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As more battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are connected to the microgrid, plug-in electric vehicles have a major impact on the microgrid. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization energy management model including plug-in electric vehicles and other distributed generations. By analyzing the powertrain structure of different kinds of plug-in electric vehicles, the engine fuel consumption model, the charging model, the discharge model, and the battery state of charge model of plug-in electric vehicle in microgrids are given. The proposed model considers the plug-in electric vehicle battery state of charge constraints to prevent the battery from overcharging and over-discharging and gives the state of charge curve in microgrids. Simultaneously, an improved gray wolf algorithm, introducing optimization control factors and greedy strategies to better balance the mining and exploration capabilities of the gray wolf algorithm, is proposed to solve this multi-objective optimization energy management model. Compared with particle swarm optimization and traditional gray wolf algorithm, the improved algorithm further improves the accuracy and convergence speed. Besides, the improved algorithm is applied to three scheduling schemes, and the results show that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have more advantages in energy economy in some special cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of extreme importance to design efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is considered as a promising approach to provide efficient and renewable clean fuel (hydrogen). Tuning the electronic structure through heteroatom doping demonstrates one of the most effective strategies to promote the electrocatalytic performance of HER. Herein, phosphorus-doping modulation is utilized to fabricate monoclinic P-CoMoO4 with optimized electron structure supported on nickel foam (P-CoMoO4/NF) for alkaline HER via a facile hydrothermal method, followed by low-temperature phosphidation. Notably, P-CoMoO4/NF shows outstanding electrocatalytic performance for HER in 1 M KOH with a low overpotential of 89 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a remarkable Tafel slope value of 59 mV dec−1, and excellent 24 h-long stability. The excellent catalyst activity and stability merits of P-CoMoO4/NF are comparable to the reported highly efficient non-precious metal HER electrocatalysts and could be applied as a powerful electrocatalyst in water electrolysis. This work provides a superior synthesis strategy for the effective design and rational fabrication of low-cost, highly active, and highly stable non-precious metal HER electrocatalysts for electricity-to-hydrogen applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the global energy crisis and serious environmental contamination, there is an urgent need to search for highly active and stable non-noble metal based electrocatalysts to reduce the energy losses for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but it is still a significant challenge. In this work, self-supported Mo-doped Ni3S2 (denoted as Mo-Ni3S2/NF) was successfully assembled via a facile one-step hydrothermal method and used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. A series of controllable morphologies were achieved by changing the molar ratios of reactants to study the influencing factors of electrocatalytic activity. The as-obtained Mo-doped Ni3S2/NF nanoneedles exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities with a low overpotential of 170 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for the HER and an excellent overpotential of 174 mV at a current density of 50 mA cm−2 for the OER. When used as both a cathode and an anode for overall water splitting in two electrode configuration (1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte), Mo-Ni3S2/NF nanoneedles exhibit outstanding activity (an external voltage of 1.49 V to display a stable current density of 10 mA cm−2) and impressive durability (no obvious degradation at a constant voltage for up to 24 h). This work provides a promising avenue of incorporating the nanostructure design with compositional modulation to synthesize bifunctional electrocatalysts of superior activity and delicate stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteroatom-doping engineering has been recognized as an effective strategy to improve the activity and stability of electrocatalytic materials. Herein, we fabricated a bimetallic Mo/Mn codoped three-phase nickel sulfide on Ni foam, with Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF successfully synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis and calcination. In order to better explore the codoping effect of Mo/Mn, we also synthesised Ni3S2/NF, NiS@Ni0.96S/NF, Mo-Ni3S2/NF and Mn-NiS@Ni0.96S/NF and their electrocatalytic activities (HER, OER, and overall water splitting) were systematically investigated. As expected, Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activities and long-term durability. High electrochemical performance of Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF exceeded that of most reported non-precious metal catalysts and also benchmark RuO2, IrO2 and Pt/C. Moreover, in order to better understand the catalytic process, three possible mechanisms were further proposed to rationalize the enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Our work might broaden the avenue to construct efficient non-precious bifunctional catalysts and further develop large-scale electricity-to-hydrogen applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of extreme importance to design efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is considered as a promising approach to provide efficient and renewable clean fuel (hydrogen). Tuning the electronic structure through heteroatom doping demonstrates one of the most effective strategies to promote the electrocatalytic performance of HER. Herein, phosphorus-doping modulation is utilized to fabricate monoclinic P-CoMoO 4 with optimized electron structure supported on nickel foam (P-CoMoO 4 /NF) for alkaline HER via a facile hydrothermal method, followed by low-temperature phosphidation. Notably, P-CoMoO 4 /NF shows outstanding electrocatalytic performance for HER in 1 M KOH with a low overpotential of 89 mV at 10 mA cm -2 , a remarkable Tafel slope value of 59 mV dec -1 , and excellent 24 h-long stability. The excellent catalyst activity and stability merits of P-CoMoO 4 /NF are comparable to the reported highly efficient non-precious metal HER electrocatalysts and could be applied as a powerful electrocatalyst in water electrolysis. This work provides a superior synthesis strategy for the effective design and rational fabrication of low-cost, highly active, and highly stable non-precious metal HER electrocatalysts for electricity-to-hydrogen applications.

Correction for 'Controlled synthesis of bifunctional particle-like Mo/Mn-Ni x S y /NF electrocatalyst for highly efficient overall water splitting' by Yaqiong Gong et al., Dalton Trans., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00957d.

Heteroatom-doping engineering has been recognized as an effective strategy to improve the activity and stability of electrocatalytic materials. Herein, we fabricated a bimetallic Mo/Mn codoped three-phase nickel sulfide on Ni foam, with Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF successfully synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis and calcination. In order to better explore the codoping effect of Mo/Mn, we also synthesised Ni3S2/NF, NiS@Ni0.96S/NF, Mo-Ni3S2/NF and Mn-NiS@Ni0.96S/NF and their electrocatalytic activities (HER, OER, and overall water splitting) were systematically investigated. As expected, Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activities and long-term durability. High electrochemical performance of Mo/Mn-NixSy/NF exceeded that of most reported non-precious metal catalysts and also benchmark RuO2, IrO2 and Pt/C. Moreover, in order to better understand the catalytic process, three possible mechanisms were further proposed to rationalize the enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Our work might broaden the avenue to construct efficient non-precious bifunctional catalysts and further develop large-scale electricity-to-hydrogen applications.