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Here, we report six novel, easily accessible BODIPY-based agents for cancer treatment. In contrast to established photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, these BODIPY-based compounds show additional photothermal activity and their cytotoxicity is not dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The agents show high photocytotoxicity upon irradiation with light and low dark toxicity in different cancer cell lines in 2D culture as well as in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). The ratio of dark to light toxicity (phototoxic index, PI) of these agents reaches striking values exceeding 830,000 after irradiation with energetically low doses of light at 630 nm. The oxygen-dependent mechanism of action (MOA) of established photosensitizers (PSs) hampers effective clinical deployment of these agents. Under hypoxic conditions (0.2% O2), which are known to limit the efficiency of conventional PSs in solid tumors, photocytotoxicity was induced at the same concentration levels, indicating an oxygen-independent photothermal MOA. With a PI exceeding 360,000 under hypoxic conditions, both PI values are the highest reported to date. We anticipate that small molecule agents with a photothermal MOA, such as the BODIPY-based compounds reported in this work, may overcome this barrier and provide a new avenue to cancer therapy.

Here, we report six novel, easily accessible BODIPY-based agents for cancer treatment. In contrast to established photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, these BODIPY-based compounds show additional photothermal activity and their cytotoxicity is not dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The agents show high photocytotoxicity upon irradiation with light and low dark toxicity in different cancer cell lines in 2D culture as well as in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). The ratio of dark to light toxicity (phototoxic index, PI) of these agents reaches striking values exceeding 830,000 after irradiation with energetically low doses of light at 630 nm. The oxygen-dependent mechanism of action (MOA) of established photosensitizers (PSs) hampers effective clinical deployment of these agents. Under hypoxic conditions (0.2% O2), which are known to limit the efficiency of conventional PSs in solid tumors, photocytotoxicity was induced at the same concentration levels, indicating an oxygen-independent photothermal MOA. With a PI exceeding 360,000 under hypoxic conditions, both PI values are the highest reported to date. We anticipate that small molecule agents with a photothermal MOA, such as the BODIPY-based compounds reported in this work, may overcome this barrier and provide a new avenue to cancer therapy.

In this study, we addressed an important drawback of our previously reported tetraplatinated (metallo)porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), namely, the poor solubility in aqueous media. We aimed to create tetraplatinated porphyrin-based PSs that are soluble in aqueous media modified with polysorbate (Tween) and do not need to be pre-dissolved in organic solvents. A structural optimization of the previously reported PSs resulted in the synthesis of an extremely potent novel porphyrin-based PS. The novel PS displays effective phototoxicity upon light irradiation against multicellular tumor spheroids and has a phototoxic index (PI) of 6030 in HeLa cells. This PI value is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest value reported for any porphyrin so far.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat various cancerous diseases. Recently, we have demonstrated that platinated pyridyl-substituted porphyrins are potent agents for PDT with very high phototoxicity (IC50 down to 17 nM) and excellent phototoxic indices of higher than 5800 (p.i. = IC50(dark)/IC50(light)) [Rubbiani, R. et al., Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 14373]. However, the absorption of porphyrins is not ideal for the treatment of larger tumors because they essentially do not absorb light between 650 and 850 nm. Herein, we report stable conjugates of a novel bacteriochlorin with cisplatin and transplatin. They exhibit extremely high phototoxicity (IC50 values down to 6 nM, irradiated with a 750 nm LED at a fluence of 5 J/cm2), very low dark toxicity, and thereby extremely high phototoxic indices up to 8300. Based on these exciting results, we believe that platinated bacteriochlorins are promising candidates for further investigation as novel PDT anticancer agents.

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous poisonous metal, affecting the health of vast populations worldwide. Medications to treat Pb poisoning suffer from various limitations and are often toxic owing to insufficient metal selectivity. Here, we report a cyclic tetrapeptide that selectively binds Pb and eradicates its toxic effect on the cellular level, with superior potency than state-of-the-art drugs. The Pb-peptide complex is remarkably strong and was characterized experimentally and computationally. Accompanied by the lack of toxicity and enhanced stability of this peptide, these qualities indicate its merit as a potential remedy for Pb poisoning.