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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the alar fascia is a distinct layer of the deep cervical neck fasciae. The present study also aimed to elucidate the anatomical limits of this fascia.Methods: Neck dissections of ten adult cadavers were performed, layer by layer, in the retropharyngeal region, under a powered operating microscope. Detailed dissections revealed the anatomical limits of the deep neck fasciae. Histological descriptions were also performed on large tissue samples collected from three cervical dissections.Results: In the ten dissections, three layers of fascia were identified and dissected in the retropharyngeal region: a visceral fascia, a prevertebral fascia and an alar fascia. The alar fascia appeared like a connecting band derivative of the visceral fascia, between both vascular sheaths. It fused completely with the visceral fascia anteriorly at the level of T2 and with the prevertebral fascia posteriorly at the level of C1. No sagittal connection between the visceral fascia and the prevertebral fascia was identified. The stained histological sections confirmed the presence of the visceral and prevertebral fasciae at the oropharyngeal level, with a third intermediate layer closely connected with the visceral fascia.Conclusion: The alar fascia is a layer of the cervical neck fascia connected with the visceral fascia from C1 to T2 levels. The anatomical limits of this alar fascia and its relationships with the internal carotid artery are important in the surgical management and the prognosis of deep neck infections and retropharyngeal lymph node metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The management of the facial nerve (FN) is a major issue in parotid cancer, especially when there is no preoperative facial palsy and FN invasion is discovered intraoperatively. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of FN resection in patients with parotid cancer abutting the FN, without pretreatment facial palsy, using a propensity score matching., Materials and Methods: Data from all patients treated between 2009 and 2020 for a primary parotid cancer abutting or invading the FN but without pretreatment facial palsy were extracted from the national multicentric REFCOR database. Three different definitions of tumors abutting the FN were used for sensitivity analyses, in a retrospective setting. Propensity score matching was used to assess the impact of FN resection on disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS)., Results: A total of 163 patients with parotid cancer abutting or invading the FN without pretreatment facial palsy were included. Among them, 99 patients (61 %) underwent FN resection. After overlap weighting and multiple imputation, no benefit of FN resection over preservation was found in terms of OS (HR = 1.21, p = 0.6), DFS (HR = 0.88, p = 0.5) and LRRFS (HR = 0.99, p = 1). Sensitivity analyses revealed similar results, and no significant efficacy was found in the subgroup analyses., Conclusion: In this retrospective study with propensity score analysis, FN resection did not improve survival outcomes in patients without preoperative facial palsy treated surgically for a primary parotid cancer abutting the FN. In line with recent guidelines, the results of this study suggest that FN preservation should be considered whenever possible in this specific group of patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Laryngeal chondrosarcoma (LCS) is a rare tumor of slow evolution whose treatment is poorly codified. For a long time, a radical treatment by total laryngectomy (TL) was proposed. More recent studies tend to propose a conservative surgical approach of the larynx. The objective of this study was to compare the overall survival (OS) of total laryngectomized patients (TL+) versus non-laryngectomized patients (TL-). The secondary objectives were to analyse the reoperation free survival (RFS), the total laryngectomy free survival (TLFS) and to identify the preoperative factors leading surgeons to propose TL., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected incident cases from the REFCOR and NetSarc-ResOs multicenter databases between March 1997 and June 2021 was conducted. A propensity score matching analysis was performed to compare the OS of TL+ and TL-patients., Results: 74 patients were included. After propensity score, the 5-year OS of TL+ and TL-patients was comparable (100 %, p = 1). The 5-year RFS rate was 69.2 % (95 % CI [57.5-83.4]) and the 5-year TLFS was 61.7 % (95 % CI [50.4-75.5]). Cricoid involvement greater than 50 % (HR 3.58; IC 95 % [1.61-7.92] p < 0.001), an ASA score of 3 or 4 (HR 5.07; IC 95 % [1.64-15.67] p = 0.009) and involvement of several cartilages (HR 5.26; IC 95 % [1.17-23.6] p = 0.04) are prognostic factors for TL. Dyspnea caused by the tumour is a prognostic factor for reoperation (HR 2.59; IC 95 % [1.04-6.45] p = 0.03)., Conclusion: These results demonstrate that conservative treatment should be considered as first-line treatment for laryngeal chondrosarcoma., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in humans. The nasal vestibule is considered as the main reservoir of S. aureus. However, even though the nasal cavity may also be colonized by S. aureus, the relationships between the two sites are still unclear. We conducted a prospective study in humans to assess the S. aureus colonization profiles in the vestibule and nasal cavity, and to investigate the presence of intracellular S. aureus in the two sites. Patients undergoing ear, nose, and throat surgery were swabbed during endoscopy to determine S. aureus nasal load, genotype, and presence of intracellular S. aureus. Among per-operative samples from 90 patients, the prevalence of S. aureus carriage was 32.2% and 33.3% in the vestibule and the nasal cavity, respectively. The mean S. aureus load was 4.10 and 4.25 log 10 CFU/swab for the nasal vestibule and nasal cavity, respectively (P > 0.05). Genotyping of S. aureus revealed that all nasal strains isolated from a given individual belong to the same clonal complex and spa-type. An intracellular carriage was observed in 5.6% of the patients, all of whom exhibited a S. aureus vestibule load higher than 3 log 10 CFU/swab. An intracellular niche was observed in the vestibule as well as in the nasal cavity. In conclusion, the nasal cavity was also found to be a major site of S. aureus carriage in humans and should draw attention when studying host-pathogen interactions related to the risk of infection associated with colonization., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Bilateral laryngeal reinnervation can be a promising procedure for reanimation of laryngeal muscles, but currently not yet standardized. Besides patient conditions some intraoperative anatomical pitfalls need to be solved., Methods: Twelve human head and neck specimens (24 sides) have been studied using microdissection and histological serial sections of the nerves. The surgical anatomy of the dual reinnervation procedure according to JP Marie was investigated notably the branching pattern of the phrenic nerve (PN), the Ansa cervicalis (AC) and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)., Results: Despite variations of the AC, a prominent inferior common trunk for sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles can be used in more than 90% of the specimens. If the AC is missing because of previous surgery, the tiny nerve of the thyro-hyoid muscle can be used preferred. The PN display a double roots pattern from C3 to C4 cervical plexus in 50% of the specimens. A single root pattern can be found and an end-to-lateral neurorraphy can be used. Intra-laryngeal nerves pattern of the RLN display tiny collaterals which cannot be selected for abduction-adduction activity. Direct implantation of the Y-shape great auricular nerve within the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles can be a reliable method leading to challenging mechanical and functional conditions., Conclusion: Several anatomical pitfalls, including intra-operative choices and variants of the donor nerves, but also the challenging intra-laryngeal dissection of the inferior laryngeal nerve need to be solved. A successful laryngeal reinnervation still needs further studies for a simplified procedure., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is an exercise-dependent dyspnoea, linked to a laryngeal closure during physical effort. It may concern from 5% to 7% of adolescents and young athletic adults. EILO is a quite recently described condition: standardized diagnostic criteria and consensual management are still to come. Formal diagnosis of EILO requires a continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE). This test allows visualization of laryngeal abnormalities during an effort but is only accessible in specialized centres., Aims: We wanted to assess performance of a simplified CLE (sCLE) procedure for EILO diagnosis in everyday practice., Material and Methods: The procedure consisted in a continuous flexible videolaryngoscopy during a cycloergometre cardio-pulmonary exercise test. Screening questionnaire and visual scoring of laryngeal abnormalities were performed. Patients clinically suspected of EILO were included from 2018 to 2020., Results: Seventeen consecutive subjects had an indication for sCLE. Fifteen patients underwent sCLE, and EILO-linked significative abnormalities were observed in 80% of them, thus confirming the diagnosis., Conclusions: CLE can be done successfully in a simple way. Due to its simplicity, tolerance and contribution in EILO diagnosis, this simplified version of CLE may promote its widespread use in ENT and pulmonology practices, as an affordable confirmation test.

Introduction: Tumarkin first described drop attacks (DA) in patients with a peripheral vestibular syndrome and speculated the role of a mechanical deformation of the otolith organs. We emphasized on the possible occurrence of vertigo/dizziness after a DA. In the light of the oculomotor examination of one patient right after the DA, we discussed on the mechanisms. We also described the management of DA., Material and Method: This study included patients with definite Meni�re's disease (MD) and at least one DA without associated neurological symptoms. Patients with vertigo/dizziness after the fall were not excluded., Results: Fifteen patients with MD complained of DA that was complicated either by severe head trauma (n = 1) or various fractures (n = 4). Seven patients complained of vertigo/dizziness after the DA. In one patient, DA occurred in the waiting room with a vertical illusion of movement immediately after the fall and a predominant down beating nystagmus that later changed direction. Follow up was favorable in all patients after oral medication alone (n = 7), chemical labyrinthectomy (n = 7) or vestibular neurotomy (n = 1)., Conclusions: We suggest that a subset of patients with MD can complain of vertigo after a DA. We conclude on the possible occurrence of a vertical mainly down beating nystagmus in MD. Since this latter nystagmus is likely related to a semicircular canal rather than an otolith dysfunction, we discuss on the mechanisms of DA followed by vertigo/dizziness. Due to the risk of trauma in DA, chemical labyrinthectomy is a reasonable and effective option although spontaneous remission is possible., Competing Interests: The authors disclose no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021, Otology & Neurotology, Inc.)

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has shown prognostic significance in head and neck cancer patients. The underlying pathologic features that could explain the mechanisms associated with this observation are not clear. To analyze the correlation between 18-F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake assessed by PET/CT in head and neck cancer and histopathologic prognostic factors. Ninety-nine patients with laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed for pretreatment PET/CT measurements, namely standardized uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG). The corresponding histologic material was evaluated for tumor stroma-related prognostic factors such as the amount and type of stroma, lymphocytic response, tumor budding activity, and size of tumor cell nests in the tumor core area and tumor front. TLG and MTV were associated with tumor localization, as they were higher in oropharyngeal tumors. These values were also associated with tumor cell nest size in the tumor core with higher values corresponding to tumors with smaller nests. MTV40% was marginally associated with fibroblastic stroma type and higher budding activity. SUVmax was not associated with the histological factors in the whole sample, but higher values trended with higher tumor budding activity and stroma-rich tumors of the oropharynx. 18F-FDG PET measurements in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are associated with prognostic histopathologic factors and suggest a possible correlation of glucose metabolism to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Introduction: Although Multidisciplinary Team Management (MDT) is integrated in most international head and neck cancer treatment guidelines, its applications and proceedings were rarely described. The present study explores a 6-year real-life experience in a French Comprehensive Cancer Care Center., Methods: Patients, tumor and meeting characteristics of all consecutive cases discussed in head and neck MDT meetings between 2010 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed., Results: From 2010 to 2015, 1849 cases (accounting for 1786 patients) were discussed in 138 MDT meetings. Median age was 62 (range: 15-96). When reported (n = 310, 16.8%), performance status was ≥2 in 36.1% of patients. Tumors were mainly squamous cell carcinomas (n = 1664, 91.5%) of the larynx/hypo-pharynx (n = 630, 34.4%), oropharynx (n = 518; 28.3%) and oral cavity (n = 339; 18.5%). Tumors were diagnosed at a locally (n = 358, 25%), locally advanced (n = 946, 66%) or metastatic setting (n = 53, 3.7%). Mean number of discussed patients per MDT meeting was 16 (range: 3-32). Most patients were discussed once (n = 1663, 97%). Most patients (n = 969, 52%) underwent treatment before MDT meetings: mainly surgery (n = 709, 73.2%). The mean time between MDT meeting and first radiation course was 21 days (range: 1-116)., Discussion: Optimal multimodal treatment management is based on MDT meetings and results from the interaction and coordination of surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists. In the present series, most patients were discussed once despite the number of expected recurrences, suggesting that the management of tumor progression was not discussed in head and neck MDT meetings. Furthermore, most patients had surgery before MDT meeting, pointing out that MDT role and place still needs to be improved. Finally, the present population significantly differed from patients included in phase III clinical trials, with more advanced age and poorer condition. It calls for the necessity of a high-quality head and neck MDT meeting since evidence-based recommendations should be adapted to patient's frailties., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hearing of eyeball movements has been reported in superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), but not hearing of eyelid movements. Our main objective was to report the hearing of eyeball and/or eyelid movements in unilateral SSCD. Our secondary objective was to access its specificity to SSCD and discuss the underlying mechanism. Six patients with SSCD who could hear their eyeball and/or eyelid movements were retrospectively reviewed. With the aim of comparisons, eight patients with an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), who share the same mechanism of an abnormal third window, were questioned on their ability to hear their eyeball and/or eyelid movements. Three patients with SSCD could hear both their eyeball and eyelid movements as a soft low-pitch friction sound. Two patients with SSCD could hear only their eyelid movements, one of whom after the surgery of a traumatic chronic subdural hematoma. The latter remarked that every gently tapping on the skin covering the burr-hole was heard in his dehiscent ear as the sound produced when banging on a drum, in keeping with a direct transmission of the sound to the inner ear via the cerebrospinal fluid. One patient with SSCD, who could hear only his eyeball movements, had other disabling symptoms deserving operation through a middle fossa approach with an immediate relief of his symptoms. None of the eight patients with EVA could hear his/her eyeball or eyelid movements. Hearing of eyeball and/or eyelid movements is highly suggestive of a SSCD and do not seem to occur in EVA. In case of radiological SSCD, clinicians should search for hearing of eyeball and/or eyelid movements providing arguments for a symptomatic dehiscence. The underlying mechanism is discussed particularly the role of a cerebrospinal fluid transmission.

Objective: Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (RTEF) is a serious complication after primary repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Treatment of RTEF involved an open surgery by thoracotomy. Technically it is a challenge with a high morbidity and mortality. Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula (CTEF) traditionally involved an open surgery by thoracotomy or cervicotomy. Many endoscopic techniques have been developed since the past decades: thoracoscopic or bronchoscopic approach for the treatment of RTEF and CTEF; nevertheless, optimal treatment is not still determined because of few numbers of patients, short-term follow-up, and different procedures. We report our experience and evaluated the efficacy in the chemocauterization of CTEF and RTEF, with the use of 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a technique minimally invasive., Materials and Methods: From 2010 to 2014, fourteen patients with TEF (twelve RTEF and two CTEF) were selected for endoscopic management in two centers. Twelve patients had RTEF after primary repair of EA/TEF by thoracotomy approach, and two patients had CTEF in the upper pouch, diagnosed after EA/TEF (Type B) long gap, treated by thoracotomy and thoracoscopy, respectively. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by esophagram, bronchoscopy, and clinical evaluation. Under general anesthesia, a rigid pediatric bronchoscope with a 0° rod lens telescope and tele-monitoring was used to localize the TEF. Cotton soaked with 50% TCA was applied on the TEF during 30 s, and the procedure was repeated 3 times. The endoscopic treatment was performed monthly until TEF closure was achieved., Results: RTEF and CTEF were closed in all patients. The mean number of procedure in each patient was 1.8. Closure of TEF was confirmed by esophagram, bronchoscopy, and clinical evaluation. There were a bacterial pneumonia and bronchospasm as postoperative complications. Median follow-up was 41 months (8-72). All of these TEF remain completely obliterated, and all patients are asymptomatic., Conclusion: Endoscopic management of congenital and recurrent TEF with the use of 50% TCA is as a minimally invasive, effective, simple and safe technique in these patients and avoids the morbidity of open surgery.