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Abstract Background In the central nervous system, type 2 vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT2) are responsible for the reuptake of monoamines from synaptic junction back to pre-synaptic terminal vesicles. These transporters are functionally crucial as they reflect the integrity of monoamine neurons. D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, a novel deuterated VMAT2 radioligand, has shown promise as a potential PET tracer for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study evaluates the biodistribution and dosimetry of D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and includes a head-to-head comparison with its non-deuterated version, [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ (AV-133), in healthy individuals and PD patients. Results The automated synthesis of D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ using the SPE method was accomplished in 35 min, yielding a high radiochemical purity (> 99%) and high radiochemical yields (35 ± 5%). The biodistribution and dosimetry study indicated an effective dose of 37.1 ± 7.2 μSv/MBq, with the liver receiving the highest radiation dose (289.6 ± 42.1 μGy/MBq), followed by pancreas (185.2 ± 29.1 μGy/MBq). Brain imaging with D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ exhibited a significantly increased uptake in VMAT2-rich regions, particularly the striatum. In a head-to-head comparison between [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, the latter exhibited approximately 15% higher SUVR in the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. Preliminary studies in PD patients showed a substantial reduction in VMAT2 uptake in the striatum, with the most pronounced decrease observed in the putamen (a 53% decline). Conclusions D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ is a safe and improved VMAT2-specific imaging agent, which may be suitable for diagnosing PD by evaluating changes in VMAT2 binding of monoamine neurons in the brain. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2200057218, Registered 16 August 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=142725 .

Leaf anatomical traits are susceptible to environmental changes and can reflect plant adaptation strategies to the environment. Populus euphratica plays a key role in maintaining ecosystem processes and functions in arid zones, but the variations in leaf anatomical traits of Populus euphratica and their drivers at large scales remain unclear. Here, we investigated 10 leaf anatomical traits of Populus euphratica from 12 sampling sites in the arid zone of China, and explored how they were affected by geographic, climatic, and soil factors. Our results showed that these traits differed significantly between sites (P < 0.05), which was mainly determined by climate and soil factors that together explained 41.4 % of the trait variation. The impact of climate factors is the most critical, as they can directly influence the variation in leaf anatomical traits and indirectly affect trait variation by influencing soil factors. Among them, the max temperature of the warmest month (BIO5), soil available phosphorus (SAP) and soil moisture content (SM) had the most critical effect. Besides, temperature was the major influencing factor for the ratio of spongy tissue thickness to leaf thickness (SR), palisade tissue thickness (PT), the ratio of palisade tissue thickness to spongy tissue thickness (PSR), and the ratio of palisade tissue thickness to leaf thickness (CTR), while soil nutrient was the major influencing factor for leaf thickness (LT), lower epidermis thickness (LET), and spongy tissue thickness (ST). Our results provide important insights into the response of dryland forests to climate change, and suggest that climate warming and declining soil quality may have a stronger effect on Populus euphratica.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to explore whether MAF bZIP transcription factor B (MAFB) might alleviate ulcerative colitis (UC) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced mice and LPS‐induced IEC‐6 cells. Methods UC in vivo and in vitro model was established by using DSS and LPS, respectively. The mice body weight and disease activity index (DAI) score were recorded daily, and colon length was measured. Moreover, the permeability was evaluated utilizing a fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC‐Dextran) probe. Histopathological changes of DSS‐induced colitis mice was assessed utilizing H&E staining. Next, qRT‐PCR was performed to detect IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 level in in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the level of MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH were evaluated in colon tissues. Besides, the expressions of tight junction proteins and NF‐κB pathway relative proteins were examined in colitis mice and IEC‐6 cells using western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results MAFB level was downregulated in DSS‐induced colitis mice. Moreover, the upregulation of MAFB protected mice from DSS‐induced colitis by suppressing DSS‐induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal barrier impairment. We also demonstrated that the upregulation of MAFB inactivated NF‐κB pathway in DSS‐caused colitis mice. Subsequently, we observed that MAFB upregulation could inhibit LPS‐caused epithelial barrier impairment and inflammation in IEC‐6 cells. Additionally, MAFB overexpression could suppress the activation of NF‐κB pathway in IEC‐6 cells. Conclusion The upregulation of MAFB could protect against UC via the suppression of inflammation and the intestinal barrier impairment through inhibiting the NF‐κB pathway.

BackgroundThe occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. The link between serum remnant cholesterol (RC) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and NAFLD remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to clarify the relationship between the RC/HDL-C ratio and the NAFLD.MethodsData for our cross-sectional study came from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with 2,269 participants. Associations between RC/HDL-C levels and the prevalence of NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis were evaluated using adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses. A generalized additive model examined the non-linear relationship between RC/HDL-C and the probability of developing NAFLD.ResultsAmong 2,269 participants, 893 (39.36%) were diagnosed with NAFLD. In each of the three models, RC/HDL-C and NAFLD had a strong positive statistical relationship: model 1 (OR = 9.294, 95%CI: 6.785, 12.731), model 2 (OR = 7.450, 95%CI: 5.401, 10.278), and model 3 (OR = 2.734, 95%CI: 1.895, 3.944). In addition, the subgroup analysis by gender and BMI suggested that RC/HDL-C showed a positive correlation with NAFLD. The RC/HDL-C ratio was positively correlated with the degree of liver steatosis. There was an inverted U-shaped connection between the prevalence of NAFLD and RC/HDL-C, with an inflection point of 0.619 for all participants and 0.690 for men. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the predictive value of RC/HDL-C for NAFLD (area under the curve: 0.7139; 95%CI: 0.6923, 0.7354; P < 0.001), was better than traditional lipid parameters.ConclusionIncreased RC/HDL-C levels are independently associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and the severity of liver steatosis in the American population. In addition, the RC/HDL-C ratio can be used as a simple and effective non-invasive biomarker to identify individuals with a high risk of NAFLD.

BackgroundEarly detection of cognitive impairment or dementia is essential to reduce the incidence of severe neurodegenerative diseases. However, currently available diagnostic tools for detecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia are time-consuming, expensive, or not widely accessible. Hence, exploring more effective methods to assist clinicians in detecting MCI is necessary. ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to explore the feasibility and efficiency of assessing MCI through movement kinetics under tablet-based “drawing and dragging” tasks. MethodsWe iteratively designed “drawing and dragging” tasks by conducting symposiums, programming, and interviews with stakeholders (neurologists, nurses, engineers, patients with MCI, healthy older adults, and caregivers). Subsequently, stroke patterns and movement kinetics were evaluated in healthy control and MCI groups by comparing 5 categories of features related to hand motor function (ie, time, stroke, frequency, score, and sequence). Finally, user experience with the overall cognitive screening system was investigated using structured questionnaires and unstructured interviews, and their suggestions were recorded. ResultsThe “drawing and dragging” tasks can detect MCI effectively, with an average accuracy of 85% (SD 2%). Using statistical comparison of movement kinetics, we discovered that the time- and score-based features are the most effective among all the features. Specifically, compared with the healthy control group, the MCI group showed a significant increase in the time they took for the hand to switch from one stroke to the next, with longer drawing times, slow dragging, and lower scores. In addition, patients with MCI had poorer decision-making strategies and visual perception of drawing sequence features, as evidenced by adding auxiliary information and losing more local details in the drawing. Feedback from user experience indicates that our system is user-friendly and facilitates screening for deficits in self-perception. ConclusionsThe tablet-based MCI detection system quantitatively assesses hand motor function in older adults and further elucidates the cognitive and behavioral decline phenomenon in patients with MCI. This innovative approach serves to identify and measure digital biomarkers associated with MCI or Alzheimer dementia, enabling the monitoring of changes in patients’ executive function and visual perceptual abilities as the disease advances.

The construction of an ecological security pattern (ESP) is an important undertaking in ensuring the stability of the ecosystem and the long-term growth of humanity. Existing research, However, existing research often overlooks the quantification of policy implications in ESP development. The objective of this paper was to bridge this gap by integrating policy quantification analysis (PQA) with nature, society and into ESP construction and providing targeted ecological management recommendations. The policy texts were quantified into reusable research data, which served as a foundation for the selection of indicators and the optimization of ecological security patterns, by using machine learning techniques. The methodology “Patch-matrix-corridor” was used to create a spatially correlated ecological security pattern. Through factor analysis and Random Forest (RF), the impact of each indicator on ecological security was thoroughly examined, offering substantial support for policy development and ESP construction planning. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA) was selected as the study area, the study found that: (1) The proposed framework PQA based-ESP could provide a useful eco-management tools. (2) Policy adaptability had a substantial impact on environmental security in the GBA, but the ecosystem service index has the highest impact. (3) Applying the framework, we identified a total of 1,993 km2 of ecological sources, 23 key ecological corridors, 58 general ecological corridors, and 31 ecological nodes. An improved ESP, characterized as “one circle, two bays, three rivers, multiple areas, corridors, and nodes,” was constructed in the GBA. (4) Given the multi-scale analysis, tailored ecological management policy recommendations were proposed for each city in the GBA. The study's findings offer actionable solutions for the international community facing growing ecological challenges.

Multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) composed of a geosynchronous SAR illuminator and two stationary receivers has the ability to continuously monitor areas of interest. The spatially variant azimuth wavenumber spectrum gap caused by the limited synthetic aperture time may result in a high sidelobe level, which leads to artifacts in the image. This article exploits the spatial invariance of the gap length and proposes a new imaging method to fill the spectrum gap via gap alignment and data recovery. The spectrum gaps of all the targets are aligned based on spectrum shifting, and the full spectrum is recovered using spectrum estimation. Simulation results of point targets and extended targets verify the superiority of the proposed method compared to existing algorithms.

Abstract Background Gingival recession and post-operation discomfort are still a problem for patients receiving the periodontal regeneration surgery for intra-bony defects. To further reduce the trauma and the post-operation gingival recession, a novel periodontal endoscopy-aided non-incisional regeneration technique (NIT) was proposed in the treatment of intra-bony defects. Methods Retrospective analysis of 21 subjects treated with NIT and 21 subjects with periodontal endoscopy-aided scaling and root planing (PSRP) at baseline and 1-year evaluation was conducted. After removing the subgingival calculus and granulation tissue, bone grafting materials were placed into intrabony defects with the assistance of a gingival retractor in the NIT group. Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), as well as the distance between bone crest (BC) level and base of the defect (BD) (intrabony defect depth, IBD) were evaluated at baseline and 1 year after treatment. Results At 1-year follow-up, the value of CAL, PD and IBD were statistically significant different compared with baseline in both two groups (p

Abstract We previously described a nucleolar protein RSL1D1 but distributed throughout the nucleus in HCT116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to facilitate G1/S transition by inhibiting p53 signaling. Here, we found another nucleolar protein, programmed cell death 11 (PDCD11), also with an “Extra-nucleolar” localization in CRC cells but to regulate G2/M checkpoint. This protein directly interacts with p53 and HDM2 in the nucleoplasm, thereby recruiting p53 to HDM2 for ubiquitination and degradation. The ensuing downregulation of p53 increases the CDK1 level to help the cells pass G2/M checkpoint. Upon DNA damage stress, PDCD11 gains the power to upregulate CDK1 independently of p53. Beyond these, PDCD11 also upregulates CDC25C in a p53-independent manner to dephosphorylate CDK1 to facilitate G2/M transition. Downregulation of PDCD11 greatly reduced cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, additionally sensitized cells to DNA damage signals, highlighting that PDCD11 is a crucial driving factor of CRC and a potential target for cancer treatment.

AbstractAs the main pathological basis for the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, atherosclerosis (AS) seriously affects human health. The key targets of biological information analysis of AS can help exploit therapeutic targets. The expression data of early and progressive atherosclerotic tissues were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Based on GSE28829 and GSE120521, 74 key genes were obtained through differential expression analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analysis, which were mainly enriched in the regulating of inflammatory response, chemokine signalling pathway, apoptosis, lipid and AS, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway and so on according to the results of the enrichment analysis. Cytoscape software was applied to screen four pivotal genes (TYROBP, ITGB2, ITGAM and TLR2) based on PPI. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the expression level of pivotal genes was positively related to macrophages M0, and was negatively related to T cells follicular helper. In addition, the expression of ITGB2 was positively related to Tregs. In this study, bioinformatics was applied to screen pivotal genes affecting the progress of AS, which were significantly related to immune-related biological functions and signal pathways of atherosclerotic tissues and the infiltration level of immune cells. Therefore, pivotal genes were expected to become therapeutic targets for AS.

Abstract The emerging Space-Air-Ground, Artificial intelligence, blockchain and Vehicle-to-everything technology in Integrated Internet of Things (IoT) enables vehicles to communicate with other vehicles and roadside units (RSU), which improves communication efficiency and driving safety. Due to the rich data in the Integrated IoT, it is easy for illegal persons to steal data or deceive users. While reasonably allocating resources to complete the transmission task, it is still a challenge to ensure the communication security of vehicle users in Integrated IoT. In this paper, we study the cost of vehicle users transmitting tasks by Vehicle to Infrastructure and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) in Integrated IoT. In order to protect the information security, we establish the identity authentication and matching model to obtain a better channel environment of Integrated IoT. Moreover, we consider dynamic pricing based on bandwidth resource occupancy to ensure user experience and server load in Integrated IoT. Under the constraints of task tolerable delay, we fix the bandwidth on the V2V side and decouple the task decomposition and bandwidth allocation in Integrated IoT. Then, we propose algorithms Blockchain-based Vehicle Identity Authentication (BVIA) and Delay Weight Fairness Bandwidth Allocation (DWFBA). In this way, vehicle users and RSUs entering the Integrated IoT system are authenticated and matched with devices with good trust value, and the fairness of users resource allocation is guaranteed. Simulation results show that BVIA algorithm can reduce communication overhead, and DWFBA algorithm can control user costs and effectively reduce the number of task failures in Integrated IoT.

Chromatic confocal technology is widely used for precise, steady, and efficient displacement measurement in many industrial fields. It employs the confocal and dispersion principles to encode axial positions with the wavelengths of the reflected broad spectrum. The typical chromatic confocal sensor includes a light source, a dispersion objective, conjugate pinholes, and a spectral detection device. This study offers an overview of the current research on chromatic confocal technology. Because of its good performance in displacement detection, chromatic confocal technology has been widely used in contour measurement, biomedical imaging, and thickness measurements, as part of global and professional research. Due to its structural flexibility, it is also easily integrated into industrial equipment for in-machine and online profile measurements. It holds significant potential for future applications in industrial manufacturing and scientific research. However, there are also some challenges to be explored in terms of the broadband light source, dispersive optics design, and the balance between speed and accuracy in signal processing.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has become a hot topic in neuroscience research in recent years, especially in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, where its role in neurological diseases has received widespread attention. ACE2, as a multifunctional metalloprotease, not only plays a critical role in the cardiovascular system but also plays an important role in the protection, development, and inflammation regulation of the nervous system. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlights the importance of ACE2 in the nervous system. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding to ACE2, which may directly or indirectly affect the nervous system, leading to a range of neurological symptoms. This review aims to explore the function of ACE2 in the nervous system as well as its potential impact and therapeutic potential in various neurological diseases, providing a new perspective for the treatment of neurological disorders.

Abstract Background The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is a predominant group of transcription factors in plants, involved in regulating plant growth, development, and response to stressors. Additionally, the bZIP gene family has a key role in anthocyanin production. Despite the significant role of bZIP genes in plants, their potential contribution in lotus remains understudied. Results A total of 124 bZIP genes (59 NnbZIPs and 65 NlbZIPs) were identified from genomes of two lotus species. These genes were classified into 13 groups according to the grouping principle of the Arabidopsis bZIP gene family. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements indicated that most bZIP gene family members in lotus are associated with response to abiotic stresses. The promoters of some bZIP genes contain MYB binding sites that regulate anthocyanin synthesis. We examined the anthocyanin content of the petals from three different colored lotus, combined with transcriptome data analysis and qRT-PCR results, showing that the expression trends of NnbZIP36 and the homologous gene NlbZIP38 were significantly correlated with the anthocyanin content in lotus petals. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of NnbZIP36 in Arabidopsis promoted anthocyanin accumulation by upregulating the expression of genes (4CL, CHI, CHS, F3H, F3'H, DFR, ANS and UF3GT) related to anthocyanin synthesis. Conclusions Our study enhances the understanding of the bZIP gene family in lotus and provides evidence for the role of NnbZIP36 in regulating anthocyanin synthesis. This study also sets the stage for future investigations into the mechanism by which the bZIP gene family regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in lotus.

Music is integrated into daily life when listening to it, playing it, and singing, uniquely modulating brain activity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), celebrated for its ecological validity, has been used to elucidate this music–brain interaction. This scoping review synthesizes 22 empirical studies using fNIRS to explore the intricate relationship between music and brain function. This synthesis of existing evidence reveals that diverse musical activities, such as listening to music, singing, and playing instruments, evoke unique brain responses influenced by individual traits and musical attributes. A further analysis identifies five key themes, including the effect of passive and active music experiences on relevant human brain areas, lateralization in music perception, individual variations in neural responses, neural synchronization in musical performance, and new insights fNIRS has revealed in these lines of research. While this review highlights the limited focus on specific brain regions and the lack of comparative analyses between musicians and non-musicians, it emphasizes the need for future research to investigate the complex interplay between music and the human brain.

Climate change has been regarded as a primary threat to biodiversity at local, regional, and global scales. Populus euphratica Oliv. is one of the main constructive species in dryland regions and has a key role in regulating ecosystem processes and services. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the spatial distribution of habitat suitability of P. euphratica and how it will be affected by future climate change. Based on the distribution records collected from an online database and specialized literature, we applied an optimized MaxEnt model to predict the distribution range of P. euphratica in China under four climate change scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) for both current and future (2090s) conditions. We found that (1) future climate change would reduce the adaptability of P. euphratica, resulting in a significant decrease in its distribution area; (2) water availability had the most important effect on P. euphratica distribution; (3) the habitat for P. euphratica would shift northwestward and contract towards lower elevations closer to rivers in the future. These findings can provide a reference for developing long-term biodiversity conservation and management strategies in arid regions.

The ability of plants to alter specific combinations of leaf traits during development and in response to abiotic stress is crucial for their success and survival. While there are numerous studies on the variation of leaf traits within the canopies of Populus species, the application of network analysis to understand the variation and combinations of these traits across different growth stages is rare. The leaves of Populus euphratica, a dominant species in arid regions, exhibit notable morphological variations at different developmental stages and canopy heights in response to water scarcity and climate change. In this study, 34 leaf traits (morphological, chemical, photosynthetic, and hydraulic) and their roles in drought adaptation were investigated in 60 Populus euphratica plants at five developmental stages and five canopy heights using leaf trait network (LTN) analysis. The aim was to analyze adaptive strategies to arid environments at different developmental stages and canopy heights through the interdependence of leaf traits. The results showed that the internal coordination capacity of leaf trait networks decreased and then increased with each developmental stage, while the functional modules of leaf trait networks were loosely connected and aggregated with the increase in tree diameter at breast height. With increasing canopy height, the coordination linkage’s ability between leaf traits showed an increasing then decreasing trend, and the traits of the leaves in the canopy at 6 m were more closely connected, less modular, and simpler in topology compared with those in the other layers. Leaves form functional modules by coordinating specific traits that promote growth and resist drought. Leaf photosynthesis, water transport, and nutrient traits were central to different developmental stages, whereas leaf morphology, nutrient metabolism, and drought-resistance-related traits were central to the canopy height. Leaf morphology and osmoregulatory traits play key roles in leaf trait network regulation, including leaf length and width, leaf shape index, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins, which are important “intermediary traits” in the Populus euphratica leaf network. Further analysis revealed that structural traits were important at different developmental stages and canopy heights. When resources are limited, the leaf preferentially maintains a stable connection between structural traits to enhance photosynthesis, and these traits and their combinations might confer drought resistance. During the rapid development stage, the connection between chemical traits becomes important, and the leaf grows by rapidly accumulating nutrients. In summary, this study provides new perspectives and insights into the drought adaptation strategies of P. euphratica at different developmental stages and canopy heights by analyzing leaf trait networks.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biochar, produced from different agricultural residues varying in lignin and cellulose content and subjected to different pyrolysis temperatures, in removing cadmium ions (Cd (II)) from an aqueous solution. This removal process is crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Specifically, the study focused on the adsorption behaviors of Cd (II) by the biochars made from rice husk biochar (RHB), maize straw biochar (MSB), peanut shell biochar (PSB), cottonseed shell biochar (CHB), and mulberry leaf biochar (MLB), which were prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C. The results indicated that the type of agricultural residue used to produce biochar significantly influenced the adsorption of Cd (II). Notably, mulberry leaf biochar prepared at 300 °C (MLB-300) demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.2 mg g−1. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the impact of various factors, including system pH, NO3− concentration, and adsorption duration. The adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. Moreover, the study found that the lignin content of the biochar plays a major role in determining the adsorption capacity. The surface characteristics of biochar, influenced by the types of agricultural residues and preparation temperature, directly impact its adsorption mechanism and capacity. While biochar produced at 300 °C showed optimal Cd(II) adsorption, those processed at 600 °C were less effective, likely due to the loss of functional groups at higher temperatures.

Negative self-evaluative emotions arise when an individual engages in behavior that is perceived as inadequate or inconsistent with personal or societal norms and values, leading to feelings of inadequacy, shame, and dissatisfaction with oneself. These emotions are a central motivating force for changing unhealthy behaviors. However, negative evaluative emotions may also direct individuals towards defensive reactions such as reactance and avoidance. This can cause negative self-evaluative emotions to be less effective in reducing unhealthy behavior. More importantly, empirical evidence is needed to explore strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of interventions. In this study, we used an online experiment with 100 student participants to examine if increasing self-affirmation can increase the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions in reducing unhealthy food consumption. We found that negative self-evaluative emotions can significantly increase healthy food consumption. However, our analysis did not reveal a significant moderating impact of self-affirmation on the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions in reducing unhealthy consumption. This is the first study to explore the moderating impact of self-affirmation on the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions on health behavioral change, which opens new avenues for studying how to apply the combination of stimulating negative self-evaluative emotions and increasing self-affirmation to induce behavioral change regarding healthy diets and even a broader range of fields.

An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to habitat heterogeneity can be achieved by clarifying the climate-driving factors of the hydraulic and photosynthetic traits of different populations. With a focus on Populus pruinosa Schrenk, which is the predominant tree species in the desert riparian forests of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, this study investigated the hydraulic and photosynthetic trait relationships and their interactions with environmental factors in 11 P. pruinosa populations using a Pearson correlation analysis, plant trait networks, a redundancy analysis, and a least squares linear regression analysis. The results showed that the degree of variation in the hydraulic traits was higher than that in the photosynthetic traits. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) showed a significantly positive correlation with leaf-specific conductivity (Kl) and the Huber value (Hv). The Hv exhibited a significantly positive correlation with the water-use efficiency and Kl, and the branch–leaf mass ratio significantly affected the hydraulic traits. The groundwater depth (GD) in natural P. pruinosa forest habitats ranged from 3.4 to 7.9 m. With an increase in the annual average temperature, the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem significantly increased; with an increase in GD, Pn and Kl significantly decreased. The temperature annual range, temperature seasonality (standard deviation), min temperature of the coldest month, and GD were significantly correlated with the diameter and average path length of the overall trait network parameters, and these environmental factors affected the coordination of the functional traits of P. pruinosa.

In response to the intensification of urbanization, characterized by increasingly dense land use, the proliferation of high-rise residences has emerged as a predominant housing solution, particularly evident in developed cities like those in China. With a primary aim of enhancing the residential living environment within high-rise structures, this study advocates for a comprehensive whole life cycle perspective. By employing digital technology and conducting experiments centered on a representative case study, this paper focuses on optimizing the functional layout of public activity spaces within high-rise residential projects. Specifically, this article aims to address challenges such as the inadequate configuration and articulation of various public spaces, along with the underutilization of peripheral activity areas. Central to the optimization efforts is the utilization of the Kruskal algorithm, which enables the analysis of flow lines and functions, ultimately leading to the derivation of optimal solutions. Through a detailed analysis of our case study, this paper provides actionable insights into enhancing the feasibility and effectiveness of public spaces within high-rise residential projects. Recognizing the pivotal role of public space layout in shaping residents’ living experiences, the importance of addressing this issue early in the design phase was emphasized. By integrating scientifically driven digital technology solutions, smart, inclusive, and convenient communities that cater to the diverse needs of their inhabitants are aspired to be created.

With the rapid development of electronic information technology, higher requirements have been put forward for the dielectric properties and load-bearing capacity of materials. In continuous glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, polypropylene matrix is a non-polar polymer with a very low dielectric constant and dielectric loss, but polypropylene is extremely flammable which greatly limits its application. Aiming at the better application of flame retardant-modified continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites (FR/GF/PP) in the field of electronic communication, the effects of four different kinds of flame retardants (Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), halogen-free one-component flame retardant (MONO), halogen-free compound flame retardant (MULTI), and intumescent flame retardant (IFR)) on the properties of FR/GF/PP were compared, including the mechanical properties, dielectric properties and flame-retardant properties. The results showed that among the FR/GF/PP, IFR has the highest performance in mechanical properties, MULTI has better performance in LOI, DBDPE and IFR have better performance in flame retardant rating, and DBDPE and IFR have lower dielectric properties. Finally, gray relational analysis is applied to propose an approach for selecting the optimal combination (flame retardant type and flame-retardant content) of comprehensive performance. In the application exemplified in this paper, the performance of IFR-3-modified GF/PP is optimized.

Sophora alopecuroides has important uses in medicine, wind breaking, and sand fixation. The CHY-zinc-finger and RING-finger (CHYR) proteins are crucial for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation; however, genetic data regarding the CHYR family remain scarce. We aimed to investigate the CHYR gene family in S. alopecuroides and its response to abiotic stress, and identified 18 new SaCHYR genes from S. alopecuroides whole-genome data, categorized into 3 subclasses through a phylogenetic analysis. Gene structure, protein domains, and conserved motifs analyses revealed an exon–intron structure and conserved domain similarities. A chromosome localization analysis showed distribution across 12 chromosomes. A promoter analysis revealed abiotic stress-, light-, and hormone-responsive elements. An RNA-sequencing expression pattern analysis revealed positive responses of SaCHYR genes to salt, alkali, and drought stress. SaCHYR4 overexpression considerably enhanced alkali and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. These findings shed light on SaCHYR’s function and the resistance mechanisms of S. alopecuroides, presenting new genetic resources for crop resistance breeding.

The application of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composites (GF/PP) is limited due to the inadequate flame retardancy of the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Apart from altering the composition of the flame retardants, the distribution modes of flame retardants also impact material performance. In this study, an alternative approach involving non-uniform distribution is proposed, namely, dispersed distribution, in which non-flame-retardant-content layers (NFRLs) and/or low-flame-retardant-content layers (LFRLs) are dispersed among high-flame-retardant-content layers (HFRLs). The mechanical, flame retardant and dielectric properties of GF/PP with intumescent flame retardant (IFR/GF/PP) are investigated comparatively under uniform, gradient, and dispersed distributions of the flame retardants. The results demonstrate that non-uniform distribution exhibits superior flame retardant performance compared to uniform distribution. Dispersed distribution enables IFR/GF/PP to attain enhanced mechanical properties and reduced dielectric constants while maintaining excellent flame-retardant properties.

Osteoporosis (OP), a prevalent skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased susceptibility to fractures, poses a significant public health concern. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of research in the field, focusing on the application of proteomic techniques to elucidate diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for OP. The integration of cutting-edge proteomic technologies has enabled the identification and quantification of proteins associated with bone metabolism, leading to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OP. In this review, we systematically examine recent advancements in proteomic studies related to OP, emphasizing the identification of potential biomarkers for OP diagnosis and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in the field, highlighting the potential impact of proteomic research in transforming the landscape of OP diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract Background Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is a causative treatment in allergic rhinitis (AR), comprising long-term allergen administration and over three years of treatment. This study is carried out for revealing the mechanisms and key genes of AIT in AR. Methods The present study utilized online Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray expression profiling dataset GSE37157 and GSE29521 to analyze the hub genes changes related to AIT in AR. Based on limma package, differential expression analysis for the two groups (samples of allergic patients prior to AIT and samples of allergic patients undergoing AIT) was performed to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of DEGs were conducted using DAVID database. A Protein-Protein Interaction network (PPI) was built and a significant network module was acquired by using Cytoscape software (Cytoscape, 3.7.2). Utilizing the miRWalk database, we identified potential gene biomarkers, constructed interaction networks of target genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) using Cytoscape software, and explore the cell type-specific expression patterns of these genes in peripheral blood using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data (GSE200107). Finally, we are using PCR to detect changes in the hub genes that are screened using the above method in peripheral blood before and after AIT treatment. Results GSE37157 and GSE29521 included 28 and 13 samples, respectively. A total of 119 significantly co-upregulated DEGs and 33 co-downregulated DEGs were obtained from two datasets. The GO and KEGG analyses demonstrated that protein transport, positive regulation of apoptotic process, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, T cell receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway and Apoptosis may be potential candidate therapeutic targets for AIT of AR. From the PPI network, 20 hub genes were obtained. Among them, the PPI sub-networks of CASP3, FOXO3, PIK3R1, PIK3R3, ATF4, and POLD3 screened out from our study have been identified as reliable predictors of AIT in AR, especially the PIK3R1. Conclusion Our analysis has identified novel gene signatures, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AIT in the treatment of AR.

With the rapid development and in-depth application of information technology, algorithms are widely used in transportation, medical care, e-commerce, information services, public management and other fields, but their own data dependence, logical black box and general purpose characteristics also bring about data abuse in algorithm applications, algorithm discrimination in public management, algorithm manipulation in information services, algorithm collusion in market competition.In order to deal with the problems caused by the application of algorithms, countries have actively taken measures to strengthen the governance of algorithm applications.To promote the effective use of algorithms and strengthen algorithm governance, we need to further strengthen top-level design, improve governance pattern, enrich governance means, strengthen international coordination, and constantly improve the algorithm governance system.

Abstract Henan Province is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and one of the earliest human settlements, which means that the area has an important national cultural heritage. Traditional villages are an important facet of this cultural heritage, and studying their spatiotemporal characteristics in different periods has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the region. This paper takes the traditional villages of the Yellow River basin in Henan Province that were formed before 1919 as the research object. Information on the ancient river was obtained through a literature search as well as via field research, and the important tributaries of the Yellow River in different periods were mapped using ArcGIS 10.0 software. The nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse and other methods were adopted to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the traditional villages. The factors that influenced the evolution of traditional villages were explored in depth by combining changes in the course of the river and water conservancy projects. The results show that the formation of traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province has experienced a historical track of growth, contraction, growth and prosperity and stability. The traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province generally show a clustered pattern, forming a dense concentration of traditional villages in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The center of gravity shows a migration trend from southeast to northwest. In terms of influencing factors, the spatiotemporal evolution of the relationship between villages and their distance to water is closely related to climatic fluctuations, changes in channel, water conservancy projects and social and cultural factors. This paper deepens our understanding of the relationship between traditional village evolution and watersheds by improving the consistency between village spatial distribution and historical geography and provides a useful theoretical reference for the sustainable development of China’s traditional villages.

IntroductionLigninolytic bacteria can secrete extracellular enzymes to depolymerize lignin into small-molecular aromatics that are subsequently metabolized and funneled into the TCA cycle. Carbohydrates, which are the preferred carbon sources of bacteria, influence the metabolism of lignin-derived aromatics through bacteria.MethodsIn this study, untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were performed to investigate the effect of carbohydrates on lignin degradation mediated by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-13, a strain with lignin-degrading activity that was isolated in our previous work.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the cell growth of the MN-13 strain and lignin removal were promoted when carbohydrates such as glucose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were added to an alkaline lignin-minimal salt medium (AL-MSM) culture. Metabolomics analysis showed that lignin depolymerization took place outside the cells, and the addition of glucose regulated the uptake and metabolism of lignin-derived monomers and activated the downstream metabolism process in cells. In the transcriptomics analysis, 299 DEGs were screened after 24 h of inoculation in AL-MSM with free glucose and 2 g/L glucose, respectively, accounting for 8.3% of the total amount of annotated genes. These DEGs were primarily assigned to 30 subcategories, including flagellar assembly, the PTS system, RNA degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. These subcategories were closely associated with the cell structure, generation of cellular energy, and precursors for biosynthetic pathways, based on a − log 10 (P adjust) value in the KEGG pathway analysis.ConclusionIn summary, the addition of glucose increased lignin degradation mediated by the MN-13 strain through regulating glycolysis, TCA cycle, and central carbon metabolism.

Autophagy mediates PM2.5-related lung injury (LI) and is tightly linked to inflammation and apoptosis processes. IL-37 has been demonstrated to regulate autophagy. This research aimed to examine the involvement of IL-37 in the progression of PM2.5-related LI and assess whether autophagy serves as a mediator for its effects.To create a model of PM2.5-related LI, this research employed a nose-only PM2.5 exposure system and utilized both human IL-37 transgenic mice and wild-type mice. The hIL-37tg mice demonstrated remarkable reductions in pulmonary inflammation and pathological LI compared to the WT mice. Additionally, they exhibited activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which served to regulate the levels of autophagy and apoptosis.Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed a dose-dependent upregulation of autophagy and apoptotic proteins following exposure to PM2.5 DMSO extraction. Simultaneously, p-AKT and p-mTOR expression was found to decrease. However, pretreatment with IL-37 demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the levels of autophagy and apoptotic proteins, along with an elevation of p-AKT and p-mTOR. Interestingly, pretreatment with rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, weakened the therapeutic impact of IL-37. Conversely, the therapeutic impact of IL-37 was enhanced when treated with 3-MA, a potent autophagy inhibitor. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of IL-37 on autophagy was successfully reversed by administering AKT inhibitor MK2206. The findings suggest that IL-37 can inhibit both the inflammatory response and autophagy, leading to the alleviation of PM2.5-related LI. At the molecular level, IL-37 may exert its anti autophagy and anti apoptosis effects by activating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Deep synthesis technology is a widely used application in the field of artificial intelligence, particularly in intelligent services, audio and video production, media communication and information services.A basic research was conducted on the principle and implementation of deep synthesis technology.And the application of deep synthesis technology were analyzed, such as robot writing, voice synthesis, intelligent customer service, voice replication, face synthesis, posture manipulation, virtual characters and virtual scenes.Based on the analysis of the characteristics and development trend of the application of deep synthesis, the risks brought by the application of deep synthesis technology were summarized, such as the generation and dissemination of false information, infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of others, utilization by other illegal and criminal activities, and impact on national security.The measures taken by the EU, United States and China to govern the application of deep synthesis technology were studied and the countermeasures were recommended such as building a comprehensive regulatory rule system, strengthening technical supervision, and improving risk prevention awareness across society.Furthermore, the need for intelligence, authenticity, and universality in the application of deep synthesis technology was highlighted.Based on the analysis of the characteristics and development trends of deep synthesis technology, a comprehensive insight into the potential risks and countermeasures associated with its application governance were provided.

Abstract Background When infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis, gingival fibroblasts undergo metabolic reprogramming, and rely on aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for rapid energy replenishment. Hexokinases (HKs) are catalysts for glucose metabolism, and HK2 constitutes the major HK inducible isoform. The objective of this study is to determine whether HK2-mediated glycolysis promotes inflammatory responses in inflamed gingiva. Methods Levels of glycolysis-related genes were assessed in normal and inflamed gingiva. Human gingival fibroblasts were harvested and infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis in order to mimic periodontal inflammation. 2-deoxy-d-glucose, an analogue of glucose, was used to block HK2-mediated glycolysis, while small interfering RNA was used to knock down HK2 expression. The mRNA and protein levels of genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. HK2 activity and lactate production were assessed by ELISA. Cell proliferation was assessed by confocal microscopy. The generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed by flow cytometry. Results Elevated expression of HK2 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 was observed in the inflamed gingiva. P. gingivalis infection was shown to promote glycolysis in human gingival fibroblasts, as evidenced by increased gene transcription of HK2 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, cell glucose consumption, and HK2 activity. Inhibition and knockdown of HK2 resulted in reduced cytokine production, cell proliferation, and reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, P. gingivalis infection activated the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling pathway, thus promoting HK2-mediated glycolysis and proinflammatory responses. Conclusions HK2-mediated glycolysis promotes inflammatory responses in gingival tissues, and therefore glycolysis can be targeted in order to inhibit the progression of periodontal inflammation.

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, one that is crucial in both plant defense and human health. Although many CHI genes have been previously identified, the function of CHI-like genes in soybean remains unclear. In this study, we cloned the CHI-like genes GmCHI4A and GmCHI4B (GmCHI4s) in soybean. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that GmCHI4s were expressed primarily in soybean root, but were also present in other tissues, including the stem, leaf, and seed with a low expression level. Overexpression of GmCHI4s was able to significantly improve some beneficial traits of the transformed hair roots of cotyledon or composite plants under salt stress conditions. Root length, root wet weight, and the underground biomass was increased, and the elevation of MDA content was inhibited under 100 mmol L−1 or 150 mmol L−1 NaCl treatment. Leaf chlorophyll content was elevated in overexpressed GmCHI4A composite plants under 150 mmol L−1 NaCl treatment. The expression levels of salt-stress-related genes GmSOD1, GmAPX1, GmSOS1, and GmNHX1 were significantly upregulated in overexpressed GmCHI4 hairy roots compared to that in empty-vector-expressed hairy roots. The above results indicated GmCHI4s’ potential action against salt stress. Furthermore, overexpression of GmCHI4A and GmCHI4B increased the total isoflavone content by six times and three times, respectively. Glycitin and glycitein levels were significantly elevated in the overexpressed GmCHI4A hairy roots, while glycitin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein were significantly increased in overexpressed GmCHI4B hairy roots. This study identified a new function of the CHI-like gene, as well as providing a new selected gene for salt tolerance and isoflavone improvement using biotechnological approaches in soybean.

In this study, in order to expand the engineering application range of thermoplastic corrugated sheets, flame-retardant thermoplastic corrugated sheets were prepared by the thermoplastic molding method. Based on our previous research results, we prepared flame-retardant prepreg tapes with the flame retardant addition accounting for 15%, 20%, and 25% of the resin matrix. Then, we prepared flame-retardant thermoplastic corrugated sandwich panels with corresponding flame retardant addition amounts. The limiting oxygen index test, vertical combustion test, cone calorimetry test, and mechanical property test were carried out on each group of samples and control group samples. The results showed that when the flame retardant was added at 25%, the flame retardant level could reach the V0 level. Compared with the control group, the flexural strength and flexural modulus decreased by 2.6%, 14.1%, and 19.9% and 7.3%, 16.1%, and 21.9%, respectively. When the amount of flame retardant was 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, the total heat release decreased by 16.3%, 23.5%, and 34.1%, and the maximum heat release rate decreased by 12.5%, 32.4%, and 37.4%, respectively.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) abnormal aggregate and mitochondrial dysfunction play a crucial role in its pathological development. Recent studies have revealed that proteins can form condensates through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), and LLPS has been found to be widely present in α-syn aberrant aggregate and mitophagy-related protein physiological processes. This review summarizes the occurrence of α-syn LLPS and its influencing factors, introduces the production and transformation of the related protein LLPS during PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy, hoping to provide new ideas and methods for the study of PD pathology.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory disorder affecting the nasal and paranasal sinuses. Mitophagy, the process of selective mitochondrial degradation via autophagy, is crucial for maintaining cellular balance. However, the role of mitophagy in CRS is not well-studied. This research aims to examine the role of mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) in CRS, with a particular focus on the heterogeneity of endothelial cells (ECs).Methods: We employed both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data to investigate the role of MRGs in CRS. We compiled a combined database of 92 CRS samples and 35 healthy control samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and we explored the differential expression of MRGs between them. A logistic regression model was built based on seven key genes identified through Random Forests and Support Vector Machines - Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE). Consensus cluster analysis was used to categorize CRS patients based on MRG expression patterns and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to find modules of highly correlated genes of the different clusters. Single-cell RNA sequencing data was utilized to analyze MRGs and EC heterogeneity in CRS.Results: Seven hub genes—SQSTM1, SRC, UBA52, MFN2, UBC, RPS27A, and ATG12—showed differential expression between two groups. A diagnostic model based on hub genes showed excellent prognostic accuracy. A strong positive correlation was found between the seven hub MRGs and resting dendritic cells, while a significant negative correlation was observed with mast cells and CD8+ T cells. CRS could be divided into two subclusters based on MRG expression patterns. WGCNA analysis identified modules of highly correlated genes of these two different subclusters. At the single-cell level, two types of venous ECs with different MRG scores were identified, suggesting their varying roles in CRS pathogenesis, especially in the non-eosinophilic CRS subtype.Conclusion: Our comprehensive study of CRS reveals the significant role of MRGs and underscores the heterogeneity of ECs. We highlighted the importance of Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and TGFb pathways in mediating the effects of mitophagy, particularly the MIF. Overall, our findings enhance the understanding of mitophagy in CRS, providing a foundation for future research and potential therapeutic developments.

Subwavelength imaging plays an important role in various fields of science and technology. We propose a electro-thermally tunable hyperlens design featuring alternating graphene/metal/dielectric layers that enables subdiffraction far-field imaging with real-time amplification capabilities at terahertz frequencies. We show that one layer of graphene is able to increase the intensity of the subwavelength image of the hyperlens radiation in the near and far zones by tuning its chemical potential by the applied voltage. The proposed hyperlens is dynamically tunable with temperature changes over a wide frequency range. Simultaneous or independent electro-thermal tunability of the hyperlens opens new multifunctional possibilities for light manipulation. This improves the quality of subwavelength images for new devices in the terahertz range.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 has been linked to both insulin resistance and exercise training adaptations in skeletal muscle. This study explores the previously unexamined role of NOX2 in the interplay between diet-induced insulin resistance and exercise training (ET). Using a mouse model that harbors a point mutation in the essential NOX2 regulatory subunit, p47phox (Ncf1*), we investigated the impact of this mutation on various metabolic adaptations. Wild-type (WT) and Ncf1* mice were assigned to three groups: chow diet, 60% energy fat diet (HFD), and HFD with access to running wheels (HFD + E). After a 16-week intervention, a comprehensive phenotypic assessment was performed, including body composition, glucose tolerance, energy intake, muscle insulin signaling, redox-related proteins, and mitochondrial adaptations. The results revealed that NOX2 deficiency exacerbated the impact of HFD on body weight, body composition, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, in Ncf1* mice, ET did not improve glucose tolerance or increase muscle cross-sectional area. ET normalized body fat independently of genotype. The lack of NOX2 activity during ET reduced several metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, including insulin signaling and expression of Hexokinase II and oxidative phosphorylation complexes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that NOX2 mediates key beneficial effects of exercise training in the context of diet-induced obesity.

This study aimed to investigate the maternally inherited intergenerational and transgenerational effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on steroid hormone synthesis in the ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) of offspring rats. F1 rats were obtained by mating adult female Sprague–Dawley rats with healthy adult male rats and were exposed to 0, 0.5, 2.0, and 8.0 mg/kg CdCl2 during pregnancy. The adult female rats (PND 56) were mated with healthy adult male rats to produce F2 and F3 rats. The serum progesterone (Pg) and estradiol (E2) levels of the F2 adult female rats were decreased, while those of F3 rats were significantly increased. Moreover, hormone synthesis-related genes had different expression patterns in the F2 and F3 generations. F2 and F3 rat ovarian GCs exhibited altered miRNA expression profiles and DNA methylation patterns. Validation of miRNAs that regulate hormone synthesis-related genes in the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway suggested that miR-124–3p was downregulated in F2 and F3 rats, while miR-133a-5p and miR-150–5p were upregulated in F2 rats and downregulated in F3 rats. In summary, 1) there are maternal genetic intergenerational (GCs hormone synthesis disorder) and transgenerational (GCs hormone synthesis function repair change) effects on hormone synthesis function changes in offspring GCs induced by Cd exposure during pregnancy. 2) Changes in miRNAs and DNA methylation modifications associated with the genetic effects of altered hormone synthesis function in offspring GCs induced by Cd exposure during pregnancy are important. 3) Under the current environmental level of Cd exposure, the possible risk of maternal genetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects of offspring ovarian toxicity should be strongly considered.

Soil fungal communities play a crucial role in maintaining and regulating ecosystem functions. The soil fungal structure of different plant communities in forests has been widely studied. However, the drivers of changes in soil fungal community dynamics in warm temperate secondary forests and the pathways influencing them remain to be explored. The Illumina high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild platform were used to characterize the soil fungal diversity and community composition of six typical plant communities (JM, Juglans mandshurica; PD, Populus davidiana; QM, Quercus mongolica; MB, mixed broadleaf forest; MC, mixed conifer forest; PT, Pinus tabuliformis) in warm temperate secondary forests. The drivers of structural changes in dominant fungal taxa and functional groups were also explored. The pathways through which forest type, soil properties, altitude, climate, and plant diversity affected fungal community structure were further clarified. The results suggested that Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota dominated the soil fungal communities in warm temperate secondary forests. Except for symbiotic fungi, there was no significant difference in soil fungal α-diversity among forest types. However, there were significant differences in total fungi and functional group community composition. The drivers of diversity and community composition of different soil fungal taxa in warm temperate secondary forests differed. In addition, the partial least squares path model indicated that the composition of soil fungal community in warm temperate secondary forests was directly influenced by forest type and was less dependent on soil properties. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of forest type, soil properties, and other factors (climate, altitude, plant diversity) in driving changes in soil fungal community structure.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the fastest growing disabling neurological disorder worldwide, with motor and non-motor symptoms being its main clinical manifestations. The primary pathological features include a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and decrease in dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway. Existing treatments only alleviate clinical symptoms and do not stop disease progression; slowing down the loss of dopaminergic neurons and stimulating their regeneration are emerging therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of dopamine cells generated from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells can restore the loss of dopamine. However, the application of cell transplantation is limited owing to ethical controversies and the restricted source of cells. Until recently, the reprogramming of astrocytes to replenish lost dopaminergic neurons has provided a promising alternative therapy for PD. In addition, repair of mitochondrial perturbations, clearance of damaged mitochondria in astrocytes, and control of astrocyte inflammation may be extensively neuroprotective and beneficial against chronic neuroinflammation in PD. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on the progress and remaining issues in astrocyte reprogramming using transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, as well as exploring possible new targets for treating PD by repairing astrocytic mitochondria and reducing astrocytic inflammation.

Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis (AS) seriously endanger human health, which is closely related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypes. VSMC phenotypic transformation is marked by the alteration of phenotypic marker expression and cellular behaviour. Intriguingly, the mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics altered during VSMC phenotypic transformation. Firstly, this review combs VSMC mitochondrial metabolism in three aspects: mitochondrial ROS generation, mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and calcium metabolism respectively. Secondly, we summarized the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating VSMC phenotypes. We further emphasized the association between mitochondria and cytoskelton via presenting cytoskeletal support during mitochondrial dynamics process, and discussed its impact on their respective dynamics. Finally, considering that both mitochondria and cytoskeleton are mechano-sensitive organelles, we demonstrated their direct and indirect interaction under extracellular mechanical stimuli through several mechano-sensitive signaling pathways. We additionally discussed related researches in other cell types in order to inspire deeper thinking and reasonable speculation of potential regulatory mechanism in VSMC phenotypic transformation.

Ethylene plays an important role in grape ripening, acting through ethylene response factors (ERFs) that are downstream of ethylene signaling pathways, yet little else is known about these molecular mechanisms. In our study, we demonstrate that ethylene treatment promotes grape ripening and that the transcription factor VvERF75 shows increased expression during grape ripening. VvERF75 was found to contain a conserved AP2/ERF domain, to be a member of the ERF IXa subfamily, and to localize to the nucleus and to have transactivation activity in yeast. Our in vitro assays showed that VvERF75 can positively regulate expression of pheophorbide a oxygenase (VvPAO1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (VvACS5) by binding to DRE motifs in their promoters. Overexpression of VvERF75 in tomato increased ethylene production and resulted in dwarfed plants, early flowering and fruit ripening, increased SlPAO and SlACS transcript levels, and decreased chlorophyll content. In general, our study revealed that VvERF75 may regulate fruit ripening by promoting ethylene biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation, a discovery that lays a foundation for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of grape ripening.

Blood glucose (BG) monitoring in patients with diabetes is critical for diabetes management. Minimally invasive BG monitoring is urgently required to increase the patient compliance. Herein, based on a responsive hydrogel system, we developed a smart microneedle patch system for minimally invasive glucose monitoring. The patch consisted of a transparent substrate of photocurable resin and microneedles made of a pH-responsive and glucose-responsive hydrogel. The responsive hydrogel was composed of a photocrosslinkable hydrogel of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) together with a pH-responsive nanogel (nano(CMC-pHEA)) and glucose oxidase (GOx). The composite hydrogel showed fast response and high sensitivity to glucose levels in physiological range, mainly due to the ionization of CMC-pHEA component and proton balance. The microneedles showed sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate the skin of mice with minimal invasion, and achieved in situ extraction of glucose in interstitial fluid (ISF) and in situ glucose-responsive reaction. We demonstrated the rapid glucose monitoring by microneedle patch system in skin-mimicking gels in vitro and in diabetic mice in vivo. The microneedles quickly and sensitively responded to glucose concentrations, allowed quantitative readouts of glucose levels through the changes of microneedle heights and swelling ratios. Moreover, the readouts in mice in vivo were consistent with BG levels measured by glucometer. This smart microneedle system has potentials to replace blood sampling, and minimize patient discomfort during BG testing, therefore has potentials in minimally invasive, rapid and reliable BG monitoring.

【Objective】Due to the instability of flower color and some other growth traits of chrysanthemums growing in high temperature environment in South China, effective LED light combinations were investigated to regulate the growth and flower color of chrysanthemums in order to provide theoretical references of LED light cultivation technology for the production of chrysanthemums.【Method】Different LED light combination treatments of RBFR (the photosynthetic photon flux density PPFD ratio of red ∶ blue ∶ far-red light ≈ 10 ∶ 7 ∶ 2.5), RBUV (red ∶ blue ∶ ultraviolet light ≈ 10 ∶ 6 ∶ 0.5) and WB (white ∶ blue ≈ 10 ∶ 4.8) were performed on 35-day-old potted seedlings of commercially popular chrysanthemum cultivars of 'Pink Ping Pong'and Purple Ping Pong, the LED white light treatment was used as the CK group, the total light intensity of each group was set to be about 240 μmol·m-2s-1, and all treatments lasted for 80 days. The changes of growth trait indicators of the chrysanthemums growing from seedling to mature flowering were observed and photographed.【Result】(1) Compared with CK group, the plant heights of 80-day-treatment Pink Ping Pong and 70-day-treatment Purple Ping Pong under RBFR treatment increased by 18.3% and 27.3% respectively, the stem thicknesses increased by 14.1% and 38.1% respectively, the petiole lengths increased by 0.4% and 34.8% respectively; and the mean values of leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight of the 70-day-treatment Purple Ping Pong under RBFR treatment were 18.6%, 5.8%, 25.6% and 45.5% higher than those of CK group, respectively; values of the above growth trait indicators were the highest among all treatment groups. (2) In terms of flowering trait indicators of the 70-day-treatment Ping Pong, mean values of peduncle length, peduncle diameter, petal length and petal width of the top capitulum and diameter of side capitulum of 'Pink Ping Pong'under WB treatment were the highest among all treatment groups, which were 4.5%, 2.3%, 10.9%, 17.3%, and 19.1% higher than those of CK group respectively, and the petals were of the most pink color. At the same time, Purple Ping Pong of WB group had the largest flower diameter and the petals were of the most purple color. In addition, RBFR treatment was the second most effective in improving flower traits, and peduncle length of the side capitulum of Pink Ping Pong was the longest among all treatment groups, which was 28.3% longer than that of CK group; mean values of number of buds, number of expended capitulums, peduncle length of side capitulum, petal length and petal width of the largest capitulum were also the highest among all treatment groups, which were 32.3%, 15.0%, 38.4%, 5.8% and 12.8% higher than those of CK group respectively; in addition, RBFR treatment also resulted in the early opening of capitulums of Chrysanthemum 'Ping Pong'. (3) The growth traits of Chrysanthemum Ping Pong under RBUV treatment were not significantly different from those of CK group, but the number of leaves and the SPAD value of leaves increased, and the ratio of leaf dry weight were significantly increased, however, the decrease of Fv/Fm value decreased was larger than that of other groups and the flower quality decreased obviously.【Conclusion】It can be seen that RBFR treatment can significantly promote the vegetative growth and peduncle length of the side capitulum of Chrysanthemum Ping Pong, and result in the early opening of the capitulums. Meanwhile, WB treatment significantly improves the flower quality. Therefore, the two LED light combinations can provide a reference for people to use artificial lights to improve the planting quality of chrysanthemums in the future.

Abstract Background Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a significant cause of mortality among patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). Inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy increases difficulty in BSI diagnosis and treatment. Knowing the risk of BSI at early stage may help improve clinical outcomes and reduce antibiotic overuse. Methods We constructed a multivariate prediction model based on clinical features and serum inflammatory markers using a cohort of FUO patients over a 5-year period by Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and logistic regression. Results Among 712 FUO patients, BSI was confirmed in 55 patients. Five independent predictors available within 24 h after admission for BSI were identified: presence of diabetes mellitus, chills, C-reactive protein level of 50–100 mg/L, procalcitonin > 0.3 ng/mL, neutrophil percentage > 75%. A predictive score incorporating these 5 variables has adequate concordance with an area under the curve of 0.85. The model showed low positive predictive value (22.6%), but excellent negative predictive value (97.4%) for predicting the risk of BSI. The risk of BSI reduced to 2.0% in FUO patients if score

Background Primary lymphoma of the female genital tract (PLFGT) is a sporadic extranodal lymphoma. Its epidemiology and prognosis are not fully recognized. Our study aimed to construct and validate prognostic nomograms for predicting survival for patients with PLFGT.Methods Incidence rate from 1975 to 2017 and patients with PLFGT from 1975 to 2011 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were retrospectively reviewed. The nomograms of overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were established according to the multivariate Cox regression analyses. The concordance index (C-index) and calibration plots were used to demonstrate its robustness and accuracy.Results A total of 617 PLFGT patients were identified. The overall incidence of PLFGT is 0.437/1,000,000 (adjusted to the US standard population in 2000) from 1975 to 2017. Age, histological subtype, Ann Arbor Stage, and therapeutic strategy were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and DSS by multivariate Cox regression (p

Background To assess the impact of trials with potential financial conflict of interests (FCOIs) on evidence synthesis in meta-analyses (MAs).Methods A total of 96 MAs from the Cochrane Library about drug trials were investigated. The primary outcomes examined the proportion of conclusions that would change with the exclusion of trials with potential FCOIs. If the proportion of changed conclusions was below the non-inferiority margin of 10%, we considered that it was not inferior to include the trials with potential FCOIs in the MAs.Results Only 54.17% of MAs reported the funding sources of each included trial, and in 21.88% of MAs, the authorindustry- related financial ties of each included trial were reported. When trials with FCOIs were excluded, the changed conclusions of effectiveness and major adverse events were 13.16% and 11.11%, respectively, and the I2 decreased by 13.56% and 10.09%, respectively. For serious adverse events, the exclusion of FCOIs trials did not lead to any change in conclusions; however, the I2 decreased by 24.24%. The impact of trials without reported FCOIs was also examined on evidence synthesis, and the results showed that the changed conclusions of effectiveness and major adverse events were 5.26% and 6.25%, respectively, indicating non-inferiority. However, the I2 increased by 13.60% and 12.37%, respectively.Conclusion In this meta-epidemiological study, we demonstrated that trials with FCOIs may not only influence the final outcome of MAs but may also increase the heterogeneity of results. It is suggested that all MAs fully report the FCOIs involved in evidence-based research and explore the impact of its FCOIs to better provide a more valuable reference for patients, clinicians, and policy-makers.

In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection broke. With the gradual deepening understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, researchers and clinicians noticed that this disease is closely related to the nervous system and has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this review, we summarize the effects and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system, including the pathways of invasion, direct and indirect effects, and associated neuropsychiatric diseases, to deepen our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and the nervous system.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a rare movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions on one side of the face. Compared to the high therapeutic effect, adverse effects of botulinum toxin treatment for HFS occurred rarely. However, managing HFS patients who are also taking antithrombotic drugs poses a challenge. Here, we present a case of postoperative ecchymoma of the eyelid following a botulinum toxin injection in a patient receiving daily vinpocetine and aspirin antiplatelet therapy. This case highlights the importance of considering the potential risks and formulating a treatment plan that maximizes benefit while minimizing complications in HFS patients undergoing botulinum toxin injections and taking antithrombotic medications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of postoperative ecchymoma of the eyelid following a botulinum toxin injection. Further research and additional case reports are needed to better understand the management strategies for this patient population.