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IntroductionPeptide markers of inflammation have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. The role of upstream, lipid-derived mediators of inflammation such as eicosanoids, remains less clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether eicosanoids are associated with incident type 2 diabetes.Research design & methodsIn the FINRISK (Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Study) 2002 study, a population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 25–74 years, we used directed, non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify 545 eicosanoids and related oxylipins in the participants’ plasma samples (n=8292). We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to examine associations between eicosanoids and incident type 2 diabetes. The significant independent findings were replicated in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, n=2886) and DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) 2007 (n=3905). Together, these three cohorts had 1070 cases of incident type 2 diabetes.ResultsIn the FINRISK 2002 cohort, 76 eicosanoids were associated individually with incident type 2 diabetes. We identified three eicosanoids independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes using stepwise Cox regression with forward selection and a Bonferroni-corrected inclusion threshold. A three-eicosanoid risk score produced an HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.72) per 1 SD increment for risk of incident diabetes. The HR for comparing the top quartile with the lowest was 2.80 (95% CI 2.53 to 3.07). In the replication analyses, the three-eicosanoid risk score was significant in FHS (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.39, pConclusionsPlasma eicosanoid profiles predict incident type 2 diabetes and the clearest signals replicate in three independent cohorts. Our findings give new information on the biology underlying type 2 diabetes and suggest opportunities for early identification of people at risk.

Background In 2015 Finland received the 4th highest number of asylum-seekers in Europe per capita, exceeding numbers of any previous year by ten times. Health services to them are provided in a parallel system with entitlements similar to most Western European countries. Our study explored the governance of this system following a right to health approach, along three dimensions: formal recognition of the right to health, standards, and coordination mechanisms. Methods We were involved in the Finnish policy response as medical specialists on refugee health at the National Institute for Health and Welfare, as physicians within the Finnish Immigration Service and as senior medical officer at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. We also conducted a review of academic and grey literature. Results Prior to the “refugee crisis” in 2015, Finland was considered to have a functioning system for providing health services to asylum-seekers. However, the arrival of many new asylum-seekers in 2015-2016 exposed many weaknesses in the governance of the system. We identified three major obstacles in the governance system for health services for asylum-seekers: 1) ineffective and reactive national level coordination and stewardship; 2) inadequate legislative and supervisory frameworks; and 3) discrepancies between constitutional rights to health, legal entitlements to services and available guidance. Conclusions In view of the governance weaknesses related to the parallel system for asylum-seekers, we recommend removing the parallel system and integrating health services for asylum-seekers into the national health system.

In 2015 Finland received an unprecedented number of asylum seekers, ten times more than in any previous year. This surge took place at a time the Finnish Government was busily undergoing a wide-range health and social care reform amid growing nationalist and populist sentiments. Our aim is to explore the governance of a parallel health system for asylum seekers with a right-to-health approach. We concentrated on three right to health features most related to the governance of asylum seeker health care, namely Formal recognition of the right to health, Standards and Coordination mechanisms. Through our qualitative review, we identified three major hurdles in the governance of the system for asylum seekers: 1) Ineffectual and reactive national level coordination and stewardship; 2) Inadequate legislative and supervisory frameworks leading to ineffective governance; 3) Discrepancies between constitutional rights to health, legal entitlements to services and guidance available. This first-time large-scale implementation of the policies exposed weaknesses in the legal framework and the parallel health system. We recommend the removal of the parallel system and the integration of asylum seekers' health services to the national public health care system. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Background: Infectious disease screening of migrants at increased risk is a feature of national infection prevention and control measures. Asylum seekers in Finland are offered screening of tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and syphilis based on individual risk assessment. We aimed to evaluate the public health response to a large influx of asylum seekers to Finland in 2015-2016 with respect to national guidelines on initial health services and infectious disease screening. Methods: We used immigration and healthcare procurement data for all 38,134 asylum seekers to Finland during 2015-2016 to assess the implementation, timing and yields of infectious disease screening. Results: The coverage of pulmonary TB screening was 71.6% [95% CI 71.1-72.0%] and that of hepatitis B, HIV or syphilis 60. 6% [60.1-61.1%] among those eligible for screening. The estimated average delay from arrival to pulmonary TB screening was 74 days for adults and 43 days for children. Delay to hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis screening was 91 days for adults and 47 days for children. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity was 1.4% [95% CI 1.3-1.6%], HIV 0.3% [95% CI 0.1-0.4%] and Treponema pallidum specific antibodies 1.0% [95% CI 0.8-1.1%]. Data did not allow assessment of yields of pulmonary TB screening. Conclusions: Up to one third of asylum seekers were not reached by screening and screenings were delayed from target timeframes. Children, as a vulnerable population, were screened earlier than adults. To ensure higher screening coverage, infectious disease risks should be reassessed and screening completed at contacts to healthcare during the post-asylum phase of integration. The large influx of asylum seekers to Finland in 2015-2016 tested the country's public health preparedness. After action reviews of the public health response to the large migrant influx such as screening implementation can be used for evidence-based improvement of public health preparedness and guidelines for initial health services and infectious disease screening.

The population of foreign origin in Finland is a heterogenic group, diverse for example with respect to reasons for and age at migration. While migration to Finland is a recent phenomenon, the size of the population of foreign origin has grown rapidly and will continue to increase. Changes in the population structure need to be taken into account in health promotion. For example lifestyle, health status, functional capacity, mental health, infectious diseases and reproductive health differ in foreign origin population compared with the general Finnish population. These differences may provide opportunities but also create challenges for service provision and health promotion planning.

Background and aims: There is a growing body of literature confirming the association between inflammation and obesity. Recent research suggests that inflammation may play a role in weight gain. The aim of the study was to analyse whether serum inflammatory markers predict weight gain or development of obesity in a prospective study design. Methods and results: The baseline study (DILGOM 2007) consists of a population-based sample of 5024 Finnish men and women aged 25–75 years, of whom 3735 participated in the follow-up study in 2014. Baseline data collection included a questionnaire on health behaviour, physical examinations and blood samples including serum high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha) and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW adiponectin). Indicators of obesity were weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat percentage (% body fat). At baseline hs-CRP, IL-1Ra, IL-6, TNF-alpha and HMW adiponectin associated strongly (p

The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) was developed to ensure the delivery of essential maternal and perinatal care practices around the time of childbirth. A research collaboration was subsequently established to explore factors that influence use of the Checklist in a range of settings around the world. This analysis article presents an overview of the WHO SCC Collaboration and the lessons garnered from implementing the Checklist across a diverse range of settings. Project leads from each collaboration site were asked to distribute two surveys. The first was given to end users, and the second to implementation teams to describe their respective experiences using the Checklist. A total of 134 end users and 38 implementation teams responded to the surveys, from 19 countries across all levels of income. End users were willing to adopt the SCC and found it easy to use. Training and the provision of supervision while using the Checklist, alongside leadership engagement and local ownership, were important factors which helped facilitate initial implementation and successful uptake of the Checklist. Teams identified several challenges, but more importantly successfully implemented the WHO SCC. A critical step in all settings was the adaptation of the Checklist to reflect local context and national protocols and standards. These findings were invaluable in developing the final version of the WHO SCC and its associated implementation guide. Our experience will provide useful insights for any institution wishing to implement the Checklist.