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This paper explores the close links between the rule of law, human right protection, and democracy. Human rights refer to the rights available to all men and women as human beings. The rule of law denotes not only equality before the law but it is also a human ideal-- that is, "the rule of law, not of men" (Radin, 2005). This article sheds light on the nature and scope of the rule of law and mechanism for its enforcement; it deals with the relevance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; and it also discusses how important it is for protecting human rights. This article argues that all these issues, the rule of law, as couched in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, democracy, and the safeguarding of human rights, are not only inter-linked but necessary conditions for each other. That internal sovereignty poses a challenge to full compliance of states with an internationally recognized rule-of-law-based political orders. In contradistinction to the rule of kings and/or arbitrary use of personal judgments that would take the force of law, as was the case in the past, this paper argues that the rule of law not only provides a conducive environment for the safeguarding of human rights but also for the flourishing of democracy-- that is, the rule of law strengthens democracy and democracy strengthens the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased risk of herpes zoster was observed after COVID vaccination in some patients.[4], [5], [6], [7] Similarly, in some Asian patients, substantial neurological and psychiatric adverse effects were observed after receiving the COVID vaccination. Comment on "Long-term risk of herpes zoster following COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study of 2 442 686 patients" Among these patients, 31 had postvaccinal herpes zoster.[8] Lastly, the data of patients who received the zoster vaccine after recovery from COVID should also be studied to strengthen the findings. [Extracted from the article]

Postoperative pain is one of the major complication after initiation of root canal treatment (RCT). It has multiple causes including patient anxiety, preoperative pain, individual pain threshold, residual pulp tissue, mechanical and chemical irritation of the periapical tissues. The purpose of this study was to compare the post operative pain following root canal treatment in single versus two visits. The study was conducted at department of operative dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from April 2013 to June 2014. Hundred patients recommended for endodontic treatment were sampled by convenience. Patients between the ages of 18-50 years and teeth with vital and necrotic pulps were included. Patients with chronic pulpal disease were excluded. Patients were divided in to equal groups of fifty patients each. Group 1 underwent treatment in one visit while in group 2 treatment was completed in two visits. Patients were asked to record their pain on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from 0-9 at 6, 12, 24,and 48 hours interval after treatment on a VAS pain proforma. SPSS version 19 was used for analysis. Independent samples t-test was applied to study post operative-pain in patients undergoing root canal treatment in one visit versus patients undergoing root canal treatment in two visits. It was observed that the patients undergoing two visit endodontic treatment experienced more pain as compared to the ones receiving single visit treatment and it was significant at 12 and 24 hours post operatively. It is concluded that single visit endodontic treatment evokes less pain as compared to 2 visit treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine glucose levels in late preterm and term newborns at one hour of life in our population, along with the frequency of symptomatic hypoglycemia and it's known risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital (QIH) Islamabad from July 2012 to September 2013. Material and Methods: Two hundred and seventy newborns were selected by consecutive purposive non probability sampling who were born at QIH either by spontaneous vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Only healthy neonates were included. Gestational age, weight, fetal and maternal risk factors were assessed. Glucose level was measured by glucometer at 1 hour of life after first feed. Neonates that became symptomatic with low glucose levels were thoroughly studied, readings reconfirmed from laboratory and were promptly managed. Results: Thirty (11%) babies showed sugar level < 30 mg/dl at 1 hour of life. Out of them 18(60%) were late preterm and 12(40%) were term babies. Out of them 12(40%) babies weighed <2kg, 8(26%) were between 2-2.5 kg and 6(20%) were 2.5-4.0 kg while 4(14%) babies were between 4.0 to 4.6 kg. Only 6(2.2%) newborns became symptomatic with low sugar level. Among symptomatic newnates, 4 mothers had gestational diabetes and other two were with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Important risk factors were gestational diabetes, PIH, fetal distress and SGA babies. Safest lower glucose level was found to be 30 mg/dl at 1 hour after birth. Conclusion: Plasma glucose levels measured at 1 hour of life in late preterm and term newborns in our population are consistent with international studies. Frequency of symptomatic hypoglycemia is quite low and normal newborns without risk factors do not need screening. However one needs to be vigilant in babies with risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 68-year-old man with past medical history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and a "cardiac murmur" is presented to the emergency department with severe substernal chest pain. Topics include shows that vital signs are unstable as tachycardic and hypotensive despite receives intravenous fluids.

Background: To demonstrate the effect of duration of surgery and type of anaesthesia given on two markers of liver; serum ferritin and prothrombin. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 55 patients positive for hepatitis C virus were included who presented to the department of orthopaedics, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi from 8th December 2014 to 7th December 2015. All patients positive for hepatitis C virus on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were included in the study. Their serum ferritin and prothrombin levels were recorded pre- and post-operatively. Results: Out of the 55 hepatitis C positive patients, 32 (58.18%) were male and 23 (41.82%) female patients. 32 (58.18%) patients operated under spinal anaesthesia while 23 (41.82%) under general anaesthesia. Surgery affected prothrombin levels from 2.04±1.19 pre-operatively to 3.15±1.89 postoperatively (p<0.001). Serum ferritin levels were also affected by surgery from 143.42±111.56 preoperatively to 203.15±171.69 post-operatively (p<0.001).Type of anaesthesia had no significant effect on difference of pre- and post-operative prothrombin and ferritin levels (p>0.05). Duration of surgery had a significant effect on difference of preand post-operative ferritin and prothrombin levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: Pre-operative values of ferritin and prothrombin were affected significantly by the duration of surgery and remained unaffected by the type of anaesthesia post-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]