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To examine the diversity, equity, and inclusion landscape in academic trauma surgery and the EAST organization.In 2019, the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) surveyed its members on equity and inclusion in the #EAST4ALL survey and assessed leadership representation. We hypothesized that women and surgeons of color (SOC) are underrepresented as EAST members and leaders.Survey responses were analyzed post-hoc for representation of females and SOC in academic appointments and leadership, EAST committees, and the EAST board, and compared to the overall respondent cohort. EAST membership and board demographics were compared to demographic data from the Association of American Medical Colleges.Of 306 respondents, 37.4% identified as female and 23.5% as SOC. There were no significant differences in female and SOC representation in academic appointments and EAST committees compared to their male and white counterparts. In academic leadership, females were underrepresented (p0.0001) while SOC were not (p=0.08). Both females and SOC were underrepresented in EAST board membership (p=0.002 and p=0.043, respectively). Of EAST's 33 presidents, three have been white women (9%), two have been Black, non-African American men (6%), and 28 (85%) have been white men. When compared to 2017 AAMC data, women are well-represented in EAST's 2020 membership (p0.0001) and proportionally represented on EAST's 2019-2020 board (p0.05).The #EAST4ALL survey suggests that women and SOC may be underrepresented as leaders in academic trauma surgery. However, lack of high-quality demographic data makes evaluating representation of structurally marginalized groups challenging. National trauma organizations should elicit data from their members to re-assess and promote the diversity landscape in trauma surgery.

INTRODUCTION The CHRNA7 gene encodes the α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR) that regulates anti-inflammatory responses to injury; however, only humans express a variant gene called CHRFAM7A that alters the function of α7nAChR; CHRFAM7A expression predominates in bone marrow and monocytes/macrophages where the CHRFAM7A/CHRNA7 ratio is highly variable between individuals. We have previously shown in transgenic mice that CHRFAM7A increased emergency myelopoiesis from the bone marrow and monocyte/macrophage expression in lungs. MATERIALS AND METHODS CHRFAM7A transgenic mice are compared to age- and gender-matched wild-type (WT) siblings. We utilized a model of sepsis using LPS injection to measure survival. Lung vascular permeability was measured after severe burn injury in WT vs. CHRFAM7A transgenic mice. Bone marrow CHRFAM7A expression was evaluated using adoptive transfer of CHRFAM7A transgenic bone marrow into WT mice. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that CHRFAM7A expression results in an anti-inflammatory phenotype with an improved survival to LPS and decreased acute lung injury in a severe cutaneous burn model compared to WT. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the relative expression of CHRFAM7A may alter resiliency to injury and contribute to individual variability in the human systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) to injury.

BACKGROUND Trauma registries are used to identify modifiable injury risk factors for trauma prevention efforts. However, these may miss factors useful for prevention of bicycle-automobile collisions, such as vehicle speeds, driver intoxication, street conditions, and neighborhood characteristics. We hypothesize that (GIS) analysis of trauma registry data matched with a traffic accident database could identify risk factors for bicycle-automobile injuries and better inform injury prevention efforts. METHODS The trauma registry of a US Level I trauma center was used retrospectively to identify bicycle-motor vehicle collision admissions from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. Data collected included demographics, vitals, injury severity scores, toxicology, helmet use, and mortality.Matching with the Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System was done to provide collision, victim and GIS information. The GIS mapping of collisions was done with census tract data including poverty level scoring. Incident hot spot analysis to identify statistically significant incident clusters was done using the Getis Ord Gi* statistic. RESULTS Of 25,535 registry admissions, 531 (2.1%) were bicyclists struck by automobiles, 425 (80.0%) were matched to Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System. Younger age (odds ratio [OR], 1.026; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.013-1.040, p < 0.001), higher census tract poverty level percentage (OR, 0.976; 95% CI, 0.959-0.993, p = 0.007), and high school or less education (OR, 0.60; 95 CI, 0.381-0.968; p = 0.036) were predictive of not wearing a helmet. Higher census tract poverty level percentage (OR, 1.019; 95% CI, 1.004-1.034; p = 0.012) but not educational level was predictive of toxicology positive-bicyclists in automobile collisions. Geographic information systems analysis identified hot spots in the catchment area for toxicology-positive bicyclists and lack of helmet use. CONCLUSION Combining trauma registry data and matched traffic accident records data with GIS analysis identifies additional risk factors for bicyclist injury. Trauma centers should champion efforts to prospectively link public traffic accident data to their trauma registries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and Epidemiological, level III.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients worldwide. Brain injury is associated with significant inflammation, both within the brain and in the peripheral organs. This inflammatory response in TBI leads to a secondary injury, worsening the effects of the original brain injury. Serotonin is also linked to inflammation in the intestine and inflammatory bowel disease, but its role in the gut-brain axis is not known. We hypothesized that using fluoxetine to block serotonin reuptake would reduce organ inflammation and improve outcomes after TBI.C57/B6 mice were given a severe TBI using a controlled cortical impact. To measure intestinal permeability, a piece of terminal ileum was resected, the lumen was filled with 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the ends were tied. The intestinal segment was submerged in buffer and fluorescence in the buffer measured over time. To measure lung permeability, 70-kDa FITC-dextran is injected retro-orbitally. Thirty minutes later, the left lung was homogenized and the fluorescence was measured. To measure performance on the rota-rod, mice were placed on a spinning rod, and the time to fall off was measured. Those treated with fluoxetine received a single dose of 5 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection immediately after injury.Traumatic brain injury was associated with an increase in intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran, increased lung vascular permeability, and worse performance on the rota-rod. Fluoxetine significantly reduced lung and intestinal permeability after TBI and improved performance on the rota-rod after TBI.Use of fluoxetine has the potential to reduce lung injury and improve motor coordination in severe TBI patients. Further study will be needed to elucidate the mechanism behind this effect.

The reality of sexual harassment is unmasking in many fields, and medical trainees constitute a vulnerable and at-risk group. We report the prevalence of sexual harassment among GI, internal medicine, and pediatric residents, with a focus on identifying underlying reasons for lack of victim reporting. A modified previously validated Department of Defense survey on sexual harassment was e-mailed to 261 GI, 132 pediatric, and 271 internal medicine program directors. Three hundred eighty-one residents responded to the survey. Female trainees were more likely to be subject to sexual harassment (83% vs 44%, P

BACKGROUND The systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) drives late morbidity and mortality after injury. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR) expressed on immune cells regulates the vagal anti-inflammatory pathway that prevents an overwhelming SIRS response to injury. Non-specific pharmacologic stimulation of the vagus nerve has been evaluated as a potential therapeutic to limit SIRS. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials have been underwhelming. We hypothesized that directly targeting the α7nAchR would more precisely stimulate the vagal anti-inflammatory pathway on immune cells and decrease gut and lung injury after severe burn. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent 30% total body surface area steam burn. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of a selective agonist of the α7nAchR (AR-R17779) at 30 minutes post-burn. Intestinal permeability to 4 kDa FITC-Dextran was measured at multiple time-points post-injury. Lung vascular permeability was measured 6 hours after burn injury. Serial behavioral assessments were performed to quantify activity levels. RESULTS Intestinal permeability peaked at 6 hours post-burn. AR-R17779 decreased burn-induced intestinal permeability in a dose-dependent fashion (p < 0.001). There was no difference in gut permeability to 4 kDa FITC-Dextran between sham and burn injured animals treated with 5 mg AR-R17779. While burn injury increased lung permeability 10-fold, AR-R17779 prevented burn-induced lung permeability with no difference compared to sham (p < 0.01). Post-injury activity levels were significantly improved in burned animals treated with AR-R17779. CONCLUSION Directly stimulating the α7nAchR prevents burn-induced gut and lung injury. Directly targeting the α7nAChR that mediates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response may be an improved strategy compared to non-specific vagal agonists. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Therapeutic.

Introduction Current guidelines recommend nonoperative management (NOM) of low-grade (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale Grade I-II) pancreatic injuries (LGPIs), and drainage rather than resection for those undergoing operative management, but they are based on low-quality evidence. The purpose of this study was to review the contemporary management and outcomes of LGPIs and identify risk factors for morbidity. Methods Multicenter retrospective review of diagnosis, management, and outcomes of adult pancreatic injuries from 2010 to 2018. The primary outcome was pancreas-related complications (PRCs). Predictors of PRCs were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Twenty-nine centers submitted data on 728 patients with LGPI (76% men; mean age, 38 years; 37% penetrating; 51% Grade I; median Injury Severity Score, 24). Among 24-hour survivors, definitive management was NOM in 31%, surgical drainage alone in 54%, resection in 10%, and pancreatic debridement or suturing in 5%. The incidence of PRCs was 21% overall and was 42% after resection, 26% after drainage, and 4% after NOM. On multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for PRC were other intra-abdominal injury (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.16-15.28), low volume (OR, 2.88; 1.65, 5.06), and penetrating injury (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.80-6.58). Resection was very close to significance (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 0.97-4.34) (p = 0.0584). Conclusion The incidence of PRCs is significant after LGPIs. Patients who undergo pancreatic resection have PRC rates equivalent to patients resected for high-grade pancreatic injuries. Those who underwent surgical drainage had slightly lower PRC rate, but only 4% of those who underwent NOM had PRCs. In patients with LGPIs, resection should be avoided. The NOM strategy should be used whenever possible and studied prospectively, particularly in penetrating trauma. Level of evidence Therapeutic Study, level IV.

Background Methamphetamine (METH) use causes significant vasoconstriction, which can be severe enough to cause bowel ischemia. Methamphetamines have also been shown to alter the immune response. These effects could predispose METH users to poor wound healing, increased infections, and other post-operative complications. We hypothesized that METH users would have longer length of stay and higher rates of complications compared to non–METH users. Methods The trauma registry for our urban Level 1 trauma center was searched for patients that received an exploratory laparotomy from 2016 to 2019. A total 204 patients met criteria and 52 (25.5%) were METH positive. Length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, abbreviated injury scale (AIS), and wound class were compared using nonparametric statistics. Age and injury severity score (ISS) were compared using a Student's t-test. A Chi Square or Fisher's Exact test was used to compare sex, mechanism of injury, and rates of infectious complications. Results Methamphetamine-positive patients had a significantly higher rate of surgical site infections (7.4% versus 0%, P = 0.001). Patients that developed surgical site infection had equivalent rates of smoking and diabetes, as well as equivalent abdominal AIS and wound class compared to those who did not develop surgical site infection. Hospital and ICU LOS, ventilator days, ISS, and mortality were equivalent between METH positive and negative patients. Rates of other infectious complications were the same between groups. Conclusions Methamphetamine use is associated with an increased rate of surgical site infection after trauma laparotomy. Other serious complications and mortality were not affected by METH use.

Background Prompt drainage of traumatic hemothorax is recommended to prevent empyema and trapped lung. Some patients do not present the day of their trauma, leading to their delayed treatment. Delayed drainage could be challenging as clotted blood may not evacuate through a standard chest tube. We hypothesized that such delays would increase the need for surgery or secondary interventions. Methods Our trauma registry was reviewed for patients with a hemothorax admitted to our level 1 trauma center from 1/1/00 to 4/30/19. Patients were included in the delayed group if they received a drainage procedure >24 hours after injury. These patients were matched 1:1 by chest abbreviated injury score to patients who received drainage Results A total of 19 patients with 22 hemothoraces received delayed drainage. All but 3 patients had a chest tube placed as initial treatment. Four patients received surgery, including 3 who initially had chest tubes placed. Longer time to drainage increased the odds of requiring intrathoracic thrombolytics or surgery. In comparison, 2 patients who received prompt drainage received thrombolytics ( P = .11) and none required surgery ( P = .02). Patients needed surgery when initial drainage was on or after post-injury day 5, but pigtail catheter drainage was effective 26 days after injury. Discussion Longer times from injury to intervention are associated with increased likelihood of needing surgery for hemothorax evacuation, but outcomes were not uniform. A larger, multicenter study will be necessary to provide better characterization of treatment outcomes for these patients.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among trauma patients. Increased intestinal permeability plays an important role in the inflammatory process that accompanies TBI, and therapies that prevent this permeability change may improve outcomes in TBI patients. Different animal models have been developed to test permeability changes, but there has been no agreement on when permeability should be tested after TBI. Here, we describe a method for creating the TBI mouse model and for measuring intestinal permeability. We also detail our permeability measurements at different time points after TBI to help guide future experimental design. The TBI is made using a controlled cortical impact model with the cortical impactor set to speed 6 m/s, depth 3 mm, dwell time 0.2 s, and tip size 3 mm to produce a severe TBI. Permeability is measured at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hr after TBI by removing a piece of terminal ileum, tying the ends, filling the lumen with FITC-labeled dextran, and then measuring how much of the dextran moves into the surrounding solution bath over time using a fluorescent plate reader. Our results show that peak permeability occurs between 4 and 6 hr after TBI. We recommend that future experiments incorporate permeability measurements 4 to 6 hr after TBI in order to take advantage of this peak permeability. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Mouse CCI traumatic brain injury model and intestinal permeability measurement.

As the population ages, the incidence of traumatic falls has been increasing. We hypothesize that a machine learning algorithm can more accurately predict mortality after a fall compared with a standard logistic regression (LR) model based on immediately available admission data. Secondary objectives were to predict who would be discharged home and determine which variables had the largest effect on prediction.All patients who were admitted for fall between 2012 and 2017 at our level 1 trauma center were reviewed. Fourteen variables describing patient demographics, injury characteristics, and physiology were collected at the time of admission and were used for prediction modeling. Algorithms assessed included LR, decision tree classifier (DTC), and random forest classifier (RFC). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values were calculated for each algorithm for mortality and discharge to home.About 4725 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 61 ± 20.5 y, Injury Severity Score 8 ± 7, length of stay 5.8 ± 7.6 d, intensive care unit length of stay 1.8± 5.2 d, and ventilator days 0.7 ± 4.2 d. The mortality rate was 3% and three times greater for elderly (aged 65 y and older) patients (5.0% versus 1.6%, P 0.001). The AUC for predicting mortality for LR, DTC, and RFC was 0.78, 0.64, and 0.86, respectively. The AUC for predicting discharge to home for LR, DTC, and RFC was 0.72, 0.61, and 0.74, respectively. The top five variables that contribute to the prediction of mortality in descending order of importance are the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) motor, GCS verbal, respiratory rate, GCS eye, and temperature.RFC can accurately predict mortality and discharge home after a fall. This predictive model can be implemented at the time of patient arrival and may help identify candidates for targeted intervention as well as improve prognostication and resource utilization.

The reality of sexual harassment is unmasking in many fields, and medical trainees constitute a vulnerable and at-risk group. We report the prevalence of sexual harassment among GI, internal medicine, and pediatric residents, with a focus on identifying underlying reasons for lack of victim reporting. A modified previously validated Department of Defense survey on sexual harassment was e-mailed to 261 GI, 132 pediatric, and 271 internal medicine program directors. Three hundred eighty-one residents responded to the survey. Female trainees were more likely to be subject to sexual harassment (83%

Conventional resuscitation (CR) of hemorrhagic shock (HS), a significant cause of trauma mortality, is intravenous blood and fluids. CR restores central hemodynamics, but vital organ flow can drop, causing hypoperfusion, hypoxia, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and remote organ dysfunction (i.e., lung). CR plus direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) prevents intestinal and hepatic hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that DPR prevents lung injury in HS/CR by altering DAMPs. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to groups ( n = 8/group) in one of two sets: 1) sham (no HS, CR, or DPR), 2) HS/CR (HS = 40% mean arterial pressure (MAP) for 60 min, CR = shed blood + 2 volumes normal saline), or 3) HS/CR + DPR. The first set underwent whole lung blood flow by colorimetric microspheres. The second set underwent tissue collection for Luminex, ELISAs, and histopathology. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and DAMPs were measured in serum and/or lung, including cytokines, hyaluronic acid (HA), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein (MYD88), and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). Statistics were by ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test with a priori P < 0.05. HS/CR increased serum LPS, HA, HMGB1, and some cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ]. Lung TLR4 and MYD88 were increased but not TRIF compared with Shams. HS/CR + DPR decreased LPS, HA, cytokines, HMGB1, TLR4, and MYD88 levels but did not alter TRIF compared with HS/CR. The data suggest that gut-derived DAMPs can be modulated by adjunctive DPR to prevent activation of lung TLR-4-mediated processes. Also, DPR improved lung blood flow and reduced lung tissue injury. Adjunctive DPR in HS/CR potentially improves morbidity and mortality by downregulating the systemic DAMP response.

Mopeds’ (MP) limited speed gives the impression that they are safer than motorcycles (MCs), but factors other than speed may contribute to crash outcome. Records of patients involved in MC or MP crashes evaluated at the University of Louisville Hospital emergency department between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. Among patients who required hospital admission, the frequency of rib fractures, hemo- or pneumothorax, abdominal injury, extremity injury, and vertebral body fractures were greater in the MC group, whereas head and facial injuries were more common in the MP group. Positive toxicology screens were equivalent (MC 51.8% vs MP 56.8%, P = 0.25), and fewer MP riders wore helmets (33.8% vs 9.2%, P < 0.01). The injury severity score for MC was higher (15.2 vs 13.9, P = 0.039), but mortality was equivalent between groups (7.5 vs 7.6%, P = 0.98). Among patients discharged from the emergency department with minor injuries, frequency of all injury types were equivalent. Although MC patients had a statistically higher injury severity score, differences were clinically similar with equal mortality rate. Moped riders are just as likely to suffer death or serious injury after a crash compared with MC riders, and injury prevention efforts should be aimed at both groups.

Background The profound inflammatory response associated with brain death is frequently cited as the reason organs procured from brain dead donors are associated with worse graft function. The intestine releases inflammatory mediators in other types of shock, but its role is brain death has not been well-studied. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) improves visceral organ blood flow and reduces inflammation after hemorrhagic shock. We hypothesized that use of DPR would maintain intestinal integrity and reduce circulating inflammatory mediators after brain death. Methods Brain death was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by inserting a 4F Fogarty catheter into the epidural space and slowly inflating it. After herniation, rats were resuscitated with normal saline to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 80 mm Hg and killed with tissue collected immediately (time 0), or 2 hours, 4 hours, or 6 hours after brain death. Randomly selected animals received DPR via an intraperitoneal injection of 30-mL commercial peritoneal dialysis solution. Results Levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, as well as high-mobility group box 1 protein and heat shock protein 70, were all increased after brain death and decreased with DPR. Fatty acid binding protein and lipopolysaccharide, both markers of intestinal injury, were increased in the serum after brain death and decreased with DPR. Immunohistochemistry staining for zona occludin-1 showed decreased intestinal tight junction integrity after brain death, which improved with DPR. Conclusions Intestinal permeability increases after brain death, and this contributes to the increased inflammation seen throughout the body. Using DPR prevents intestinal ischemia and helps preserve intestinal integrity. This suggests that using this novel therapy as an adjunct to the resuscitation of brain dead donors has the potential to reduce inflammation and potentially improve the quality of transplanted organs.

Animal-related injuries are common in rural areas. Agricultural workers can suffer severe injuries involving farm machinery or falls. The spectrum of injuries related to rural activities is poorly defined and characterizing these injuries will improve injury prevention efforts. Records for injured patients admitted between 2010 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a mechanism of injury involving a large animal or with the injury site listed as “farm” were included. Patients with agricultural injuries (n = 85) were older with more multisystem injuries than patients injured by animals (n = 132) but the Injury Severity Score was equivalent. There was no difference in intensive care unit length of stay, ventilator days, or mortality. There was no difference in frequency of solid organ injury, pelvic fractures, rib fractures, or hemo- or pneumothorax between groups. Animal injuries had more frequent traumatic brain injuries (22.4% vs 10.5%, P = 0.03), whereas agricultural injuries had more vertebral fractures (20.5% vs 9.2%). Of toxicology screens performed, 25 per cent (22/88) were positive. No significant differences were found between occupational versus recreational animal injuries. Agricultural and animal-related injuries have different characteristics but Injury Severity Score and mortality were similar. Severe injuries from both mechanisms are common in rural communities and injury prevention activities are needed in both settings.

Introduction Severe burn injury causes a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) that is characterized by mobilization of inflammatory cells into the circulation and is associated with distant organ injury that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, mediated by the vagus nerve, regulates the anti-inflammatory response to injury and infection. We have previously shown in models of burn injury that stimulating the vagus nerve may be a potential therapy aimed at limiting SIRS. Here, we hypothesized that stimulating the vagus nerve (VNS) would limit the SIRS response by altering the mobilization and trafficking of inflammatory cells after burn injury. Methods Wild type 10–12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were injured with a 30% total body surface area steam burn. A separate cohort of animals was treated with electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve for 10 minutes immediately post-burn. Bone marrow, blood and lung tissue were collected 24 hours after burn injury. Flow cytometry of bone marrow was performed to measure Lineage- c-kit± Sca-1+ (LSK) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), then further analyzed to quantify changes in Long-term (LT) HSC, short-term (ST) HSC, and Multipotential Progenitor (MPP) compartments. Bone marrow, blood and perfused lung tissue were analyzed by flow cytometry using a panel of myeloid cell markers. Results Severe burn injury decreased bone marrow LSK expression by 50% compared to sham, with LT-HSC and MPP expression decreasing to a greater degree than ST-HSCs. VNS did not alter burn-induced changes in any bone marrow HSC cell type. Burn injury was associated with increased mobilization of CD45+CD11b+ monocytes and CD11b+Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes into the peripheral blood and lung, while increased CD11b+Ly6Clo patrolling monocytes and Gr1+Ly6C- neutrophils was seen in the lung only. VNS significantly prevented the burn-induced increase in CD45+ inflammatory cells, CD11b+Ly6Clo patrolling monocytes and Gr1+Ly6C- neutrophils in the lung (see Figure), reducing their expression to sham levels, despite only modest changes to myeloid cell expression in the blood. Conclusions VNS attenuates myeloid cell cell trafficking to the lung after severe burn injury despite having no effect on emergency myelopoiesis in the bone marrow. Further studies are needed to define the mechanism by which the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway attenuates the SIRS response to burn.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. The primary focus of treating TBI is to prevent additional injury to the damaged brain tissue, known as secondary brain injury. This treatment can include treating the body’s inflammatory response. Despite promise in animal models, anti-inflammatory therapy has failed to improve outcomes in human patients, suggesting a more targeted and precise approach may be needed. There is a bidirectional axis between the intestine and the brain that contributes to this inflammation in acute and chronic injury. The mechanisms for this interaction are not completely understood, but there is evidence that neural, inflammatory, endocrine, and microbiome signals all participate in this process. Therapies that target the intestine as a source of inflammation have potential to lessen secondary brain injury and improve outcomes in TBI patients, but to develop these treatments we need to better understand the mechanisms behind this intestinal inflammatory response.

Conventional treatment for hemorrhagic shock includes the infusion of intravenous (IV) fluid and blood products in order to restore intravascular volume. However, even after normal heart rate and blood pressure are restored, the visceral organs often remain ischemic. This leads to organ dysfunction and also releases numerous cytokines and inflammatory mediators which activate the body's inflammatory response. The use of Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation (DPR) helps counteract this response. DPR involves infusion of hypertonic fluid into the abdomen in addition to IV resuscitation. This causes rapid and sustained dilation of the arterioles, especially those in the intestine, which reduces organ ischemia and cellular hypoxia. Studies in animals have demonstrated that use of DPR after hemorrhagic shock can reduce organ edema, improve liver blood flow, and reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Subsequent human studies have shown that DPR after damage control surgery for hemorrhage or sepsis leads to faster abdominal closure, higher rate of primary fascial closure, and reduced abdominal complications. Peritoneal resuscitation has also shown benefits in the resuscitation after acute brain death, including reduced inflammatory mediators and organ edema. Use of DPR in potential organ donors leads to an increase in the number of organs procured per donor, most frequently by increasing the number of lungs procured.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small segments of noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression and protein function, and therefore are key regulators of cellular processes including those of the inflammatory cascade after hemorrhagic shock (HS). We have previously shown that direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR), as an adjunct to traditional IV fluid resuscitation, improves visceral blood flow and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines released during HS. The effects of DPR on hepatic miRNA (miR) expression patterns after resuscitated HS are not known.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: sham (no HS); conventional resuscitation (CR; HS, then resuscitated with shed blood and 2 volumes of saline); and DPR (CR plus 30 mL peritoneal dialysis solution). Animals were sacrificed at 4 hours, and miRNAs were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Use of DPR downregulated 68 of 92 hepatic miRNAs compared with only 2 of 92 upregulated when compared with CR alone, p0.01). Specifically, miR-9-5p, miR-122-5p, and miR-146, which regulate NFκB, were downregulated 4.1-, 3.4-, and 0.86-fold, respectively; miR-29a and miR-126 were upregulated 0.88- and 3.7-fold when DPR was compared with CR.Adding DPR downregulated most hepatic miRNAs compared with CR alone. Some miRNAs were affected more significantly, suggesting that although this clinical intervention causes a near-global downregulation of hepatic miRNA, it still targets specific inflammatory pathways. Use of DPR for resuscitation of patients in HS may reduce hepatic inflammation to improve patient outcomes after hemorrhage.

Mopeds' (MP) limited speed gives the impression that they are safer than motorcycles (MCs), but factors other than speed may contribute to crash outcome. Records of patients involved in MC or MP crashes evaluated at the University of Louisville Hospital emergency department between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. Among patients who required hospital admission, the frequency of rib fractures, hemo- or pneumothorax, abdominal injury, extremity injury, and vertebral body fractures were greater in the MC group, whereas head and facial injuries were more common in the MP group. Positive toxicology screens were equivalent (MC 51.8% vs MP 56.8%, P = 0.25), and fewer MP riders wore helmets (33.8% vs 9.2%, P0.01). The injury severity score for MC was higher (15.2 vs 13.9, P = 0.039), but mortality was equivalent between groups (7.5 vs 7.6%, P = 0.98). Among patients discharged from the emergency department with minor injuries, frequency of all injury types were equivalent. Although MC patients had a statistically higher injury severity score, differences were clinically similar with equal mortality rate. Moped riders are just as likely to suffer death or serious injury after a crash compared with MC riders, and injury prevention efforts should be aimed at both groups.

Brain death is associated with significant inflammation within the kidneys, which may contribute to reduced graft survival. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation after brain death. To determine its effects, brain dead rats were resuscitated with normal saline (targeted intravenous fluid) to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 80 mmHg; DPR animals also received 30 cc of intraperitoneal peritoneal dialysis solution. Rats were euthanized at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after brain death. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the kidney were significantly increased as early as 2 h after brain death and significantly decreased with DPR. Levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM and VCAM increased after brain death and were decreased with DPR (ICAM 2.33 ± 0.14 vs. 0.42 ± 0.04, P = 0.002; VCAM 82.6 ± 5.8 vs. 37.3 ± 1.9, P = 0.002 at 4 h) as were E-selectin and P-selectin (E-selectin 25,605 vs. 16,144, P = 0.005; P-selectin 82.5 ± 3.3 vs. 71.0 ± 2.3, P = 0.009 at 4 h). Use of DPR reduces inflammation and adhesion molecule expression in the kidneys, and is associated with reduced macrophages and neutrophils on immunohistochemistry. Using DPR in brain dead donors has the potential to reduce the immunologic activity of transplanted kidneys and could improve graft survival.

Animal-related injuries are common in rural areas. Agricultural workers can suffer severe injuries involving farm machinery or falls. The spectrum of injuries related to rural activities is poorly defined and characterizing these injuries will improve injury prevention efforts. Records for injured patients admitted between 2010 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a mechanism of injury involving a large animal or with the injury site listed as "farm" were included. Patients with agricultural injuries (n = 85) were older with more multisystem injuries than patients injured by animals (n = 132) but the Injury Severity Score was equivalent. There was no difference in intensive care unit length of stay, ventilator days, or mortality. There was no difference in frequency of solid organ injury, pelvic fractures, rib fractures, or hemo- or pneumothorax between groups. Animal injuries had more frequent traumatic brain injuries (22.4% vs 10.5%, P = 0.03), whereas agricultural injuries had more vertebral fractures (20.5% vs 9.2%). Of toxicology screens performed, 25 per cent (22/88) were positive. No significant differences were found between occupational versus recreational animal injuries. Agricultural and animal-related injuries have different characteristics but Injury Severity Score and mortality were similar. Severe injuries from both mechanisms are common in rural communities and injury prevention activities are needed in both settings.

The Institute of Medicine strongly recommends a health care system that supports family members. Nowhere is the need for family-centered care greater than with critically ill patients. Simplistically, family-centered care is primarily about communication. Unfortunately, family perception of communication in the intensive care unit (ICU) is quite poor. This article reviews some strategies to improve communication, including family meetings and family presence at resuscitation. It also highlights some of the areas within the realm of ICU care in which family engagement is particularly important, including advance directives, end-of-life care, brain death, and organ donation.

Introduction Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common cause of admission to the surgical service. On rare occasions, a diagnosed SBO is actually due to large-bowel pathology combined with an incompetent ileocecal valve. The purpose of this study was to investigate this phenomenon. Methods We performed a retrospective medical record review of patients that were admitted with a diagnosis of SBO at University of Louisville hospital and the Veterans Affairs hospitals in Louisville, KY, from 2006 until 2014. Results A total of 498 patients were admitted with SBO during this time period. Forty-one patients were found to have an underlying large-bowel disease. The most common large-bowel pathologies included malignancy (51%), inflammation (15%), and infection (15%). Fifteen (43%) of these patients died during admission; 93% of these were due to either their bowel obstruction or the underlying disease state. This was significantly higher than the general population (9.4% mortality, 6% due to underlying disease). Conclusions Patients that present with SBO due to a large-bowel source have a much higher mortality rate than those that present with other causes. Rapid identification of these patients will allow for more timely and appropriate treatment.

Invertebrate–dinoflagellate symbioses are responsible for the high productivity and structural complexity of the coral reef ecosystem. Coral reefs around the world are in decline with much of the mortality attributed to coral bleaching — the loss of photosynthetic algal symbionts — resulting from global warming [1–3]. These algae are essential to a host's survival, but many cnidarians must acquire their symbionts, members of the genus Symbiodinium referred to as zooxanthellae, anew at each generation.

Sex differences in behavior can be attributed to differences in steroid hormones. Sex chromosome complement can also influence behavior, independent of gonadal differentiation. The mice used for this work combined a spontaneous mutation of the Sry gene with a transgene for Sry that is incorporated into an autosome thus disassociating gonad differentiation from sex chromosome complement. The resulting genotypes are XX and XY(-) females (ovary-bearing) along with XXSry and XY(-)Sry males (testes-bearing). Here we report results of basic behavioral phenotyping conducted with these mice. Motor coordination, use of olfactory cues to find a food item, general activity, foot shock threshold, and behavior in an elevated plus maze were not affected by gonadal sex or sex chromosome complement. In a one-way active avoidance learning task females were faster to escape an electric shock than males. In addition, sex chromosome complement differences were noted during social interactions with submissive intruders. Female XY(-) mice were faster to follow an intruder than XX female mice. All XY(-) mice spent more time sniffing and grooming the intruder than the XX mice, with XY(-) females spending the most amount of time in this activity. Finally, XX females were faster to display an asocial behavior, digging, and engaged in more digging than XXSry male mice. All of these behaviors were tested in gonadectomized adults, thus, differences in circulating levels of gonadal steroids cannot account for these effects. Taken together, these data show that sex chromosome complement affects social interaction style in mice.