison with experimental results. Methods In order to estimate which radioisotopes are produced during the irradiation the GATE/Geant4 Monte Carlo code was used. For tissue materials, the pig liver and beef bone were chosen. The irradiation will be performed using PuBe neutron source and neutron beam which is available in BNCT treatment room at National Center for Nuclear Research, Otwock. The samples will be irradiated with high dose in order to create a large number of short-lived isotopes or with fractionated dose in order to express the radiation of long-lived isotopes. For gamma spectroscopy measurements the HPGe or LaBr3 detectors will be used. Results The Monte Carlo calculations show the most intense, for gamma spectroscopy, radioisotopes produced within the liver sample by neutron irradiation are 24Na, 28Al and 31Si. In case of bone sample neutron irradiation mostly produced gamma radioisotopes are 28Al, 31Si and 42K. As a result of high occupancy of neutron sources the experimental data will be obtained in April. Conclusions Based on theoretical calculations, one can conclude that a lot of radioisotopes are created in human tissues. For example, the 24Na can wash out from the irradiated volume and circulate through patients body with blood. That is why the dose from induced radioactivity cannot be omitted in calculations of received total dose. In addition, some of the mentioned above nuclides (high cross-section for production) can be useful for off-line measurements of fast neutron fluence.

Recently, we reported on the observation of a new reaction mechanism of fast collinear breakup of the 197 Au + 197 Au system into three and four fragments of comparable size. Here we present results of an additional analysis that shows that these ternary and quaternary breakup reactions occur at extremely deep-inelastic collisions corresponding to small values of the impact parameter, while more peripheral collisions lead to well known binary deep-inelastic reactions.

Hadron therapy, because of the dosimetric and radiobiological advantages, is more and more often used in tumour treatment. This treatment method leads also to the radioactive effects induced by energetic protons on nuclei. Nuclear reactions may lead to the production of radioactive isotopes. In the present experiment, two animal (human-like) tissue samples were irradiated with 60 MeV protons. Gamma-ray spectroscopy and lifetime measurements allowed identifying isotopes produced during the irradiation, e.g. $^{18}$F and $^{34m}$Cl.