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The friction clutch is an important machine part in the torque transmission system, where it is responsible for gently transmitting the power from the engine to the gearbox and damping the tensional vibration. At the beginning of the engagement between the clutch’s elements, a large amount of heat is released due to frictional sliding between the elements of the clutch system, generating very high temperatures. In this work, the two- and three-dimensional finite element models were developed from scratch to explore the clutch disk’s temperature and contact pressure behaviors using an alternative frictional material such as functionally graded material (FGM). The two assumptions for the thermal loads were considered: uniform wear and uniform pressure assumptions. The thermal–structural problem for the new frictional material was solved numerically and then presented as the temperature distributions and the contact pressure at any instant of sliding time. Also, a comparison was made between the clutch system behaviors when using FGM with different frictional materials. The results showed that the FGM has superior results to the other available frictional materials.

When a component was built from a functionally graded material (FGM), the temperature of contact was determined using an analytical model (FGM). The analytical solution is applied using the concept of equivalent properties. In order to fully examine the dynamic of the equivalent property principle, a numerical analysis was done. The FGM (silicon carbide and aluminum) friction liner was used. It focuses on a few characteristics that have an impact, such as load, velocity, friction material type, and slip time, which appear in dimensionless form. The results show that for loads and velocities, the ratio of the rate of dissipation to the rate of generation of heat transfer is one, whereas the behavior differs for friction material and slip time. Furthermore, this study’s chosen FGM exhibits superior thermal behavior compared to Al and Sic, bolstering its viability as a friction liner in the clutch system.

The solar distillation system becomes necessary to treat the salt water and replace it with pure water, especially in areas of outlying rural. There are many methods that can be followed to improve the distillation system, one of these methods applied in the present work is using crushed porous coal rocks compared with traditional solar distillate systems. The present work included two parts; numerical and experimental. The experimental parts included a set of experiments with and without using crushed porous coal rocks and with changing of the water height above the endothermic surface by (10, 20, and 30) mm. The numerical simulation was carried out by using ANSYS FLUENT programming to solve the governing differential equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) to validate the results of numerical simulation with experimental data. The results proved that using crushed porous coal rocks as an endothermic surface at 10 mm water height was given the best results compared with the traditional solar distillate system, depending on the amount of water collected outside the solar collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of entropy and mixed convection in a nanofluid-filled 3D wavy tank containing a rotating cylinder is investigated. The top wavy surface of the tank is heated and all vertical surfaces are assumed to be adiabatic, while the bottom horizontal surface remains isothermally cold. The tank contains a solid cylinder and is saturated with an Al2O3–water nanofluid. The numerical simulations using the FEM are performed for the Richardson number ( 0.01 ≤ R i ≤ 100 ), nanoparticle volume fraction ( 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04 ) and number of oscillations ( 0 ≤ N ≤ 4 ). The numerical results of the present work are given in terms of 3D streamlines, isotherms and local entropy generation, as well as average heat transfer and Bejan number. The results show that for low values of the Richardson number and oscillation, heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]