24 results on '"López-Fernández, Loida"'
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2. Comparative proteomic analyses reveal that Gnt2-mediated N-glycosylation affects cell wall glycans and protein content in Fusarium oxysporum
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Lopez-Fernandez, Loida, Roncero, M. Isabel G., Prieto, Alicia, and Ruiz-Roldan, Carmen
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- 2015
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3. Cu transporter protein CrpF protects against Cu-induced toxicity in Fusarium oxysporum
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Lorenzo-Gutiérrez, Damaris, Gómez-Gil, Lucía, Guarro, Josep, Roncero, M. Isabel G., Capilla, Javier, and López-Fernández, Loida
- Abstract
Cu is an essential trace element for cell growth and proliferation. However, excess of Cu accumulation leads to cellular toxicity. Thus, precise and tight regulation of Cu homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is required. Moreover, the maintenance of Cu homeostasis is critical for the survival and virulence of fungal pathogens. Cu homeostasis has been extensively studied in mammals, bacteria, and yeast, but it has not yet been well documented in filamentous fungi. In the present work, we investigated Cu tolerance in the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum by analysing the Cu transporter coding gene crpF, previously studied in Aspergillus fumigatus. The expression studies demonstrated that crpF is upregulated in the presence of Cu and its deletion leads to severe sensitivity to low levels of CuSO4 in F. oxysporum. Targeted deletion of crpF did not significantly alter the resistance of the fungus to macrophage killing, nor its pathogenic behaviour on the tomato plants. However, the targeted deletion mutant ΔcrpF showed increased virulence in a murine model of systemic infection compared to wild-type strain (wt).
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- 2020
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4. ERG11 Polymorphism in Voriconazole-Resistant Candida tropicalis: Weak Role of ERG11 Expression, Ergosterol Content, and Membrane Permeability
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Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, primary, López-Fernández, Loida, additional, Martin-Vicente, Adela, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2020
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5. Azole resistance mechanisms in Aspergillus: update and recent advances
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Pérez-Cantero, Alba, primary, López-Fernández, Loida, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2020
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6. Cu transporter protein CrpF protects against Cu-induced toxicity in Fusarium oxysporum
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Lorenzo-Gutiérrez, Damaris, primary, Gómez-Gil, Lucía, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, Roncero, M. Isabel G., additional, Capilla, Javier, additional, and López-Fernández, Loida, additional
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- 2020
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7. New Insights into the Cyp51 Contribution to Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Section Nigri
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Pérez-Cantero, Alba, primary, López-Fernández, Loida, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2019
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8. Role of the Fusarium oxysporum metallothionein Mt1 in resistance to metal toxicity and virulence
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Lorenzo-Gutiérrez, Damaris, primary, Gómez-Gil, Lucía, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, Roncero, M Isabel G, additional, Fernández-Bravo, Ana, additional, Capilla, Javier, additional, and López-Fernández, Loida, additional
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- 2019
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9. Expression of ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2 and SNQ2 in voriconazole susceptible and resistant Candida glabrata strains
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Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, primary, Martin-Vicente, Adela, additional, López-Fernández, Loida, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2019
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10. Expression of ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2 and SNQ2 in voriconazole susceptible and resistant Candida glabrata strains.
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Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, Martin-Vicente, Adela, López-Fernández, Loida, Guarro, Josep, and Capilla, Javier
- Abstract
Candida glabrata causes difficult to treat invasive candidiasis due to its antifungal resistance, mainly to azoles. The aim of the present work was to study the role of the genes ERG11 , CDR1 , CDR2, and SNQ2 on the resistance to voriconazole (VRC) in a set of C. glabrata strains with known in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to this drug. Eighteen clinical isolates of C. glabrata were exposed in vitro to VRC, and the expression of the cited genes was quantified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). In addition, the ERG11 gene was amplified and sequenced to detect possible mutations. Ten synonymous mutations were found in 15 strains, two of them being reported for the first time; however, no amino acid changes were detected. ERG11 and CDR1 were the most expressed genes in all the strains tested, while the expression of CDR2 and SNQ2 was modest. Our results show that gene expression does not directly correlate with the VRC MIC. In addition, the expression profiles of ERG11 and efflux pump genes did not change consistently after exposure to VRC. Although individual analysis did not result in a clear correlation between MIC and gene expression, we did observe an increase in ERG11 and CDR1 expression in resistant strains. It is of interest that considering both in vitro and in vivo results, the slight increase in such gene expression correlates with the observed resistance to VRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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11. Understanding Mucor circinelloides pathogenesis by comparative genomics and phenotypical studies
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López-Fernández, Loida, primary, Sanchis, Marta, additional, Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, additional, Nicolás, Francisco E., additional, Silva-Franco, Fátima, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, Garre, Victoriano, additional, Navarro-Mendoza, María Isabel, additional, Pérez-Arques, Carlos, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2018
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12. Combined antifungal therapy against systemic murine infections by rareCryptococcusspecies
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Thomson, Pamela, primary, Mayayo, Emilio, additional, López-Fernández, Loida, additional, Guarro, Josep, additional, and Capilla, Javier, additional
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- 2016
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13. Papel de la N-glicosilación de proteinas en la virulencia de Fusarium oxysporum
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López Fernández, Loida, González Roncero, M. Isabel, and Ruiz Roldán, Carmen
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N-glicosilación ,N-acetilglucosamina-transferasas ,Gnt2 ,Proteinas ,Glicosilación ,Análisis proteómico ,Fusarium oxysporum - Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a process widely studied in eukaryotes,localized in two different cellular compartments but functionally connected:the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Due to the complexityand diversity of its reactions, some enzymatic pathways are still unknown inmany organisms, emerging as new research topics in filamentous fungi.The initial glycosylation steps localized in the ER are highly conservedin eukaryotes, by contrast GA steps show wide variations in the sequentialaddition of monosaccharides that conform the elongation of the previouslysynthesized glycans, being some of these enzymatic reactions substratespecific.Protein glycosylation in mammalian species presents a high structuraldiversity in which glycans are decorated by fucose, xilose, glucose, sialicacid and mannose in terminal positions. Fungal and yeast have lessdiversity and only present galactose, glucose, uronic acids and mannose asterminal residues.N-acetylglucosamine transferases participate in terminalglycosylation, attaching GlcNAc to enlarge glycan molecules, butconsidering other studies on eukaryotes, this monosaccharide can belocalized in terminal position or at bisecting points in the polysaccharidechains. With the aim to decipher the molecular dialogue and cross talkbetween Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci and the host during infectionand to understand the molecular bases that govern fungal pathogenicity, wehave analyzed the genes encoding N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases,presumably involved in glycosylation of glycoproteins, glycolipids,proteoglycans or small molecule acceptors. In silico analysis revealed theexistence of seven putative N-glycosyl transferase encoding genes in theF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici genome. Deletion mutants in theN-acetylglucosaminyl transferase gene gnt2 showed a dramatic reduction invirulence on both plant and animal hosts. The Δgnt2 mutants had alterationsin cell wall properties related to terminal α- or β-linked N-acetylglucosamine.In the present study we conclude that is indeed a terminal monosaccharide,based on the cytometry analyses by fluorescence quantification of the lectinGSII-FITC bound to germling cell walls, although we can not discard abisecting position as well. Mutant conidia and germlings also differed fromthe wild type in surface structure and physicochemical surface properties.Spore and hyphal aggregation in liquid culture differ between the mutant andthe wild type, in a pH independent manner. Transmission electronmicrographs of mutant germlings show strong cell-to-cell adherence likelycaused by increased formation of an extracellular chemical matrix. Δgnt2cell walls showed a significant reduction in N-linked oligosaccharides..., El proceso de glicosilación de proteínas, ampliamente estudiado eneucariotas, tiene lugar en dos compartimentos celulares separados aunquefuncionalmente conectados: el retículo endoplásmico (RE) y el aparato deGolgi (AG). Debido a su complejidad, aún se desconocen algunas de lasrutas enzimáticas que lo constituyen en muchos organismos, resultando untema muy novedoso de estudio en hongos filamentosos.Las etapas de glicosilación iniciales localizadas en el RE están muyconservadas en eucariotas, mientras que las etapas del AG son másvariables y corresponden a la adición secuencial de monosacáridos quealargan el glicano sintetizado, siendo algunas específicas de sustrato. Enmamíferos la elongación de glicanos es muy diversa, dando lugar a cadenasoligosacarídicas decoradas con fucosa, xilosa, glucosa, ácido siálico omanosa terminales. En hongos y levaduras la diversidad es menor,presentando tan solo residuos galactosa, glucosa, ácidos urónicos o manosaen los extremos.El análisis in silico del genoma de F. oxysporum harevelado laexistencia de seis posibles genes de N-acetilglucosamina transferasas (Gnt)ortólogos a GNT1 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteína identificada comoenzima de glicosilación anclada a la membrana del AG.Para estudiar el papel de gnt2 en la fisiología y virulencia deF. oxysporum, en este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo la deleción de ambascopias del gen y la posterior complementación de los mutantes resultantes,con el alelo silvestre.El proceso de infección con el mutante deficiente .gnt2, tanto enplantas de tomate como en la larva de la polilla de la cera Galleria mellonella,ha resultado en una reducción de la capacidad de invasión de los tejidos delhuésped y en un retraso significativo en el desarrollo de enfermedad. Por elcontrario, los individuos infectados con el transformante complementado hanmostrado un desarrollo de la enfermedad similar a la estirpe silvestre, con larecuperación total de la virulencia.La anulación de gnt2 produce cambios en la pared celular queconllevan la alteración de la sensibilidad y la afinidad a compuestos queinteraccionan con la pared celular fúngica y a enzimas líticas de pared, asícomo una reducción en la formación de puentes de fusión entre conidias ehifas, dando como resultado un micelio menos cohesionado.Estos análisis han revelado en el mutante un aumento en lasensibilidad a dichos compuestos tóxicos, y mayor resistencia a la acción deglucanasas y quitinasas, así como menor afinidad por el colorante AlcianBlue.
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- 2013
14. Understanding Mucor circinelloidespathogenesis by comparative genomics and phenotypical studies
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López-Fernández, Loida, Sanchis, Marta, Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, Nicolás, Francisco E., Silva-Franco, Fátima, Guarro, Josep, Garre, Victoriano, Navarro-Mendoza, María Isabel, Pérez-Arques, Carlos, and Capilla, Javier
- Abstract
ABSTRACTThe increasing number of infections by species of Mucorales and their high mortality constitute an important concern for public health. This study aims to decipher the genetic basis of Mucor circinelloidespathogenicity, which displays virulence in a strain dependent manner. Assuming that genetic differences between strains may be linked to different pathotypes, we have conducted a study to explore genes responsible for virulence in M. circinelloidesby whole genome sequencing of the avirulent strain NRRL3631 and comparison with the virulent strain CBS277.49. This genome analysis revealed 773 truncated, discontiguous and absent genes in the NRRL3631 strain. We also examined phenotypic traits resulting in reduced heat stress tolerance, chitosan content and lower susceptibility to toxic compounds (calcofluor white and sodium dodecyl sulphate) in the virulent strain, suggesting the influence of cell wall on pathogenesis. Based on these results, we focused on studying extracellular protein-coding genes by gene deletion and further pathotype characterization of mutants in murine models of pulmonary and systemic infection. Deletion of gene ID112092, which codes for a hypothetical extracellular protein of unknown function, resulted in significant reduction of virulence.Although pathogenesis is a multifactorial process, these findings highlight the crucial role of surface and secreted proteins in M. circinelloidesvirulence and should promote further studies of other differential genes.
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- 2018
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15. Combined antifungal therapy against systemic murine infections by rare Cryptococcus species.
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Thomson, Pamela, Mayayo, Emilio, López‐Fernández, Loida, Guarro, Josep, and Capilla, Javier
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CRYPTOCOCCUS ,ANTIFUNGAL agents ,MURINE gammaherpesvirus diseases ,ANIMAL models in research ,COMBINED modality therapy - Abstract
Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus laurentii are uncommon species of this genus that in recent decades have increasingly caused opportunistic infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients; the best therapy for such infection being unknown. Using a murine model of systemic infection by these fungi, we have evaluated the efficacy of amphotericin B ( AMB) at 0.8 mg/kg, administered intravenously, fluconazole ( FLC) or voriconazole ( VRC), both administered orally, at 25 mg/kg and the combination of AMB plus VRC against three C. albidus and two C. laurentii strains. All the treatments significantly reduced the fungal burden in all the organs studied. The combination showed a synergistic effect in the reduction in fungal load, working better than both monotherapies. The histopathological study confirmed the efficacy of the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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16. The Fusarium oxysporum gnt2, Encoding a Putative N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase, Is Involved in Cell Wall Architecture and Virulence
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López-Fernández, Loida, primary, Ruiz-Roldán, Carmen, additional, Pareja-Jaime, Yolanda, additional, Prieto, Alicia, additional, Khraiwesh, Husam, additional, and Roncero, M. Isabel G., additional
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- 2013
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17. ERG11Polymorphism in Voriconazole-Resistant Candida tropicalis: Weak Role of ERG11Expression, Ergosterol Content, and Membrane Permeability
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Navarro-Rodríguez, Patricia, López-Fernández, Loida, Martin-Vicente, Adela, Guarro, Josep, and Capilla, Javier
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Mutations in ERG11were detected by gene sequencing and amino acid alignment in 18 Candida tropicalisstrains with different degrees of sensitivity to voriconazole (VRC). ERG11expression, sterol content, and membrane permeability were also evaluated. We report three missense mutations in ERG11that resulted in resistance to VRC. The transcriptional levels of ERG11as well as the ergosterol content and membrane permeability demonstrated no correlation to only a slight correlation with the obtained MIC values, but the data did suggest a tendency toward such a correlation.
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- 2020
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18. The Metallochaperone Encoding Gene hypA Is Widely Distributed among Pathogenic Aeromonas spp. and Its Expression Is Increased under Acidic pH and within Macrophages.
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Fernández-Bravo, Ana, López-Fernández, Loida, and Figueras, Maria José
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AEROMONAS ,MACROPHAGES ,HELICOBACTER pylori ,HYDROGENASE ,METAL ions ,ESCHERICHIA coli - Abstract
Metallochaperones are essential proteins that insert metal ions or metal cofactors into specific enzymes, that after maturation will become metalloenzymes. One of the most studied metallochaperones is the nickel-binding protein HypA, involved in the maturation of nickel-dependent hydrogenases and ureases. HypA was previously described in the human pathogens Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori and was considered a key virulence factor in the latter. However, nothing is known about this metallochaperone in the species of the emerging pathogen genus Aeromonas. These bacteria are native inhabitants of aquatic environments, often associated with cases of diarrhea and wound infections. In this study, we performed an in silico study of the hypA gene on 36 Aeromonas species genomes, which showed the presence of the gene in 69.4% (25/36) of the Aeromonas genomes. The similarity of Aeromonas HypA proteins with the H. pylori orthologous protein ranged from 21−23%, while with that of E. coli it was 41−45%. However, despite this low percentage, Aeromonas HypA displays the conserved characteristic metal-binding domains found in the other pathogens. The transcriptional analysis enabled the determination of hypA expression levels under acidic and alkaline conditions and after macrophage phagocytosis. The transcriptional regulation of hypA was found to be pH-dependent, showing upregulation at acidic pH. A higher upregulation occurred after macrophage infection. This is the first study that provided evidence that the HypA metallochaperone in Aeromonas might play a role in acid tolerance and in the defense against macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. New Insights into the Cyp51 Contribution to Azole Resistance in AspergillusSection Nigri
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Pérez-Cantero, Alba, López-Fernández, Loida, Guarro, Josep, and Capilla, Javier
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Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe condition mainly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, although other species of the genus, such as section Nigrimembers, can also be involved. Voriconazole (VRC) is the recommended treatment for IA; however, the prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillusisolates has alarmingly increased in recent years, and the underlying resistance mechanisms in non-fumigatusspecies remain unclear.
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- 2019
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20. The Fusarium oxysporum gnt2, Encoding a Putative N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase, Is Involved in Cell Wall Architecture and Virulence.
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López-Fernández, Loida, Ruiz-Roldán, Carmen, Pareja-Jaime, Yolanda, Prieto, Alicia, Khraiwesh, Husam, and Roncero, M. Isabel G.
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FUSARIUM oxysporum , *GENETIC code , *TRANSFERASES , *MICROBIAL virulence , *MOLECULAR biology , *BIOLOGICAL crosstalk , *GLYCOPROTEINS , *GLYCOLIPIDS - Abstract
With the aim to decipher the molecular dialogue and cross talk between Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci and its host during infection and to understand the molecular bases that govern fungal pathogenicity, we analysed genes presumably encoding N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases, involved in glycosylation of glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans or small molecule acceptors in other microorganisms. In silico analysis revealed the existence of seven putative N-glycosyl transferase encoding genes (named gnt) in F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici genome. gnt2 deletion mutants showed a dramatic reduction in virulence on both plant and animal hosts. Δgnt2 mutants had αalterations in cell wall properties related to terminal αor β-linked N-acetyl glucosamine. Mutant conidia and germlings also showed differences in structure and physicochemical surface properties. Conidial and hyphal aggregation differed between the mutant and wild type strains, in a pH independent manner. Transmission electron micrographs of germlings showed strong cell-to-cell adherence and the presence of an extracellular chemical matrix. Δgnt2 cell walls presented a significant reduction in N-linked oligosaccharides, suggesting the involvement of Gnt2 in N-glycosylation of cell wall proteins. Gnt2 was localized in Golgi-like sub-cellular compartments as determined by fluorescence microscopy of GFP::Gnt2 fusion protein after treatment with the antibiotic brefeldin A or by staining with fluorescent sphingolipid BODIPY-TR ceramide. Furthermore, density gradient ultracentrifugation allowed co-localization of GFP::Gnt2 fusion protein and Vps10p in subcellular fractions enriched in Golgi specific enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases are key components for cell wall structure and influence interactions of F. oxysporum with both plant and animal hosts during pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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21. Study and characterization of azole resistance in Aspergillus section Nigri
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Pérez Cantero, Alba, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., Capilla Luque, Javier, Guarro Artigas, Josep, López Fernández, Loida, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques
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Ciències de la salut ,Antifungals ,Mecanismos de resistencia ,Antifúngics ,Resistance mechanisms ,Antifúngicos ,Aspergillus secció Nigri ,Mecanismes de resistència - Abstract
Algunes espècies d'Aspergillus mostren gran rellevància clínica com a patògens oportunistes que s'associen a gran varietat de malalties humanes. Entre elles, l'aspergil·losi invasiva és la més severa en termes de morbiditat i mortalitat. Tot i que Aspergillus fumigatus és l'agent causal més comú d'aquesta infecció, recentment s'ha reportat una elevada prevalència clínica d'altres espècies, com els membres de la secció Nigri. Malgrat que el tractament d'elecció actual per l'aspergil·losi és el voriconazol, la resistència a azols ha augmentat de manera alarmant, cosa que comporta gran impacte en la gestió de la malaltia. En aquest context, mentre que els mecanismes de resistència a azols en A. fumigatus han sigut àmpliament estudiats, aquests romanen poc investigats en espècies no-fumigatus. Per aquests motius, l'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és la caracterització dels mecanismes de resistència a azols en espècies d'Aspergillus de la secció Nigri. Amb aquest propòsit, s'ha determinat la sensibilitat a azols en aquesta secció i s'han dut a terme anàlisis moleculars i genètics de les proteïnes diana dels azols, codificades pels gens cyp51. Adicionalment, s'han investigat els continguts d'ergosterol i les propietats de la membrana plasmàtica i la paret fúngica. Finalment, s'han evaluat potencials mecanismes de resistència relacionats amb la degradació del fàrmac i l'associació entre resistència a azols i fagocitosi in vitro. Els nostres resultats mostren diferències amb el que s'ha descrit en A. fumigatus, evidenciant la complexitat dels mecanismes de resistència, especialment en espècies no-fumigatus d'Aspergillus. Algunas especies de Aspergillus muestran relevancia clínica como patógenos oportunistas asociándose a gran variedad de enfermedades humanas. Entre ellas, la aspergilosis invasora es la más severa en términos de morbididad y mortalidad. A pesar de que Aspergillus fumigatus es el agente causal más común de esta infección, recientemente se ha reportado una elevada prevalencia clínica de otras especies, como los miembros de la sección Nigri. Aunque el tratamiento de elección actual para la aspergilosis es el voriconazol, la resistencia a azoles ha aumentado de manera alarmante, lo que conlleva gran impacto en la gestión de la enfermedad. En este contexto, mientras los mecanismos de resistencia a azoles en A. fumigatus han sido extensamente estudiados, éstos permanecen poco investigados en especies no-fumigatus. Por ello, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es la caracterización de los mecanismos de resistencia a azoles en especies de Aspergillus de la sección Nigri. Con este propósito, se ha determinado la sensibilidad a azoles en esta sección y se han llevado a cabo análisis moleculares y genéticos de las proteínas diana de los azoles, codificadas por los genes cyp51. Además, se han investigado los contenidos de ergosterol y las propiedades de la membrana plasmática y la pared fúngica. Finalmente, se han evaluado potenciales mecanismos de resistencia relacionados con la degradación del fármaco y la asociación entre resistencia a azoles y fagocitosis in vitro. Nuestros resultados difieren de aquello descrito en A. fumigatus, evidenciando la complejidad de los mecanimos de resistencia, especialmente en especies no-fumigatus de Aspergillus. Several species of Aspergillus display clinical relevance, since they are opportunistic pathogens associated to a broad variety of human conditions. Among these, invasive aspergillosis is the most severe in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common causal agent of invasive disease, elevated prevalence of species from other sections, such as section Nigri members, has been reported lately in the clinical field. Despite the current treatment of choice for aspergillosis is voriconazole, azole resistance events have alarmingly increased in the last years, critically impairing disease management. In this context, whereas azole resistance mechanisms in A. fumigatus have been extensively studied, azole resistance in non-fumigatus species remains poorly investigated. On this basis, we aimed to characterize azole resistance in species of Aspergillus section Nigri. With this purpose, we have determined azole susceptibility in section Nigri strains, and we have carried out molecular and genetic analyses of the azoles target proteins, encoded by the cyp51 genes. In addition, ergosterol content and properties of plasma membrane and cell wall have been investigated. Finally, potential resistance mechanisms related to drug degradation and the association between azole resistance and in vitro macrophage phagocytosis were evaluated. Our results diverge from those described in A. fumigatus, which evidences the complexity around resistance mechanisms, especially in non-fumigatus species of Aspergillus.
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- 2020
22. Proteínas relevantes en la homeostasis de metales pesados en el hongo oportunista Fusarium oxysporum
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Lorenzo Gutiérrez, Dámaris, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., Capilla Luque, Javier, López Fernández, Loida, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques
- Subjects
Ciències de la salut ,Fusarium ,Genetics ,Microbiologia ,Microbiology ,Genètica - Abstract
Les metal·lotioneïnes (MTs) són proteïnes intracel·lulars de baix pes molecular riques en cisteïnes que tenen una alta capacitat d’unió a metalls pesats. Estudis recents han indicat que les MTs poden tenir un paper significatiu en la virulència de fongs patògens. Actualment, són escassos els estudis relacionats amb aquestes proteïnes en fongs patògens, és per això que el present treball té com a objectiu identificar i caracteritzar proteïnes involucrades en la detoxificació de metalls pesats en Fusarium oxysporum, i determinar la seva contribució en la virulència d’aquesta espècie. Per això es van generar mutants defectius en els gens codificants d’una hipotètica MT (mt1, FOXG_02862) i una hipotètica ATPasa exportadora de coure (crpF, FOXG_03265) presents en el genoma de F. oxysporum. Els estudis d’expressió gènica van demostrar una elevada inducció de la expressió de mt1 en presència de Zn i aquesta predilecció pel Zn es va corroborar mitjançant espectrometria de masses per electrospray (ESI-MS). La presència de Cu, en canvi, va incrementar significativament els nivells d’expressió de crpF, la qual cosa confirma la seva funció com a transportador d’aquest metall. Les soques mutants Δmt1 i ΔcrpF van mostrar menor tolerància al Cd, Cu i Zn, en comparació amb la soca silvestre (wt). La falta de mt1 no va afectar a la capacitat patogènica de F. oxysporum, analitzada en models d’infecció en planta del tomàquet i d’infecció sistèmica en ratolins. No obstant això, la delecció de mt1 va causar una reducció de la resistència a la fagocitosis de macròfags murins. Per una altre banda, la delecció de crpF va augmentar el doble el temps de supervivència mitjà de les plantes infectades respecte a les soques wt. En conclusió, s’han caracteritzat una nova hipotètica metal·lotioneïna (MT1) de Zn en un fong d’importància clínica i fitopatògen, així com una hipotètica exportadora de Cu. Las metalotioneínas (MTs) son proteínas intracelulares de bajo peso molecular ricas en cisteínas que poseen una elevada capacidad de unión a metales pesados. Estudios recientes han indicado que las MTs pueden tener un papel significativo en la virulencia de hongos patógenos. A día de hoy, son escasos los estudios relacionados con estas proteínas en hongos patógenos, es por ello que el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar y caracterizar proteínas involucradas en la detoxificación de metales pesados en Fusarium oxysporum, y determinar su contribución en la virulencia de esta especie. Para ello se generaron mutantes defectivos en los genes codificantes de una hipotética MT (mt1, FOXG_02862) y una hipotética ATPasa exportadora de cobre (crpF, FOXG_03265) presentes en el genoma de F. oxysporum. Los estudios de expresión génica demostraron una elevada inducción de la expresión de mt1 en presencia de Zn y esta predilección por el Zn se corroboró mediante espectrometría de masas por electrospray (ESI-MS). La presencia de Cu, en cambio, incrementó significativamente los niveles de expresión de crpF, lo cual confirma su función como transportador de dicho metal. Las cepas mutantes Δmt1 y ΔcrpF mostraron menor tolerancia al Cd, Cu y Zn, en comparación a la cepa silvestre (wt). La ausencia de mt1 no afectó a la capacidad patogénica de F. oxysporum, analizada en modelos de infección en planta de tomate y de infección sistémica en ratones. Sin embargo la delección de mt1 causó una reducción de la resistencia a la fagocitosis de macrófagos murinos. Por otro lado, la delección de crpF aumentó el doble el tiempo de supervivencia medio de las plantas infectadas respecto a las cepas wt. En conclusión, se han caracterizado una nueva hipotética metalotioneína (MT1) de Zn en un hongo de importancia clínica y fitopatógeno, así como una hipotética exportadora de Cu. Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular low molecular weight proteins rich in cysteines which possess high metal binding capabilities. Recent studies have shown that MTs could have a significant role in the pathogenic fungi virulence. Nowadays, the studies related to these proteins in pathogenic fungi are few, that is why the present work has the objective to identify and characterize proteins involved in heavy metal detoxification in Fusarium oxysporum, and to determine their contribution to the virulence of this specie. Therefore, knockout mutants were generated in the genes coding for a hypothetical MT (mt1, FOXG_02862) and a hypothetical copper exporter ATPase (crpF, FOXG_03265) which are in the F. oxysporum genome. The expression analysis demonstrated a mt1 high induction in Zn presence and this Zn predilection was corroborated by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). The Cu presence, however, increased significantly the crpF expression levels, which confirms its function as copper transporter. The Δmt1 and ΔcrpF strains showed less tolerance to Cd, Cu and Zn, in comparison to the wild type strain (wt). The mt1 lack did not affect the F. oxysporum pathogenic capacity, analysed in infection models in tomato plants and systemic infection in mouse. However, the mt1 deletion caused a reduced resistance to macrophage killing. On the other hand, the crpF deletion increased double the mean survival time of infected plants versus the wt strains. In conclusion, it has been characterized a new hypothetical Zn metallothionein (MT1) in a fungus with clinical relevance and phytopathogen, as a hypothetical Cu exporter.
- Published
- 2020
23. Mecanismos de resistencia a azoles en especies de candida no-albicans
- Author
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Navarro Rodríguez, Patricia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., López Fernández, Loida, Guarro Artigas, Josep, Capilla Luque, Javier, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques
- Subjects
Ciències de la salut ,Azoles ,Resistència ,Resistance ,Azols ,Candida - Abstract
La candidiasis invasora és una infecció fúngica de gran importància clínica, pot ser causada per diverses espècies de Candida. Encara que l’espècie més comuna és Candida albicans, als últims anys hi ha hagut un augment de infeccions produïdes per altres especies com Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis u Candida krusei. Totes elles són les responsables del 90% de les micosis invasores a nivell mundial. L’espectre de la candidiasis varia d’una candidemia mínimament simptomàtica fins a una sèpsia fulminant amb una alta mortalitat. El diagnòstic precoç d’aquesta malaltia es clau per l’elecció del tractament antifúngic adequat, els fàrmacs de primera línia emprats son les equinocandines i els azols. Però un dels principals problemes d’aquestes infeccions és el recent augment de aïllats resistents als antifúngics d’us clínic. A l’actualitat els azols són els més freqüentment emprats en el tractament de la candidiasis, degut a la seva baixa toxicitat i a la possibilitat de ser administrats per la via oral. Existeix una amplia documentació recent sobre la resistència que molts aïllats de diferents espècies de Candida presenten en front els azols. El objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat avaluar els mecanismes de resistència a voriconazol en tres espècies de Candida: C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis i C. tropicalis, per intentar esbrinar el seu fonament i per tant millorar el tractament d’aquestes infeccions fúngiques. Per això s’han portat a cap estudis moleculars sobre els mecanismes de resistència més importants, avaluant la relació dels gens candidats ERG11, CDR1, CDR2 i SNQ2 amb la disminució de la sensibilitat al voriconazol, de les mencionades especies. La candidiasis invasora es una infección micótica de gran importancia clínica que puede ser causada por varias especies de Candida. Aunque la especie más común es Candida albicans, en los últimos años ha habido un aumento de infecciones producidas por otras especies tales como Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis y Candida krusei. Todas ellas son responsables del 90% de las micosis invasoras a nivel mundial. El espectro de la candidiasis varía desde una candidemia mínimamente sintomática hasta una sepsis fulminante con una alta mortalidad asociada. El diagnostico precoz de esta enfermedad es clave para la elección de un tratamiento antifúngico adecuado, los fármacos de primera línea utilizados son las equinocandinas y los azoles. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas de estas infecciones es el reciente aumento de aislados resistentes a los antifúngicos de uso clínico. En la actualidad los azoles son los más frecuentemente usados en el tratamiento de la candidiasis, debido a su baja toxicidad y a la posibilidad de ser administrados por la vía oral. Existe una amplia documentación reciente sobre la resistencia que muchos aislados de diferentes especies de Candida presentan frente a los azoles. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral ha sido evaluar los mecanismos de resistencia a voriconazol en tres especies de Candida: C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis y C. tropicalis para intentar arrojar luz sobre este asunto y mejorar el tratamiento terapéutico de estas infecciones fúngicas. Para ello se han llevado a cabo estudios moleculares de los mecanismos de resistencia principalmente descritos, evaluando la relación de los genes candidatos ERG11, CDR1, CDR2 y SNQ2 con la disminución de la sensibilidad a voriconazol de estas especies. Invasive candidiasis is a fungal infection with high clinical importance that can be caused by several species of Candida. Although the most common species is Candida albicans, in recent years infections caused by other species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei have been increased. All of them are responsible for 90% of the invasive mycosis worldwide. The spectrum of candidiasis ranges from minimally symptomatic candidemia to fulminant sepsis with high mortality associated. The early diagnosis of this disease is a key to choice an appropriate antifungal treatment; the first-line drugs used are the echinocandins and azoles. However, one of the main problems of these infections is the recent increase of resistant isolates to antifungal for clinical use. At present, azoles are the most frequently used for candidiasis treatmen, due to its low toxicity and the possibility of being administered orally. There is extensive recent documentation on the resistance that many isolates of different species of Candida have against azoles. The main objective of this doctoral thesis was to evaluate the mechanisms of resistance to voriconazole in three species of Candida: C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis to try to throw light on this issue and improve the therapeutic treatment of these fungal infections. To this end, molecular studies of the mainly described mechanisms of resistance have been carried out, evaluating the relation of the candidate genes ERG11, CDR1, CDR2 and SNQ2 with the decrease in the voriconazole susceptibiliy of these species.
- Published
- 2019
24. Evaluación experimental de terapias antifúngicas frente a hongos oportunistas emergentes
- Author
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Sanchis Talón, Marta, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., López Fernández, Loida, Capilla Luque, Javier, Guarro Artigas, Josep, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques
- Subjects
Fongs oportunistes ,Disseminated mycosis ,Terapies antifúngiques ,Opportunistic pathogens ,Terapias antifúngicas ,Micosis diseminadas ,Antifungal therapies ,Hongos oportunistas ,Ciències de la Salut ,Micosis diseminades - Abstract
Les teràpies utilitzades actualment per al tractament de les micosis oportunistes produïdes per fongs emergents estan lluny de ser les òptimes estant associades a elevades taxes de mortalitat principalment en pacients immunosupressos Aquestes espècies tenen patrons de sensibilitat antifúngica molt particulars la qual cosa ha generat dificultats en el tractament. Per aquesta raó, es fa necessari avaluar l'eficàcia de les teràpies antifúngiques convencionals, i en els casos en què aquestes no siguin eficaces estudiar les possibles teràpies alternatives. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi ha estat l'avaluació experimental de l'eficàcia de diferents fàrmacs enfront d'infeccions sistèmiques produïdes per Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Diutina rugosa, Candida glabrata i Aspergillus terreus. Per a això, es van dur a terme estudis in vitro i in vivo en models animals adequats que han permès en alguns casos comprovar l'eficàcia de diferents fàrmacs i en uns altres proposar noves alternatives per a les infeccions causades per aquests patògens., as terapias utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento de las micosis oportunistas producidas por hongos emergentes están lejos de ser las óptimas estando asociadas a elevadas tasas de mortalidad principalmente en pacientes immunosuprimidos. Estas especies tienen patrones de sensibilidad antifúngica muy particulares lo cual ha generado dificultades en el tratamiento. Por esta razón, se hace necesario evaluar la eficacia de las terapias antifúngicas convencionales, y en los casos en que estas no sean eficaces estudiar las posibles terapias alternativas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido la evaluación experimental de la eficacia de diferentes fármacos frente a infecciones sistémicas producidas por Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Diutina rugosa, Candida glabrata y Aspergillus terreus. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo estudios in vitro e in vivo en modelos animales adecuados que han permitido en algunos casos comprobar la eficacia de diferentes fármacos y en otros proponer nuevas alternativas para las infecciones causadas por estos patógenos., he conventional antifungal therapies commonly used for the treatment of mycosis caused by opportunistic emerging fungi are far to be the optimal and consequently these infections are associated with high mortality, mainly in immunosuppressed patients. These species show a particular susceptibility patterns which difficulties the treatment. For this reason, is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of conventional antifungal therapies, and in cases where these are not effective consider possible alternative therapies. The main of this thesis has been the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of different drugs against systemic infections caused by Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Diutina rugosa, Candida glabrata and Aspergillus terreus. Our in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the efficacy of posaconazole and voriconazole against C. lusitaniae and C. guilliermondii and the last drug against C. glabrata, a good efficacy of echinocandins (caspofungin and anidulafungin) against D. rugosa and of anidulafugin against A. terreus and finally the efficacy of amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin against C. kefyr. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo evaluations carried out have led us to check the effectiveness of different conventional therapies and to propose new therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by these pathogens.
- Published
- 2016
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