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This study was conducted as a portion of a project investigating relationships among reproductive cycling, aggression, and wounding in captive chimpanzees. Changes in behavior associated with the genital swelling of 11 adult female chimpanzees socially housed in four different groups were measured using 282 hours of data gathered within a 20-month period. The females' perineal swellings were rated daily using a five-point scale indicating level of tumescence. Behaviors recorded when the animals were detumescent were compared with behaviors when their sexual swellings were maximal. In addition to the subject's genital swelling rating, two factors, the male-to-female ratio in the groups and the presence or absence of a tumescent female other than the focal animal, were also included in the analysis. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant effects of each of the three factors. Significantly higher levels of sexual behavior and lower levels of submission were associated with the tumescent stage of cycling. Scores for affiliation, aggression, abnormal behavior, inactivity, locomoting, and being followed did not vary significantly with swelling phase. Group structure (male-to-female ratios) affected affiliation, locomoting, being followed, and aggression levels. Affiliation, submission, and locomoting were influenced by the presence of a tumescent female in the group. Proximity to other adult females increased during the tumescent stage of swelling, but proximity to adult males did not change. The group structure and whether or not a tumescent female was present affected various aspects of proximity to all age/sex classes of group members. Some findings from this study may be explained by the long-term stability of group membership in the colony studied, and implications for colony management are discussed.

Diet and exercise are the cornerstones of treatment for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus, yet patients find these areas of self-management to be the most difficult. Considerable research has indicated that barriers to diet and exercise are critical influences determining adherence to diet and exercise plans. Standards of practice require educators to assess patient barriers to self-management. However, little research has investigated whether patients and educators perceive these barriers similarly. This project's objectives were to compare and contrast patients' and educators' perspectives of patient barriers to following a meal or exercise plan, and to identify differences in patients' perceived barriers as related to patient characteristics. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 97) from three eastern Washington area hospitals and diabetes educators (n = 143) from the Washington Association of Diabetes Educators (WADE) were recruited for a mail survey. From the patient survey, the proportion of patients on meal plan (52%) or exercise plan (26%) was low. Certain barriers were prominent for both patients and educators relative to diet (difficulty maintaining a diet away from home, liking foods not in the meal plan) and exercise (not a high priority, weather). However, multivariate analyses indicated that patients and educators view barriers differently. Similarities and differences between educators and patients in response to barriers are discussed relative to enhancing diabetes counseling and education, and overall communication between educators and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the abstract of the paper "Control Over the Auditory Environment: A Study of Music Preference in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)," by A.S. Richardson and colleagues to be presented at the 21st Congress of the International Primatological Society in Entebbe, Uganda from June 20-25, 2006.

The article presents the abstract of the paper "Positive Reinforcement Training May Diminish Interindividual Variation in Physiological Parameters Among Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)," by S.J. Schapiro and colleagues to be presented at the 21st Congress of the International Primatological Society in Entebbe, Uganda from June 25-30, 2006.

The article presents an abstract of the paper "How do chimpanzees learn "pan-pipes" traditions?," by L.M. Hooper and colleagues, to be presented at the 21st Congress of the International Primatological Society at the Imperial Resort Beach Hotel in Entebbe, Uganda, from June 25-30, 2006.

A survey was sent to zoos, research facilities, and sanctuaries which housed chimpanzees. Data collected included information about 1122 chimpanzees’ age, sex, social group-size, rearing history, and enclosure. Respondents were also asked to indicate if certain behaviors had been observed in each chimpanzee over the prior two years. Species- typical behaviors (STBs) were queried, including copulation, tool-use, nest-building, and social grooming. Tool-use was reported present for 94.3% of the sample (n = 982), active social grooming for 85.7% (n = 1121), copulation for 68.3% (n = 863) and nest-building for 58.9% (n = 982). Of the subjects for whom we had data regarding all four STBs (n = 860), 45.6% were reported to engage in all four. Logistic regression analyses using forward Wald criteria were conducted to determine the best model for each STB based on the predictors of age, sex, rearing history, group-size, facility-type, and a sex-by-rearing interaction. The best model for copulation (χ2(6) = 124.62, p < 0.001) included rearing, group-size, facility-type, and the sex-by-rearing interaction. Chimpanzees were more likely to copulate if they were mother-reared, in larger groups, living in research facilities, and, if not mother-reared (NOTMR), more likely to copulate if they were female. The best model for tool-use retained the predictors of age category, facility-type, and sex-by-rearing (χ2(5) = 55.78, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to use tools if they were adult, living in research facilities, and if NOTMR, were female. The best model for nest-building included facility-type and rearing (χ2(3) = 205.71, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to build nests if they were MR and if they were living in zoos or in sanctuaries. The best model for active social grooming retained the predictors of age, sex, rearing, and type of facility (χ2(6) = 102.15, p < 0.001). Chimpanzees were more likely to engage in active social grooming if they were immature, female, mother-reared, and living in zoos. This research provides a basic behavioral profile for many chimpanzees living under human care in the United States and allows us to determine potential methods for improving the welfare of these and future chimpanzees in this population.

Background: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), defined as rupture of membranes before the onset of labor at < 37 weeks' gestation, affects approximately 3% of all pregnancies. For PPROM prior to 34 weeks' gestation, in the absence of contraindications to expectant management, antibiotics are administered to increase the latency period and reduce the incidence of maternal and neonatal infection. The latency period additionally provides an opportunity for fetal presentation to change, which impacts the mode of delivery. It is important to better understand the incidence of spontaneous version after PPROM to enhance patient counseling with regard to the mode of delivery., Objective: To determine the incidence of discordant fetal presentation, resulting from spontaneous version, between admission for PPROM and time of delivery for cephalic and non-cephalic fetuses among patients diagnosed with PPROM prior to 34 weeks' gestation and to compare characteristics of those with and without discordant fetal presentation., Study Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies diagnosed with PPROM identified using ICD-9/10-CM codes, < 34 weeks' gestation, admitted to a tertiary care center's antepartum service from 2011-2018. Patients were included if the fetal presentation was documented by ultrasound within 48 h of admission and PPROM, and delivery occurred >24 h after PPROM. Data are presented as proportions, median (interquartile range) or risk ratio and 95% confidence interval., Results: We included 209 patients. Patient age, body mass index, parity, and race/ethnicity were similar among patients with cephalic and non-cephalic fetal presentations at admission. Patients with cephalic presentation at time of PPROM presented at a later gestational age than patients with a non-cephalic presentation. Among patients with a cephalic presentation at admission, the incidence of non-cephalic presentation at delivery was 11.7% (19/162), whereas with non-cephalic presentation at admission, the incidence of cephalic presentation at delivery was 21.3% (10/47). While there was an increased risk of spontaneous version resulting in a discordant presentation at delivery with non-cephalic presentation, this relationship was attenuated and not significant when adjusted for gestational age at time of PPROM.​ Patients with discordant presentation presented with PPROM at an earlier gestational age and had a longer latency period compared to patients with a concordant presentation. Patient age, body mass index, amniotic fluid assessment at admission, and infant birth weight were similar in those with and without a change in fetal presentation., Conclusion: Discordant fetal presentation resulting from spontaneous version from cephalic to non-cephalic presentation after PPROM occurred in 11.7% (19/162) of patients, while discordant presentation from non-cephalic to cephalic presentation occurred in 21.3% (10/47) of patients. Given the limited published data on spontaneous version after PPROM these results may impact patient counseling.

Personality factors analogous to the Big Five observed in humans are present in the great apes. However, few studies have examined the long-term stability of great ape personality, particularly using factor-based personality instruments. Here, we assessed overall group, and individual-level, stability of chimpanzee personality by collecting ratings for chimpanzees ( N = 50) and comparing them with ratings collected approximately 10 years previously, using the same personality scale. The overall mean scores of three of the six factors differed across the two time points. Sex differences in personality were also observed, with overall sex differences found for three traits, and males and females showing different trajectories for two further traits over the 10 year period. Regardless of sex, rank-order stability analysis revealed strong stability for dominance; individuals who were dominant at the first time point were also dominant 10 years later. The other personality factors exhibited poor to moderate rank-order stability, indicating that individuals were variable in their rank-position consistency over time. As many studies assessing chimpanzee cognition rely on personality data collected several years prior to testing, these data highlight the importance of collecting current personality data when correlating them with cognitive performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Many facilities that house captive primates play music for animal enrichment or for caregiver enjoyment. However, the impact on primates is unknown as previous studies have been inconclusive. We conducted three studies with zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and one with group-housed chimpanzees at the National Centre for Chimpanzee Care to investigate the effects of classical and pop/rock music on various variables that may be indicative of increased welfare. Study one compared the behaviour and use of space of 18 animals when silence, classical or pop/rock music was played into one of several indoor areas. Overall, chimpanzees did not actively avoid the area when music was playing but were more likely to exit the area when songs with higher beats per minute were broadcast. Chimpanzees showed significantly fewer active social behaviours when music, rather than silence, was playing. They also tended to be more active and engage in less abnormal behaviour during the music but there was no change to either self-grooming or aggression between music and silent conditions. The genre of music had no differential effects on the chimpanzees' use of space and behaviour. In the second study, continuous focal observations were carried out on three individuals with relatively high levels of abnormal behaviour. No differences in behaviour between music and silence periods were found in any of the individuals. The final two studies used devices that allowed chimpanzees to choose if they wanted to listen to music of various types or silence. Both studies showed that there were no persistent preferences for any type of music or silence. When taken together, our results do not suggest music is enriching for group-housed captive chimpanzees, but they also do not suggest that music has a negative effect on welfare.

Positive reinforcement training (PRT) techniques enhance the psychological well being of nonhuman primates by increasing the animal's control over his or her environment and desensitizing the animal to stressful stimuli. However, the literature on PRT in neotropical primates is limited. Here PRT data from owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys are presented, including the length of time to train subjects to target, present hand, and present foot, important responses that can be used to aid in health inspection and treatment. A high percentage of the squirrel and owl monkeys were successfully trained on target and present hand. Present foot, a less natural response, was harder to train and maintain. Although squirrel monkeys did learn to target significantly faster than owl monkeys, the 2 genera did not differ on time to train on subsequent behavior. These data demonstrate that although owl monkeys may require slightly more time to acclimate to a PRT program, it is still possible to establish a PRT program with neotropical primates, and once animals have been introduced to the program, they can learn new responses in a relatively few short sessions.

The degree to which non-human primate behavior is lateralized, at either individual or population levels, remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between hand preference and posture during tool use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during bipedal tool use. We experimentally induced tool use in a supported bipedal posture, an unsupported bipedal posture, and a seated posture. Neither bipedal tool use nor these supported conditions have been previously evaluated in apes. The hypotheses tested were 1) bipedal posture will increase the strength of hand preference, and 2) a bipedal stance, without the use of one hand for support, will elicit a right hand preference. Results supported the first, but not the second hypothesis: bipedalism induced the subjects to become more lateralized, but not in any particular direction. Instead, it appears that subtle pre-existing lateral biases, to either the right or left, were emphasized with increasing postural demands. This result has interesting implications for theories of the evolution of tool use and bipedalism, as the combination of bipedalism and tool use may have helped drive extreme lateralization in modern humans, but cannot alone account for the preponderance of right-handedness., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Data collected from NHPs that are trained to participate voluntarily in husbandry, veterinary, and research procedures are likely to have particular value. The authors present the results of a series of studies that examined the effects of PRT on the performance by chimpanzees of a variety of biomedically relevant behaviors: presenting their perineum for pinworm testing, providing a semen sample, presenting for an s.c. injection, and presenting for an i.m. injection. The overall trends across studies indicate that PRT techniques have significant value in the handling and management of NHPs in many laboratory research settings, including less variability in the data collected and fewer potential confounding variables, which should lead to important refinements in the definition of NHPs as biomedical research models.

Purpose: This study assessed diabetes educators' perspectives on barriers that potentially affect patient access to and utilization of diabetes education., Methods: A 40-item questionnaire was developed to collect needs assessment data on diabetes education programs. The questionnaire was mailed to a Washington State professional practice group in diabetes education (N = 143)., Results: Most respondents were registered nurses (61%) or registered dietitians (27%); 74% were certified diabetes educators. The educators' perceptions of the difficulty that type 1 versus type 2 patients experience in different areas of self-management after diabetes education underscored the importance of learning effective long-term skills for self-care. Some of the reasons given for type 2 patients dropping out of diabetes education programs were also cited as barriers to conducting follow-up, such as education being a low priority for the patient and the patient not being able to afford diabetes care services., Conclusions: Educators appeared to relate many patient barriers to a lack of patient understanding of the evolving nature of diabetes and the subsequent need for educational support. The role of continuing education for all patients needs to be emphasized to the patient during the initial education, as well as to the healthcare community and the patient's support network.

At many facilities, limitations of the physical environment have reduced the opportunity for captive chimpanzees to live in large, naturalistic social groups. Convex mirrors used to increase visual access of neighboring groups may improve the social environment. This was tested in a study of 28 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) group-housed in conventional indoor/outdoor runs. A total of 47.8 hours of behavioral observations were conducted and comparisons made across three conditions: no mirror present, a mirror present with visual access to neighboring conspecifics, or a mirror present with visual access to the neighbors' empty run. When the mirror gave subjects visual access to neighboring animals, facial expressions, sexual, and agonistic behaviors increased, whereas affiliative behavior decreased compared with when no mirror was present. When the mirror gave subjects visual access to a neighbors' empty run, facial expressions and sexual behavior increased compared with when no mirror was present. When the mirror gave subjects visual access to a neighbor's empty run, agonism decreased compared with when a mirror gave subjects visual access to neighboring animals. When subjects had visual access to neighbors, they used the mirror 30% of the total data points; while they had visual access to the neighbors' empty run, they looked during 24% of the total data points. Juveniles' use of the mirror increased over time while adults' use remained stable. Adult males used the mirror less than did the other subjects. These findings indicate that a mirror allowing visual access to neighboring conspecifics has potential as an enrichment device that affects social behavior.

The Yemen Arab Republic has health-care problems similar to other developing countries yet lacks the abundant oil reserves of its Arabian peninsula neighbors to address these problems. An ambitious 5 year health plan developed in 1977 has been impeded by a lack of material and human resources. The infant mortality rate remains one of the highest in the world, schistosomiasis drains the energy of the people, and tuberculosis and malaria remain endemic. Progress is, however, being made in health-care educational programs within Sanaa University and the Health Manpower Institutes to develop the resources of the Yemeni people to meet the health-care needs of their country.