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Waste plastic oil, generated through the pyrolysis of plastic without oxygen, known as plastic-to-fuel conversion, stands as a promising alternative fuel. This research employs bibliometric analysis, a quantitative method, to comprehensively assess publications in the domain of waste plastic oil integration within reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines. Utilizing Scopus as the primary repository post-2017, the study categorizes information into pivotal aspects, including influential journals, countries, authors, affiliations, document types, thematic areas, sponsors and keywords. The analysis reveals significant contributions from diverse nations, prominently India, China, Turkey and Malaysia. Noteworthy is the prevalence of Energy, Engineering and Chemical Engineering as thematic focal points, with the journal Fuel leading the count followed by the journal Energy emerging as a prominent conduit. Institutional contributions are prolific, led by Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University and Vellore Institute of Technology. Renowned authors 'Gugulothu S.K' and 'He Z' play a pivotal role in shaping the discourse. The National Natural Science Foundation of China stands out as a primary patron. This bibliometric analysis provides a structured understanding of waste plastic oil integration in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines, laying the groundwork for future research avenues. The study identifies potential research platforms beyond Scopus, including Web of Science, CrossRef, Science Direct and Google Scholar, as valuable repositories for further exploration. Moreover, after careful observation of the research articles published by the top 10 authors as found in the study, it was found that the authors share a few common characteristics that helped them in advancing the understanding and application of waste plastic oil in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines. These are also summarized in the present study with supporting data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the performance and emissions of flex fuels in a 110-cc BS6-compliant fuel-injected two-wheeler without ethanol adaptation adjustments. The tests were carried out under controlled conditions on a chassis dynamometer at 1000, 2000 and 3000 r.p.m. using ethanol blends from 10% ethanol (E10) to 85% ethanol (E85). Parameters examined included brake power (BP) output, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), peak in-cylinder pressure and exhaust temperature. Emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and unregulated emissions, were also assessed. As the percentages of the ethanol blend increased from E10 to E85, there was a noticeable improvement in power output. At 1000 r.p.m. the BP ranged from 2.4 to 4.6 kW for different blends. The BSFC and the peak in-cylinder pressure followed a similar pattern, indicating enhanced performance and fuel efficiency with higher ethanol concentrations. Interestingly, using E85 at 1000 r.p.m. resulted in a significant 41.08% reduction in exhaust temperature compared with E10, although this difference decreased with higher blend percentages. Furthermore, replacing E10 with E85 at 1000 r.p.m. reduced CO and HC emissions by 9.17% and 38.34%, respectively. In contrast, NOx emissions increased at all r.p.m. levels with higher-ethanol blends, peaking at a 415 parts per million increase at 3000 r.p.m. However, unregulated emissions decreased significantly with increased r.p.m. and ethanol content. In summary, the use of flex-fuel blends in a two-wheeler resulted in a modest increase in BP output, improved fuel efficiency and lower CO and HC emissions. These findings are vital for optimizing ethanol blend utilization in two-wheeler engines under low-load conditions, considering both performance and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AISI P20 tool steel is commonly used for engineering of die holders, rails, plastic molds, wear strips, bolsters, shafts, and backers. When normally heated and sub-cooled, it experiences metallurgical modifications. Because the essential aspect of the "wire-electro discharge machine (WEDM)" is product finishing, this research examines the parametric responses when machining parent metal and sub-cooled metal (AISI P20). Thus, it is always necessary to choose a proper parametric arrangement for reaching maximum material removal rate (MRR), cutting speed with minimum surface roughness (SR), and kerf width. The effects of pulse on time, wire speed, discharge current, wire tension, and flushing pressure on individual machining reactions are also discussed in this study. An orthogonal array was created using Taguchi's mixed experimental approach. The measurement alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method, the Honey Badger Algorithm, and the Taguchi-MARCOS method are engaged to obtain the important machining constraints and the optimal parametric settings for each response. When compared to the parent material, sub-cooled material has a greater cutting speed, SR, kerf breadth, and MRR. Here, cutting speed, MRR, and fitness were maximized along with minimization of SR and kerf width using the Honey Badger Algorithm as compared to both the MARCOS and Taguchi-MARCOS methods. According to ANOVA, for both parent and sub-cooled material, discharge current was the most significant and influential factor. The sub-cooled material's machined surface contains smaller deposits and more spherical globules than the parent material, which has bigger melted deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of single-use plastic products in modern life has caused severe environmental, social, economic, and health consequences globally. Mostly all plastics manufactured are one-time-use materials that end up in landfills or as unmanageable garbage. This situation has led to the production of around 400 million tonnes of plastic waste per year, and if this trend continues, global production will reach up to 1100 million tonnes by 2050. India alone produced over 34.7 lakh tonnes per annum (TPA) of plastic waste, with only half of it being recycled or co-processed. As such, there is an urgent need to develop ways to reduce plastic waste. One possible solution is the use of waste plastic biofuel in engines, which has been shown to have promising results. The study aimed to analyse waste plastic oil using (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) GC-MS and (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) FTIR analysis to identify its chemical composition. The findings of the study revealed the presence of various chemical compounds, such as alcohol, hydroperoxide, carbonyl acid groups, ester, carboxylic acid, ketones, aldehyde groups, and others. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcohol, hydroperoxide, carbonyl acid groups, methyl and methylene groups, ester, carboxylic acid, ketones, aldehyde group, symmetric and asymmetric C-H bending, C-O stretch for ethers, carboxylic acids, and esters, and=C-H bending out for alkenes. The study further explains that primary plastic consumption and packaging lifetime have a significant impact on plastic waste generation. The research indicates the need to explore alternative ways to recycle and dispose of single-use plastics to mitigate its negative impact on the environment. Furthermore, this study analyses the statistical optimisation method to develop a model fit for engine behaviour using waste plastic biofuel on a single-cylinder (common rail direct injection engine) CRDi diesel engine using the (weighted aggregated sum product assessment) WASPAS approach. Additionally, the objective is to develop a model that can optimise the engine's performance while using waste plastic biofuel. The uncertainty analysis demonstrated that the experiment was carried out with a high degree of accuracy and the results were reliable. The study employed the WASPAS methodology to evaluate the performance of different (waste plastic oil) WPO samples, and the results showed that the optimal parametric setting to obtain the desired responses can be achieved with a fuel blend of 5%, load of 21 bar, and speed of 2000 RPM. However, the results demonstrate that the use of waste plastic biofuel can significantly improve engine performance, and the proposed optimisation model can accurately predict the engine's behaviour. The regression equation that was formulated showed a reasonable degree of agreement between the actual experimental results and the predicted values, thereby indicating the reliability of the experiment. Significant effects were observed from fuel blend, and speed, whereas load did not make a substantial contribution. The findings regarding the effect of parameters suggest that a reduction in fuel blend, and engine speed resulted in a decline in the performance index, while variations in load had little impact. The relationship between load and speed demonstrates that a rise in load and a reduction in speed contributed to enhanced combustion and a higher performance index. The interaction among fuel blend and speed, with a particular emphasis on the significance of reduced fuel blend and speed values in order to optimise the performance index. The findings of the analysis underlined the vitality of process parameters, specifically fuel blend and speed, wherein speed exhibited a significant impact on the outcomes. The study concludes that the use of waste plastic biofuel in engines can be an effective way to reduce plastic waste while improving engine performance. This study's findings can be applied to various engines to improve their performance while reducing plastic waste. All in all, the outcomes of the study make a substantial contribution to the advancement of scientific information regarding the properties of waste plastic oil as well as its combustion characteristics. This expands the potential for advanced breakthrough innovations in sustainable energy solutions and the conservation of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for an effective solution to improve performance and emission characteristics of internal combustion (IC) engines used in the commercial sector is regarded as one of the most important and essential issues in recent years due to increasing levels of pollution. Nanoparticles with their additive ability to increase fuel reactivity and atomization, due to their large surface area and high heat transfer coefficient, can improve the performance and emission characteristics of a fuel. This review highlights the use of nanoparticles as fuel additives to enhance the emission and performance characteristics of IC engines. Detailed comparisons of performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of IC engines using fuels blended with nanoparticles have been done. Nanoparticles were observed to be an oxygen buffer for fuel combustion and boost fuel atomization, thus enhancing engine performance. While alumina exhibited a decrease in levels of HC and CO but a considerable increase in NOx, graphene nanoparticles and ceria were found to be particularly effective in enhancing engine performance. Detailed study has been done on other nanoparticles, including metal‐oxide, nonmetal‐oxide as well as carbon nanoparticles. Overall, the use of nanoparticles can enhance the thermophysical characteristics of fuels, improving the emission and performance characteristics of engines. The review suggests that selecting the right dosage and variety of nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing engine performance, and thus directly helps in tackling the ongoing pollution problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stringent emission norms for ultra-low emission vehicle pose challenging problems on automotive exhaust gas treatment. When engine starts, the catalytic converter does almost nothing to reduce emission characteristics, until it is desirably heated. Preheating the catalytic converter is a noble technique to reduce exhaust emissions. Present work lays the method of low temperature conduct of the converter, when the mainstream of the emissions befalls. The test was conducted on a four-cylinder, spark-ignition engine in order to enhance the performance of the catalytic convertor when heated two minutes prior to engine start, through a heating gun actuated with a radio key at around 500K. The values of HC and CO were measured at idling rpm using MRU DELTA 1600L exhaust gas analyser and NOx values were measured using CRYPTON 295 five-gas analyser. Preheating Catalytic Convertor (CC), results in reduction of CO (58.82%), HC (47.01%) and NOx (36.36%) at engine start-up condition; when compared with exhaust of CC at 1500rpm, employed without heating gun. Similar trends of reduction of exhaust emissions were found at 2000 and 2500rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]