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Glucocorticoids play a fundamental role in the endocrinology of pregnancy but excess glucocorticoids in utero may lead to abnormalities of fetal growth. Protection against fetal exposure to cortisol is provided by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) located in the human placental trophoblast. By contrast, relatively little is known concerning the function of glucocorticoid-activating 11β-HSD1, which is strongly expressed within human maternal decidua. To address this we have assessed: i) changes in decidual 11β-HSD1 expression across gestation and ii) the functional role of glucocorticoids in decidua. Human decidua was collected from women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy in first (n = 32) and second (n = 10) trimesters, and elective caesarean sections in the third trimester (n = 9). Analysis of mRNA for 11β-HSD1 by real-time RT-PCR showed increased expression in second (9.3-fold, P < 0.01) and third (210-fold, P < 0.001) trimesters. Studies using primary cultures of decidual cells also revealed higher levels of cortisol generation in the third trimester. Changes in decidual 11β-HSD1 with gestation were paralleled by increased expression of the apoptosis markers caspase-3 and annexin-V, particularly in cluster designation (CD)10−VE non-stromal cells (20-fold in third trimester relative to first trimester). Apoptosis was also readily induced in primary cultures of third trimester decidual cells when treated with cortisol, cortisone, or dexamethasone (all 100 nM for 24 h). The effect of cortisone but not cortisol or dexamethasone was blocked by an 11β-HSD inhibitor confirming the functional significance of endogenous cortisol generation. These data show that autocrine metabolism of glucocorticoids is an important facet of the feto-placental unit in late gestation and we propose that a possible effect of this is to stimulate programmed cell death in human decidua.

The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25[OH](2)D(3)) is a potent immunomodulatory seco-steroid. We have demonstrated that several components of vitamin D metabolism and signaling are strongly expressed in human uterine decidua from first trimester pregnancies, suggesting that locally produced 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may exert immunosuppressive effects during early stages of gestation. To investigate this further, we used primary cultures of human decidual cells from first and third trimester pregnancies to demonstrate expression and activity of the enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was higher in first trimester decidual cells (41 +/- 11.8 fmoles/h/mg protein) than in third trimester cells (8 +/- 4.4 fmoles/h/mg protein; P < 0.05). Purification of decidual cells followed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP27B1 was expressed by both CD10(+VE) stromal-enriched and CD10(-VE) stromal-depleted cells, with higher levels of mRNA in first trimester pregnancies. Expression of CYP27B1 correlated with TLR4 and IDO. Functional responses to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) were studied using CD56(+VE) natural killer (NK) cells isolated from first trimester decidua. Decidual NK cells treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25OHD(3)) for 28 h showed decreased synthesis of cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6, but increased expression of mRNA for the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. These data indicate that human decidual cells are able to synthesize active 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), particularly in early gestation, and this may act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to regulate both acquired and innate immune responses at the fetal-maternal interface.

The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25[OH](2)D(3)) is a potent immunomodulatory seco-steroid. We have demonstrated that several components of vitamin D metabolism and signaling are strongly expressed in human uterine decidua from first trimester pregnancies, suggesting that locally produced 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may exert immunosuppressive effects during early stages of gestation. To investigate this further, we used primary cultures of human decidual cells from first and third trimester pregnancies to demonstrate expression and activity of the enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was higher in first trimester decidual cells (41 +/- 11.8 fmoles/h/mg protein) than in third trimester cells (8 +/- 4.4 fmoles/h/mg protein; P0.05). Purification of decidual cells followed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP27B1 was expressed by both CD10(+VE) stromal-enriched and CD10(-VE) stromal-depleted cells, with higher levels of mRNA in first trimester pregnancies. Expression of CYP27B1 correlated with TLR4 and IDO. Functional responses to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) were studied using CD56(+VE) natural killer (NK) cells isolated from first trimester decidua. Decidual NK cells treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25OHD(3)) for 28 h showed decreased synthesis of cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6, but increased expression of mRNA for the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. These data indicate that human decidual cells are able to synthesize active 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), particularly in early gestation, and this may act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to regulate both acquired and innate immune responses at the fetal-maternal interface.