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1. List of contributors

Author

Masashi Abe, Jon D. Ahlstrom, Julie Albon, Julie Allickson, Graça Almeida-Porada, Richard A. Altschuler, Daniel G. Anderson, Nasim Annabi, Judith Arcidiacono, Nureddin Ashammakhi, Anthony Atala, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Hani A. Awad, Stephen F Badylak, Gowri Balachander, Wayne Balkan, Jennifer J. Bara, Michael P. Barry, Harihara Baskaran, Matthew L. Bedell, Donald Andrew Belcher, David B. Berry, Hina Bhat, Zuhaib F. Bhat, Sangeeta N. Bhatia, Catherine Clare Blackburn, Anna Blocki, Kevin M. Blum, Matthew A. Bochenek, Lawrence J. Bonassar, Joseph V. Bonventre, Mimi R. Borrelli, Robby D. Bowles, Amy D. Bradshaw, Andres M. Bratt-Leal, Christopher K. Breuer, Luke Brewster, Eric M. Brey, Priscilla S. Briquez, J.A. Buckwalter, Karen J.L. Burg, Timothy C. Burg, Batzaya Byambaa, Prafulla K. Chandra, Amanda X. Chen, Fa-Ming Chen, Shaochen Chen, Julian Chesterman, Arnav Chhabra, Seow Khoon Chong, Richard A.F. Clark, Muriel A. Cleary, M. Coleman, George Cotsarelis, Ronald G. Crystal, Gislin Dagnelie, Mohammad Ali Darabi, Jeffrey M. Davidson, Joseph Davidson, Paolo De Coppi, Derfogail Delcassian, Paul de Vos, Anthony Dominijanni, Ryan Donahue, Allison P. Drain, Craig L. Duvall, Jenna L. Dziki, Abdelmotagaly Elgalad, George Eng, Vincent Falanga, Niloofar Farhang, Lino Ferreira, Donald W. Fink, Heather E. Fleming, Peter Fong, Mark R. Frey, Denise Gay, Sharon Gerecht, Charles A. Gersbach, D.M.R. Gibbs, Simran Gidwani, Shaimar R. González Morales, Ritu Goyal, Maria B. Grant, Andrea Gray, Howard P. Greisler, Tracy C. Grikscheit, Karl Grosh, Farshid Guilak, Jason L. Guo, Yingli Han, Joshua M. Hare, Ammar Mansoor Hassanbhai, Konstantinos Hatzistergos, David C. Hay, Xiao-Tao He, Timothy Henderson, Darren Hickerson, Darren H.M. Hickerson, Abdelkrim Hmadcha, Camila Hochman-Mendez, Chao Huang, Jeffrey A. Hubbell, Joern Huelsmann, Jun Tae Huh, Joshua G. Hunsberger, Leanne E. Iannucci, Haruhisa Inoue, John Jackson, Yangzi Jiang, Vladimir V. Kalinichenko, J.M. Kanczler, Jeffrey M. Karp, F. Kurtis Kasper, Ali Khademhosseini, Ji Hyun Kim, Erin A. Kimbrel, Irina Klimanskaya, Joachim Kohn, Sunil Kumar, Themis R. Kyriakides, Spencer P. Lake, Johnny Lam, Robert Langer, Robert Lanza, Timothy S. Leach, Benjamin W. Lee, Iris Lee, Sang Jin Lee, David Li, Linheng Li, Qian Liu, Alexander V. Ljubimov, Chi Lo, Michael T. Longaker, Javier López-Beas, Jeanne F. Loring, Ying Luo, Ben D. MacArthur, Nicolas N. Madigan, Henning Madry, Renata S. Magalhaes, Nancy Ruth Manley, Jonathan Mansbridge, Jeremy J. Mao, K.M. Marshall, J.A. Martin, M. Martins-Green, Kathryn M. Maselli, Mark W. Maxfield, Kyle W. McCracken, James Melville, Antonios G. Mikos, José del R. Millán, Maria Mirotsou, Daniel T. Montoro, Matthew P. Murphy, Sean V. Murphy, Michael Musillo, Padmalosini Muthukumaran, Adam M. Navara, Christopher E. Nelson, Laura E. Niklason, Craig Scott Nowell, Regis J. O’Keefe, Kathy E. O’Neill, Richard O.C. Oreffo, Ophir Ortiz, Andre Francis Palmer, Serafeim Perdikis, M. Petreaca, Maksim V. Plikus, Christopher D. Porada, Mark Post, Aleš Prokop, Raj K. Puri, Pengxu Qian, Milica Radisic, Micha Sam Brickman Raredon, Ellen Rothman Richie, Paul Rouse, Hooman Sadri-Ardekani, W. Mark Saltzman, Luiz C. Sampaio, Christopher R. Schlieve, Su-Hua Sha, Paul T. Sharpe, V. Prasad Shastri, Yanhong Shi, Thomas Shupe, Dario Sirabella, Aleksander Skardal, J.M.W. Slack, Stephen R. Sloan, Shay Soker, Bernat Soria, Bárbara Soria-Juan, Frank E. Stockdale, Josh Stover, Thomas Stransky, H. Christiaan Stronks, Patrick S. Stumpf, Kyung Eun Sung, Daniel Swarr, Dagmara Szkolnicka, Jun Takahashi, D.K.O. Tang, Winson Tang, Doris A. Taylor, Yao Teng, Swee Hin Teoh, Anthony J. Smith, Elsa Treffeisen, Rocky S. Tuan, Joseph P. Vacanti, Cor van der Weele, Matthew Vincent, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, Lars U. Wahlberg, Derrick C. Wan, Anne Wang, Dan Wang, Qiwei Wang, Yanling Wang, Yu-li Wang, Zhanwen Wang, Valerie M. Weaver, J.A. Wells, Jean F. Welter, Feng Wen, Jake Weston, Jeffrey A. Whitsett, James K. Williams, Anthony J. Windebank, Mark Eu-Kien Wong, Stefan Worgall, Iwen Wu, Rui-Xin Wu, Virginia Y. Xie, Malcolm Xing, Kenneth M. Yamada, Shinya Yamanaka, James J. Yoo, Simon Young, Claire Yu, Hanry Yu, Yifan Yuan, William Zacharias, Jason Zakko, Ai Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Chunfeng Zhao, Yimu Zhao, and Laurie Zoloth

Published
2020

2. Molecular biology of the cell

Author

J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Extracellular matrix, Cell type, Tissue culture, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cellular differentiation, Cell, medicine, Biology, Cytoskeleton, Microfilament, Cell adhesion, Molecular biology
Abstract

This chapter introduces the molecular biology of animal cells to a non-specialist audience. It explains the essential properties of cells, focusing on those attributes that are relevant to the tissue engineer. These include genes and gene expression, cell structure and metabolism, the cell surface, membrane potential, the cytoskeleton, microtubules and microfilaments, cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix. The properties of tissue culture media are covered, with an explanation of the function of each component. The chapter explains how signals from hormones or growth factors are conducted into the cell to affect gene expression or other cell behaviors. The nature of a cell type is described, as is the organization of differentiated cells into tissues and organs.

Published
2020

3. List of Contributors

Author

Robby D. Bowles, Anthony J. (Tony) Smith, Jon D. Ahlstrom, Julie Albon, Peter G. Alexander, Richard A. Altschuler, Pedro Alvarez, A. Amendola, Rachael Anatol, Nasim Annabi, Piero Anversa, Judith Arcidiacono, Anthony Atala, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, François A. Auger, Debra T. Auguste, Hani A. Awad, Stephen F. Badylak, Alexander M. Bailey, Michael P. Barry, Daniel Becker, Visar Belegu, Jonathan Bernhard, Timothy Bertram, Valérie Besnard, Z.F. Bhat, Hina Bhat, Sangeeta N. Bhatia, Sarindr Bhumiratana, Paolo Bianco, Catherine Clare Blackburn, Thomas Bollenbach, Lawrence A. Bonassar, Mike Boulton, Amy D. Bradshaw, Christopher K. Breuer, Luke Brewster, Eric M. Brey, Mairi Brittan, Bryan N. Brown, T. Brown, J.A. Buckwalter, Deborah Buffington, Karen J.L. Burg, Timothy C. Burg, Stéphane Chabaud, Thomas Ming Swi Chang, Yunchao Chang, Robert G. Chapman, Fa-Ming Chen, Una Chen, Elisa Cimetta, Richard A.F. Clark, Karen L. Clark, Muriel A. Cleary, Réjean Cloutier, Clark K. Colton, George Cotsarelis, Ronald G. Crystal, Gislin Dagnelie, Lino da Silva Ferreira, Jeffrey M. Davidson, Thomas F. Deuel, Natalie Direkze, Gregory R. Dressler, Charles N. Durfor, Craig L. Duvall, George Eng, George Engelmayr, Thomas Eschenhagen, Mark Eu-Kien Wong, Vincent Falanga, Katie Faria, Denise L. Faustman, Dario O. Fauza, Qiang Feng, Lino Ferreira, Donald W. Fink, William Fissell, Lisa E. Freed, Mark E. Furth, Denise Gay, Sharon Gerecht-Nir, Lucie Germain, Charles A. Gersbach, Francine Goulet, Ritu Goyal, Maria B. Grant, Howard P. Greisler, Farshid Guilak, Brendan A.C. Harley, David A. Hart, Abdelkrim Hmadcha, Steve J. Hodges, Heidi R. Hofer, Jeffrey O. Hollinger, Patricia Holobaugh, Jeffrey A. Hubbell, H. David Humes, Donald E. Ingber, Beau Inskeep, Xingyu Jiang, Jan Kajstura, Ravi S. Kane, Jeffrey M. Karp, F. Kurtis Kasper, Ali Khademhosseini, Sven Kili, Erin A. Kimbrel, Irina Klimanskaya, Joachim Kohn, Shaun M. Kunisaki, Themis R. Kyriakides, Eric Lagasse, Jean Lamontagne, Robert Langer, Robert Lanza, Shimon Lecht, Benjamin W. Lee, Chang H. Lee, Mark H. Lee, Peter I. Lelkes, Annarosa Leri, David W. Levine, Feng Li, Michael T. Longaker, Javier López, Shi-Jiang Lu, Ying Luo, Ben D. MacArthur, Nancy Ruth Manley, Rohan Manohar, Jonathan Mansbridge, Athanasios Mantalaris, Jeremy J. Mao, J.L. Marsh, David C. Martin, J.A. Martin, M. Martins-Green, Koichi Masuda, Mark W. Maxfield, Kathryn L. McCabe, John W. McDonald, Richard McFarland, Antonios G. Mikos, José del R. Millán, Josef M. Miller, Shari Mills, Kristen L. Moffat, Mark J. Mondrinos, Daniel T. Montoro, Malcolm A.S. Moore, Rebekah A. Neal, Robert M. Nerem, Shengyong Ng, Craig Scott Nowell, Haruko Obokata, Bjorn Reino Olsen, Richard O.C. Oreffo, Regis J. O’Keefe, Kathy O’Neill, Ophir Ortiz, Carolyn K. Pan, Vikas Pathak, M. Petreaca, Daniela Pezzolla, Maksim V. Plikus, Julia M. Polak, Mark Post, Sean Preston, Aleš Prokop, Milica Radisic, Egon Ranghini, Yehoash Raphael, A.H. Reddi, Herrmann Reichenspurner, Ellen Richie, Pamela Gehron Robey, Becky Robinson, Anabel Rojas, Shuvo Roy, Alan J. Russell, Rajiv Saigal, W. Mark Saltzman, Ali Samadikuchaksaraei, Athanassios Sambanis, Jochen Schacht, Stacey C. Schutte, Lyndsey Schutte, Steven D. Schwartz, Robert E. Schwartz, Lori A. Setton, Su-Hua Sha, Jing Shan, Paul T. Sharpe, Songtao Shi, Arun R. Shrivats, Franck Simon, Dario Sirabella, J.M.W. Slack, Bernat Soria, Patrick Spicer, Kelly R. Stevens, Frank E. Stockdale, H. Christiaan Stronks, Lorenz Studer, Shuichi Takayama, James A. Thomson, Jordan E. Trachtenberg, Elsa Treffeisen, Rocky S. Tuan, Charles A. Vacanti, Joseph P. Vacanti, Cor van der Weele, Matthew Vincent, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, Lars U. Wahlberg, Derrick C. Wan, Anne Wang, Angela J. Westover, George M. Whitesides, Jeffrey A. Whitsett, Steve Winitsky, Celia Witten, Stefan Worgall, Nicholas A. Wright, Ioannis V. Yannas, Simon Young, Junying Yu, Zheng Zhang, Wenfu Zheng, Wolfram Hubertus Zimmermann, and Laurie Zoloth

Published
2014

4. The first pure embryonic inducing factor

Author

J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Mesoderm, Personal account, Xenopus, Anatomy, Biology, Fibroblast growth factor, biology.organism_classification, Embryonic stem cell, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cell biology, Gastrulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Amphibian embryos, Slow-start, embryonic structures, medicine
Abstract

This is a personal account of the discovery of the mesoderm-inducing activity of fibroblast growth factors. The background is my work on the dorsalising signal in early amphibian embryos that was done at the imperial Cancer Research Fund in London. I became interested in mesoderm induction because of the embryologic work of Nieuwkoop and the partial purification of a "vegetalising factor" by Tiedemann. Although, initially, we expected inducing factors to be novel substances, it gradually became clear that the impure preparations we were studying had properties in common with growth factors. This opened the way to the testing of candidate factors, resulting in the conclusion that some inducing factors and growth factors,in fact, were the same molecules despite being discovered through different routes and assayed using different methods. After a slow start looking at the molecular biology of fibroblast growth factors in Xenopus, we eventually found that their most interesting functions in early development lay not at the stage of mesoderm induction but, rather, in the anteroposterior patterning of the body, which occurs during gastrulation.

Published
1999

5. Egg & Ego : An Almost True Story of Life in the Biology Lab

Author

J.M.W. Slack and J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Science--Humor, Biology--Research--Humor
Abstract

Egg and Ego is a lighthearted look at the nature of academic science. It is intended for anyone interested in biology but particularly for biology students who want to find out what is in store for them in the future. It starts with an account of one particular experiment, which is later opened out to introduce the excitement arising from recent progress in associated areas of biology. It then describes the everyday aspects of scientific work, ignored by philosophers of science. These range from cleaning up radioactive contamination, to how to fill in biohazard forms, to how newly appointed professors bargain for money. The'Egg'of the title refers to the science of developmental biology, which is the specialty of the author, and which provides the material for many of the anecdotes. The'Ego'relates to the vanity of the scientists themselves. Academic scientists have to struggle to maintain their research funding. To do this they must persuade other scientists that they are very good, and that means work at a good institution, publishing papers in the most fashionable journals and giving lectures at the most prestigious meetings. Success often goes to those with the largest egos and their style of operation is described in this book. The final chapter is about relations between science and the outside world in the shape of the media, illustrated by the remarkable'case of the headless frog'. The author is a well-known scientist who has worked at both universities and research institutes. He has published over 100 scientific papers and an influential book about embryonic development:'From Egg to Embryo'.

Published
2012

7. Embryonic induction

Author

J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Embryonic Induction, Embryology, Xenopus, Animals, Drosophila, Inhibins, Growth Substances, Models, Biological, Developmental Biology, Activins, Signal Transduction
Abstract

The current understanding of the mechanism of embryonic induction is reviewed. The embryological data which are necessary to establish the existence of an inductive process are described and the criteria for the identification of inducing factors are discussed. These criteria comprise: a demonstration that the factor has the appropriate biological activity, that it is expressed in biologically available form at the correct time and place in the embryo, and that when it is inhibited in vivo, the interaction should fail. Current understanding of the molecular basis of competence and threshold responses is discussed. Four case studies are examined in further detail: the dorsoventral patterning in Drosophila is controlled by a gradient of the decapentaplegic gene product, a member of the TGF beta superfamily. Mesoderm induction in Xenopus embryos is thought to be controlled by several factors acting in concert: activins, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Wnt proteins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The formation of the kidney in higher vertebrates involves a permissive interaction and some molecules are known to be necessary for the process but the identity of the primary inducing signal remains elusive. The anteroposterior pattern in the chick limb is controlled by a morphogen gradient emitted by the zone of polarising activity (ZPA). Although closely mimicked by retinoic acid (RA), this substance is probably not itself the morphogen. In general, the technical advances of recent years have enabled dramatic progress to be made in understanding the molecular basis of embryonic induction. Although much remains to be done, the methods of investigation are now well established.

Published
1993

12. Thresholds in development

Author

Lewis Wolpert, J.M.W. Slack, and J. H. Lewis

Subjects
Statistics and Probability, General Immunology and Microbiology, Bistability, Field (physics), Applied Mathematics, General Medicine, Classification of discontinuities, Models, Biological, Degree (music), General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Enzymes, Interpretation (model theory), Kinetics, Discontinuity (linguistics), Protein Biosynthesis, Modeling and Simulation, Morphogenesis, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biological system, Positive feedback, Mathematics, Morphogen
Abstract

The interpretation of gradients in positional information is considered in terms of thresholds in cell responses, giving rise to cell states which are discrete and persistent. Equilibrium models based on co-operative binding of control molecules do not show true thresholds of discontinuity, though with a very high degree of co-operativity they could mimic them; in any case they do not provide the cells with any memory of a transient signal. A simple kinetic model based upon positive feedback can account both for memory and for discontinuities in the pattern of cell states. The model is an example of a bistable control circuit, and transitions from one state to another may be brought about not only by morphogenetic signals, but also by disturbances in the parameters determining the kinetics of the system. This might explain some aspects of transdetermination in insects. An attempt is made to analyse the precision with which a spatial gradient of a diffusible morphogen could be interpreted by a kinetic threshold mechanism, in terms of the length of the field, the steepness of the concentration gradient, and the intrinsic random variability of cells. It is concluded that it would be possible to specify as many as 30 distinct cell states in a positional field 1 mm long with a concentration span of 103. Mechanisms for reducing the positional error are considered.

Published
1977

14. Homoeotic transformations in man: Implications for the mechanism of embryonic development and for the organization of epithelia

Author

J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Statistics and Probability, Cell type, Cell division, Cellular differentiation, Choristoma, Biology, Models, Biological, Epithelium, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Esophagus, Stomach Neoplasms, Intestinal Neoplasms, medicine, Animals, Humans, Epigenetics, Urinary Tract, Arthropods, Pancreas, Metaplasia, General Immunology and Microbiology, Stem Cells, Applied Mathematics, Regeneration (biology), Endoderm, Genitalia, Female, General Medicine, Anatomy, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Drosophila melanogaster, medicine.anatomical_structure, Heterotopia (medicine), Modeling and Simulation, Female, Stem cell, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

Homoeotic transformations are substitutions of one body part for another which arise during embryogenesis or regeneration. They are well known among the Arthropoda but are not generally thought to occur in Man or other vertebrates. In this paper the occurrence and characteristics of 21 types of epithelial heterotopia and metaplasia are reviewed and it is concluded that they are fully comparable with the homoeotic transformations of the arthropods.. The transformations are concentrated in the gastrointestinal, urinary and female reproductive systems and typically appear as foci of ectopic epithelium with a sharp discontinuity of cell type at the edges of the patches. Most of the transformations occur in renewal tissues and must therefore be interpreted as changes in the states of determination (epigenetic codings) of the stem cells rather than changes between already differentiated cells. Most, but not all, of the transformations are between tissues whose precursors are neighbouring regions of a common cell sheet during early embryogenesis and which are therefore likely to have neighbouring epigenetic codings. Following the Cairns hypothesis for epithelial organization it is proposed that stem cells themselves are protected against changes in epigenetic coding but their daughter cells, normally destined to differentiate and die, are not. Homoeotic transformations may thus occur in situations in which daughter cells become promoted to stem cells which happens either during the growth phase of the organism or during tissue regeneration in the adult.

Published
1985

15. Planarian neoblasts

Author

J. Baguñà and J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Published
1981

16. The source of cells for regeneration

Author

J.M.W. Slack

Subjects
Metaplasia, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Regeneration (biology), Cellular differentiation, Cell Differentiation, Extremities, Planarians, Turbellaria, Biology, Ambystoma, Cell biology, Text mining, medicine, Animals, Regeneration, medicine.symptom, business
Published
1980

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