Search

Abstract The scientific evidence based on experiences with past disasters points to the possibility of the occurrence of future mental health issues among those who were affected by the recent Turkey–Syria earthquake. However, post-disaster care information on factors that could give rise to mental health issues among those affected have yet to be provided. In March 2011, Tohoku University compiled and published a booklet with post-disaster healthcare information based on the experiences with the Great East Japan Earthquake. This study aimed to promote the introduction and use of this booklet for post-disaster care in Turkey and Syria by presenting the results of a satisfaction survey conducted with relevant Japanese organizations about the booklet. A total of 505 Japanese organizations participated in the satisfaction survey of, and evaluated, the booklet. The results indicated the need to consider the ease of understanding for the general public when providing information on post-disaster care through booklets. We hope that this study leads to the appropriate provision of easy-to-understand, post-disaster healthcare information to the victims of the Turkey–Syria earthquake and future disasters.

Abstract Background Patients with superficial siderosis (SS) rarely show brachial multisegmental amyotrophy with ventral intraspinal fluid collection accompanied with dural tear. Case presentation We describe spinal cord pathology of a 58-year-old man who developed brachial multisegmental amyotrophy with ventral intraspinal fluid collection from the cervical to lumbar spinal levels accompanied with SS, dural tear, and snake-eyes appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Radiological and pathological analyses detected diffuse and prominent superficial deposition of hemosiderin in the central nervous system. Snake-eyes appearance on MRI expanded from the C3 to C7 spinal levels without apparent cervical canal stenosis. Pathologically, severe neuronal loss at both anterior horns and intermediate zone was expanded from the upper cervical (C3) to middle thoracic (Th5) spinal gray matter, and these findings were similar to compressive myelopathy. Conclusion Extensive damage of the anterior horns in our patient may be due to dynamic compression induced by ventral intraspinal fluid collection.

Anterior cervical disc replacement (ACDR) using cervical artificial disc (CAD) has the advantage of maintaining the range of motion (ROM) at the surgical level, subsequently reducing the postoperative risk of adjacent disc disease. Following the approval for the clinical use in Japan, a post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was conducted for two different types of CAD, namely, Mobi-C (metal-on-plastic design) and Prestige LP (metal-on-metal design). The objective of this prospective observational multicenter study was to analyze the first 2-year surgical results of the PMS study of 1-level ACDR in Japan. A total of 54 patients were registered (Mobi-C, n = 24, MC group; Prestige LP, n = 30, PLP group). Preoperative neurological assessment revealed radiculopathy in 31 patients (57.4%) and myelopathy in 15 patients (27.8%). Preoperative radiological assessment classified the disease category as disc herniation in 15 patients (27.8%), osteophyte in 6 patients (11.1%), and both in 33 patients (61.1%). The postoperative follow-up rates at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after ACDR were 92.6%, 87.0%, 83.3%, and 79.6%, respectively. In both groups, patients' neurological condition improved significantly after surgery. Radiographic assessment revealed loss of mobility at the surgical level in 9.5% of patients in the MC group and in 9.1% of patients in the PLP group. No secondary surgeries at the initial surgical level and no serious adverse events were observed in either group. The present results suggest that 1-level ACDR is safe, although medium- to long-term follow-up is mandatory to further verify the validity of ACDR for Japanese patients.

Abstract Historical data can determine how adolescents recover from difficult situations such as the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study analysed 3 years of data obtained from high-school students who had been affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and consequently evidenced the importance of increasing resilience among affected adolescents. This involved identifying factors contributing to resilience through a model that assessed for each tsunami disaster. This model was determined by assessing the correlation between survivors’ resilience scores and their measured psychological and lifestyle scores. This approach showed that, in all tsunami damage models, resilience was most affected by the depressed emotions. Thus, our approach suggests that interventions for improving the depressed mood may improve resilience in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective We performed a retrospective observational study to demonstrate the surgical risks and long-term prognoses of intramedullary tumors in Japan using a multicenter registry authorized by the Neurospinal Society of Japan. Methods Data from 1,033 consecutive patients with intramedullary tumors, treated between 2009 and 2020, were collected from 58 centers. Patients with spinal lipomas or myxopapillary ependymomas were excluded. Patient characteristics, clinical presentations, imaging characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. The modified McCormick scale was used to classify functional status. Survival was described using Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.4 years. Data of 361 ependymomas, 196 hemangioblastomas, 168 astrocytic tumors, 160 cavernous malformations, and the remaining 126 cases including subependymomas, metastases, schwannomas, capillary hemangiomas, and intravascular B-cell lymphomas were analyzed. Twenty-two patients were undiagnosed. The mean follow-up duration was 46.1 ± 38.5 months. Gross total tumor removal was achieved in 672 tumors (65.1%). On the modified McCormick scale, 234 patients (22.7%) had worse postoperative grades at the time of discharge. However, neurological status gradually improved. At 6 months postoperatively, 251 (27.5%), 500 (54.9%), and 160 patients (17.6%) had improved, unchanged, and worsened grades, respectively. Preoperative functional status, gross total tumor removal, and histopathological type were significantly associated with mortality and functional outcomes. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate better postoperative functional outcomes in patients with fewer preoperative neurological deficits. Degree of resection, postoperative treatments, and prognoses are closely related to the histology of intramedullary tumors.

Background: We established a community-based cohort study to assess the long-term impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on disaster victims and gene-environment interactions on the incidence of major diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: We asked participants to join our cohort in the health check-up settings and assessment center based settings. Inclusion criteria were aged 20 years or over and living in Miyagi or Iwate Prefecture. We obtained information on lifestyle, effect of disaster, blood, and urine information (Type 1 survey), and some detailed measurements (Type 2 survey), such as carotid echography and calcaneal ultrasound bone mineral density. All participants agreed to measure genome information and to distribute their information widely. Results: As a result, 87,865 gave their informed consent to join our study. Participation rate at health check-up site was about 70%. The participants in the Type 1 survey were more likely to have psychological distress than those in the Type 2 survey, and women were more likely to have psychological distress than men. Additionally, coastal residents were more likely to have higher degrees of psychological distress than inland residents, regardless of sex. Conclusion: This cohort comprised a large sample size and it contains information on the natural disaster, genome information, and metabolome information. This cohort also had several detailed measurements. Using this cohort enabled us to clarify the long-term effect of the disaster and also to establish personalized prevention based on genome, metabolome, and other omics information.

This study examines the association between abnormal cervical cytology and subjective health in pregnant women, as an adjunct to the Japan Environment and Children's Study, which cross-sectionally analyzed a subset of the prospective cohort. A total of 3024 pregnant women at a childbirth facility whose medical records of cervical cytology in the first trimester of pregnancy were transcribed and who responded to the subjective health questionnaire were included herein. They were classified into excellent, good, fair, and poor groups based on their subjective health. Cervical cytology results obtained from perinatal medical records were classified into normal and abnormal cytology based on the Bethesda classification. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline characteristics, including age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, and other possible confounding factors, was used. Of 3024 pregnant women, 106 (3.5%) had abnormal cytology, with the prevalence being 1.3%, 3.7%, 3.9%, and 4.0%, respectively (p = 0.055) in the poor, fair, good, and excellent groups. The baseline characteristics, namely age, history of gynecological diseases, Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale score, and history of mental illness, were significantly different between groups. Compared to the poor group, the other three groups had a significantly higher abnormal cytology risk after adjusting for confounding factors (Fair: adjusted OR [aOR] = 3.6, 95% CI [1.0–12.1]; Good: aOR = 4.6 [1.3–15.5]; Excellent: aOR = 4.6 [1.2–17.8]). This study encourages young women to undergo cervical cancer screening because they are at risk for cervical cancer even if they think that they are healthy, and preventive activities like regular screening are essential.

The environment surrounding researchers has changed significantly in the face of COVID-19 restrictions. An online self-reported questionnaire was completed by 10,557 participants between June 15 and 19, 2020. The impact on work/research activities and harassments under COVID-19 conditions was higher among researchers (1963) compared to non-researchers (8572). We further examined the effect of COVID-19 restrictions on 300 researchers. Women were significantly more likely to report being harassed than males. The overall “decrease in research motivation” was higher in women. The restrictions on research activities because of COVID-19 restrictions caused future anxiety and a decrease in research motivation.

After disasters, issues pertaining to women's health such as irregular periods and bleeding are well surveyed. However, the management of women's health, especially changes in the rate of health checkups, has not been investigated. In the present study, we focused on the change in the cervical cancer screening rates (CCS-Rs) before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0, a profound disaster. We examined the CCS-R from 2009 to 2016 in 45 areas of the Miyagi Prefecture. Screening was completed using mobile vans. In the 4 areas impacted by the tsunami after the earthquake, a marked decrease in the CCS-R was observed in 2011 when the earthquake took place (more than a 3% decrease compared with that in the previous year). The CCS-Rs in these 4 regions remained lower in 2016 than in the previous year. In 2009-2016 except for 2014, CCS-Rs in coastal areas (9 areas) were significantly lower than those in the non-coastal areas (36 areas). A delay in seeking healthcare, also known as "patient's delay," is considered as one of the problems of cancer treatment in affected areas. It is possible that a decrease in the CCS-R may lead to low detection of advanced stages of cancer. Therefore, the establishment of a comprehensive medical system including medical screening after a disaster is important for the management of women's health.

A series of aniline and m-phenylenediamine derivatives with electron-withdrawing 3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl substituents were synthesized as small and chemically stable fluorescent organic compounds. Their fluorescence performances were evaluated by converting 2,4-disubstituted aniline 1 to the non-fluorescent dipeptide analogue H-Gly-Pro-1 for the use as a fluorogenic substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The progress of the enzymatic hydrolysis of H-Gly-Pro-1 with DPP-4 was monitored by fluorometric determination of 1 released into the reaction medium. The results suggest that 1 could be used as fluorophore in OFF–ON-type fluorogenic probes.

Significant changes in kumite tactics were verified after the 2013 International Judo Federation rule revision, which mandated that competitors initiate sparring immediately at match outset. The research contained in this paper focused on the re-gripping techniques which were affected by this rule revision, relating to the gripping targets, the use of cross gripping techniques, body rotation when executing throws, and the attacking patterns. In total, 372 men’s contests from the Judo Grand Slam Paris 2016 were analyzed using All Japan Judo Federation Science and Research Department SMART Edge system. Throws resulting in scores were identified and the preceding kumite tactics were analyzed. Re-gripping techniques resulted in significantly higher score rates than the no re-gripping techniques when competitors grabbed the place of the competition number, and the place(s) other than the collar and sleeve with at least one hand except the place of the competition number. Re-gripping the opponent and targeting the place of the competition number might facilitate scoring. Using the re-gripping techniques could make a variety of gripping targets effective to score. We emphasize the importance of classifying kumite techniques into two major patterns: re-gripping and no re-gripping techniques when coaching competitors for kumite tactics.

The older adult population in developed countries is rapidly increasing, as is the number of older adults with cervical spondylosis. Previous studies on the surgical outcomes of older adults with cervical spondylosis have reported contradictory results. This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes in adults with cervical spondylosis who were

In this repair method, two types of adhesives, such as a penetrable adhesive and a high-durability adhesive, were applied to the adhesion interface of the materials to be repaired, and then cast. The repair method was then evaluated for fatigue resistance using wheel load running tests. It was developed to ensure the long-term integrity of the repair material and RC slabs. The results of the experiments confirmed that this repair method provides significantly better fatigue resistance than the conventional construction method. Moreover, this study proposes two wet repair cycles and one dry repair cycle with reinforcement measures to improve the load-bearing performance.

Estrogen receptors promote target gene transcription when they form a dimer, in which two identical (homodimer) or different (heterodimer) proteins are bound to each other. In hormone-dependent cancers, hormone receptor dimerization plays pivotal roles, not only in the pathogenesis or development of the tumors, but also in the development of therapeutic resistance. Protein–protein interactions (PPIs), including dimerization and complex formation, have been also well-known to be required for proteins to exert their functions. The methods which could detect PPIs are genetic engineering (i.e., resonance energy transfer) and/or antibody technology (i.e., co-immunoprecipitation) using cultured cells. In addition, visualization of the target proteins in tissues can be performed using antigen–antibody reactions, as in immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, development of microscopic techniques (i.e., electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy) has made it possible to visualize intracellular and/or intranuclear organelles. We have recently reported the visualization of estrogen receptor dimers in breast cancer tissues by using the in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). PLA was developed along the lines of antibody technology development, and this assay has made it possible to visualize PPIs in archival tissue specimens. Localization of PPI in organelles has also become possible using super-resolution microscopes exceeding the resolution limit of conventional microscopes. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the methodologies used for studying PPIs in both cells and tissues, and review the recently reported studies on PPIs of hormones.

Relaxin is known to play an important role in animal pregnancies, including those of humans. It is suggested that relaxin induces aggressive cell growth and invasiveness in several types of cancer, including endometrial cancer. However, the mechanisms of relaxin remain largely unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of relaxin 2 (RLN2), the major circulating relaxin in humans, on human endometrial carcinoma cell lines. RLN2 treatment induced invasion in HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells. RLN2-induced cell invasion was significantly decreased by transfection of relaxin receptor 1 (RXFP1) siRNAs. The β-catenin inhibitor, XAV939, also significantly inhibited the RLN2-induced cell invasions. Both a decrease of cadherin expression and an increase of β-catenin phosphorylation were observed in response to the RLN2 treatment in HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells. We then examined RLN2 and RXFP1 expression in 80 human endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tissues. RLN2 immunoreactivity was detected in the human endometrial carcinoma cells and had a correlative tendency with histological grade and RXFP1. These results suggest that adherens junctions in cancer cells are weakened by the breakdown of the cadherin/catenin complex, which is induced by β-catenin phosphorylation via RLN2/RXFP1 signaling.

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common female pelvic cancers and has been considered an androgen-related malignancy. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-cell proliferative effect of androgen on endometrial cancer cells; however, the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effect of androgen remain largely unclear. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2), which catalyzes the conversion of E2 to E1, is known to be upregulated by androgen treatment in breast cancer cells. In this study, we therefore focused on the role of androgen on estrogen dependence in endometrial cancer. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was found to induce 17β-HSD2 mRNA and protein expression in HEC-1B endometrial cancer cells. DHT could also inhibit cell proliferation of HEC-1B when induced by estradiol treatment. In 19 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA) tissues, intratumoral DHT concentration was measured by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and was found to be significantly correlated with 17β-HSD2 immunohistochemical status. We further examined the correlations between 17β-HSD2 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters in 53 EEA tissues. 17β-HSD2 status was inversely associated with the histological grade, clinical stage, and cell proliferation marker Ki-67, and positively correlated with progesterone receptor expression. 17β-HSD2 status tended to be positively associated with androgen receptor status. In 53 EEA cases, the 17β-HSD2-positive group tended to have better prognosis than that for the negative group with respect to progression-free survival and endometrial cancer-specific survival. These findings suggest that androgen suppresses the estrogen dependence of endometrial cancer through the induction of 17β-HSD2 in endometrial cancer.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and its expression is influenced by environmental compounds, such as 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF). AhR and its downstream genes, such as CYP1A1, are considered to play a pivotal role in xenobiotic responses. AhR signaling has also been proposed to mediate osteogenesis in experimental animals, but its details have remained unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined the possible roles of AhR in human bone. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AhR was detected in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. We then screened AhR-target genes using a microarray analysis in human osteoblastic hFOB cells. Results of microarray and subsequent PCR analysis did reveal that estrogen metabolizing and synthesizing enzymes, such as CYP1B1 and aromatase, were increased by 3-MC in hFOB and osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. The subsequent antibody cytokine analysis also demonstrated that interleukin-1β and -6 expression was increased by 3-MC and β-NF in hFOB cells and these interleukins were well known to induce aromatase. We then examined the cell proliferation rate of hFOB and MG-63 cells co-treated with 3-MC and testosterone as an aromatase substrate. The status of cell proliferation in both hFOB and MG-63 cells was stimulated by 3-MC and testosterone treatment, which was also inhibited by an estrogen blocker, aromatase inhibitor, or AhR antagonist. These findings indicated that AhR could regulate estrogen synthesis and metabolism in bone tissues through cytokine/aromatase signaling.

We started the development of the Antarctic penetrator which was applicable to the future seismic explosion experiments in the Sør Rondane Mountains region, Antarctica. The planned observation system consists of the expendable ground system segment (GSS : penetrator) and the data collection segment (DCS) on the helicopter. Using the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, No.01840012,from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, we made the following experiments as a 1989-year program. (1) We made 6 vertical-component seismometers (type V241-M), and conducted shock tests (acceleration ranging from-5000G to 5000G) at the Noshiro Testing Center, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The sensors were proven to suffer no damage with negligible change of the frequency characteristics. (2) An IFP (Instantaneous Floating Point) amplifier and the digital recording program were designed, and the laboratory experiments with the above seismometers were made. (3) Shock tests of the electronics parts such as quartz oscillator circuit, chemical battery, CPU (Central Processing Unit), ROM (Read Only Memory), etc. were made to select appropriate units and to obtain know-how of potting. (4) Dummy penetrators were deployed from the hovering helicopter (AS 350B) 600m above the glazed snow surface around Asuka Station (71.5°S, 24.0°E, 1000m asl). We obtained s=8.3-11.1 for the parameter value of snow hardness. (5)The telemetry method and the necessary commands for data acquisition and system diagnostics were examined. Direct transmitting VHF waves with 4-valued FM coded data may be applied as an aerial link

A reflective lower crust' has been found in some regions of Phanerozoic orogens. In Antarctica it has not been surveyed and is an important target for explosion experiments. Seismic refraction data from the explosion experiments during the 21st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-21) in 1981 were re-analyzed to detect reflected waves from the lower crust. An explosion in Lutzow-Holm Bay with 3000kg of explosive gave well-recorded seismic waves at 27 stations along a 300km profile on the northern Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. A band-pass filtered record section with a normal-moveout velocity of 6.3km/s shows clear phases of large amplitudes in a range of 8-16s of two-way travel time; these phases can be considered as wide-angle reflected waves from the lower crust. The reflection depths correspond to about 18-48km. The depth patterns of reflective layers on the Mizuho Plateau can be related to the Bouguer gravity anomalies and are useful for studying the evolution of the Lutzow-Holm Complex.

GPS differential positioning test on the Antarctic penetrator was made at the Aoyama Pasture, Ishikari-Tobetsu-machi, Hokkaido. The reference GPS receiving site was chosen in Hakodate, 200km southwest of the Aoyama Pasture, taking the planned operation on the SΦr Rondane Mountains 400km profile in Antarctica into consideration. Three dummy penetrators were dropped twice by changing the release height in the range 160-1000m above the ground. Six impact positions of the deployed penetrators were determined by a relative carrier phase measurement to an accuracy of 0.1m, and the position results were compared with the post-processed GPS differential positions. When 10-20s duration GPS position data could be acquired at an interval of 1s before and after the release instance (1s accuracy to UTC) of the penetrator, the estimated impact position by tracing the falling trajectory was found to be within 30m offset from the actual impact location determined by the relative carrier phase measurement. When the GPS hovering data could be acquired for at least 1 minute duration just above the impact crater, the calculated impact location via the hovering-helicopter GPS position data was found to be within 10m offset from the actual impact location. The height accuracy of GPS differential positioning was ±10m (PDOP=5-20), which is considered to degrade to ±20m when the coordinates of the reference GPS receiving site were determined by the time-average of point-positioning results. As for attitude of the dropped penetrator, the declination from vertical was found to be within ±5°, when the penetrator was dropped from the slowly-moving (below 20km/h) helicopter 200m above the ground.

The 21st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-21) made aeromagnetic surveys along the traverse route from Syowa to Mizuho Stations by using a proton precession magnetometer. Reductions of International Geomagnetic Reference Field and diurnal variations were applied to the observed total intensity data, and the geomagnetic anomaly profile along the route was obtained. The uncertainty in the anomaly profile is considered to be 20-30nT. There is a characteristic anomaly around S16-S30 which ranges from -250 to 350nT. There is also another anomaly from H260 to Z50,which ranges from -270 to 140nT. Both anomalies have the wave-length of 10-30km. The correspondence of the ground data by JARE-17 with the obtained anomaly profile is rather good. The comparison of the geomagnetic anomaly profile with the previously obtained free-air gravity anomaly profile was made.

Seismic refraction experiments were carried out to investigate the crustal structure in Antarctica by the wintering party of the 21st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Five experiments were made from May 1980 to January 1981 in the vicinity of Syowa Station and in Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. The outline of the experiments is reported with respect to the field operation and the preliminary results. In May and June 1980,the shallow structure of an ice-free area in the vicinity of Syowa Station, Ongul Islands, was revealed by small-scale experiments. The P-wave velocity in this area is 6.0-6.3km/s. In July a preliminary experiment was conducted in the ice field on the Soya Coast along a line of about 10km long, in which many tests were performed for ice drilling, blasting of dynamite and installation of recording system at air temperature as low as -30℃. Shallow structure of this area was also obtained in the experiment. The P-wave velocity under the ice sheet is 6.0-6.2km/s which is nearly the same as that of the ice-free area. After the success of the experiments two large experiments were conducted along a line of about 300km long between Syowa and Mizuho Stations from October 1980 to January 1981. Explosions of 1400 and 1000kg in charge amount were fired in an ice hole of 143m deep at one end of the line near Mizuho Station and 100m deep at the middle of the line, respectively. In addition to the shots a large explosion of 3000kg in charge amount was detonated at a depth of 160m in Lutzow-Holm Bay off the Soya Coast, the other end of the line. The waves generated by the explosions were recorded successfully at 27 observation stations set up along the line. The former experiment was carried out by ten to fifteen persons for a period of forty days and the latter for a period of fifteen days. The apparent velocity of P-wave in the upper crust varies from 6.0 to 6.4km/s, suggesting gradual increase with depth in the layer. The apparent velocity of 7.9km/s for P_n wave was observed as first arrivals and that of 6.9km/s for P^* as later arrivals.

Performance tests of a one-wave (400MHz) NNSS receiver and a two-wave (150 MHz and 400 MHz) NNSS receiver were made at Syowa Station, East Antarctica. The two-dimensional positioning by a one-wave receiver scattered with the standard deviation of about 200m from the mean position determined by many passes. The two-dimensional positioning by the two-wave receiver scattered with the standard deviation of 25m for the latitudinal direction and 50m for the longitudinal direction, respectively. The mean position by many passes by the one-wave receiver and that by the two-wave receiver were relatively located within 70-80m. Three-dimensional positioning was made by accumulating doppler data of several passes and the estimate of convergence was made by taking the number of satellite passes as a parameter. Probable error in two-dimensional co-ordinates was shown to reduce from 60m to 40m, 20m and further to 10m according as the pass number was increased from 3 to 7,15 and further to 25. The corresponding height error reduced from 20m to 10m and further to 5m according as the pass number was increased from 3 to 7-15 and further to 25. There is a difference of about 370-400m between the positioning by the satellite fixing on the WGS-72 earth ellipsoid and that by an astronomical observation. There is also the difference of 30±2m between the antenna height and the elevation from the mean sea level at the same point. In the explosion seismic experiments by the 21st Japanese Antartic Research Expedition, three-dimensional positioning of most of the seismic stations was made within 15 days by receiving 3-25 passes at each station. There remained the difference of 20-40m between the antenna height and the elevation for most of the seismic stations. The difference between the antenna height and the elevation gives the approximate geoid height, and the obtained values in this region of Prince Olav Coast are consistent with the geoid map obtained by the SEASAT altimetry data. In order to obtain the convergent procedures better than 10m accuracy of the three-dimensional positioning, it is necessary to make more detailed analyses by using a number of broadcasted and/or precise ephemerides.

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thioflavin T, a cationic benzothiazole dye, is typically used to detect amyloid fibrils. In this study, we analyzed the staining properties of Bacillus subtilis cells using several fluorescent dyes, including thioflavin T analogs, 2- (4 '-methylaminophenyl) benzothiazole (BTA-1), and 2- (4-aminophenyl) benzothiazole (APBT). Thioflavin T stained vegetative cells in the early log phase and outer layer structures of forespores and mature spores. The inner parts of forespores and heat-killed mature spores were also stained with thioflavin T. Congo red, auramine O, and rhodamine B stained forespores and mature spores similar to thioflavin T. In contrast, APBT and BTA-1 fluorescence was detected in the outer layers of vegetative cells, mother cells, forespores, and mature spores, indicating that they bind to the cell membrane and/or cell wall. The combination of the fluorescent dyes used in this study will help analyze morphogenetic processes during the sporulation and the damage mechanisms of vegetative cells and spores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]