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Because of its superior strength, low elastic modulus, and exceptional resistance to corrosion, titanium alloy is commonly used as a replacement for carbon steel in the construction of oil well pipes. This paper starts with the application of titanium alloy in oil well pipes in the petroleum industry, summarizes the research progress of its mechanical properties and corrosion properties in titanium alloy drill pipes and oil casing, and compares the fatigue life of several common carbon steel materials and titanium alloy in the petroleum industry. At the same time, the influence of adding metal elements and optimizing the manufacturing process on the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy is discussed. Finally, the problems that titanium alloys may face in the actual production and application process are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloy is widely used as oil drill pipe material because of its light weight, high strength, good toughness, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and good process performance. However, due to its low hardness, poor wear resistance, serious oxidation at high temperature (700 °C), and difficulty in lubrication, in oil and gas field exploration and development drilling, especially in deep wells, high displacement wells, horizontal wells, and highly deviated wells, wear and tear are prone to occur. The application and development of titanium alloys are greatly limited. This paper introduces the research status of the common surface modification technologies of titanium alloys, such as laser cladding, magnetron sputtering, plasma spraying, micro arc oxidation, etc. It points out the improvement effect of various modification technologies on the wear resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance of titanium alloys and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various modification technologies. A proposed method for enhancing the wear resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance of titanium alloys was finally introduced, and its potential for future development was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a modeling method of maize in threshing. The static friction coefficient and rolling resistance coefficient of the maize grain were measured using the slope method. The maize grain stacking angle test was designed using the central composite design response surface test. A regression model was established based on the simulation results to find the best combination. The results suggested that the modeling method proposed in this paper was effective in improving the accuracy of maize grain simulation compared with previous methods. Furthermore, this paper presents a method to verify the feasibility and reliability of the maize grain cob discrete element model using the distribution of grain in the granary and the final removal rate as the verification method. The results of the actually simulated threshing test were analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, heat map analysis, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. It was found that the DEM model of maize cob is suitable for simulating the maize threshing process. This can aid in further research on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll a and b content (Cab) and leaf area index (LAI) are two key parameters of crops, and their quantitative inversions are important for growth monitoring and the field management of wheat. However, due to the close correlation between the spectral signals of these two parameters and the effects of soil and atmospheric conditions, as well as modeling errors, synchronous retrieval of LAI and Cab from remote sensing data is still a challenging task. In a previous study, we introduced the optimal estimation theory and established the inversion framework by coupling the PROSAIL (PROSPECT + SAIL) model with the unified linearized vector radiative transfer model (UNL-VRTM). The framework fully utilizes the simulated radiance spectra for synchronous retrieval of Cab and LAI at the UAV observation scale and has good convergence and self-consistency. In this study, based on this inversion framework, synchronized retrieval of Cab and LAI was carried out by real wheat UAV observation data and validated with the ground-measured data. By comparing with the empirical statistical model constructed by the PROSAIL model and coupled model, least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and random forest (RF), the proposed method has the highest accuracy of Cab and LAI estimated from UAV multispectral data (for Cab, R2 = 0.835, RMSE = 14.357; for LAI, R2 = 0.892, RMSE = 0.564). Our proposed method enables the fast and efficient estimation of Cab and LAI in multispectral data without prior measurements and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]