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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes degradation by selective macroautophagy (ER-phagy) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins within its lumen. In yeast, actin assembly at sites of contact between the cortical ER (cER) and endocytic pits acts to displace elements of the ER from their association with the plasma membrane (PM) so they can interact with the autophagosome assembly machinery near the vacuole. A collection of proteins tether the cER to the PM. Of these, Scs2/22 and Ist2 are required for cER-phagy, most likely through their roles in lipid transport, while deletion of the tricalbins, TCB1/2/3, bypasses those requirements. An artificial ER-PM tether blocks cER-phagy in both the wild type (WT) and a strain lacking endogenous tethers, supporting the importance of cER displacement from the PM. Scs2 and Ist2 can be cross-linked to the selective cER-phagy receptor, Atg40. The COPII cargo adaptor subunit, Lst1, associates with Atg40 and is required for cER-phagy. This requirement is also bypassed by deletion of the ER-PM tethers, suggesting a role for Lst1 prior to the displacement of the cER from the PM during cER-phagy. Although pexophagy and mitophagy also require actin assembly, deletion of ER-PM tethers does not bypass those requirements. We propose that within the context of rapamycin-induced cER-phagy, Scs2/22, Ist2, and Lst1 promote the local displacement of an element of the cER from the cortex, while Tcb1/2/3 act in opposition, anchoring the cER to the plasma membrane.

In this study, a Lactobacillus strain was isolated from the feces of healthy 3-month-old infants in Guangzhou, identified and named as Bifidobacterium longum B2-01 by molecular biology, and its probiotic properties, such as in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity, and high-density culture were investigated. The results showed that B2-01 had a strong ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radicals and to resist lipid peroxidation. At the highest concentration of 10% (V/V) in the fermentation supernatant of DMEM medium, strain B2-01 increased the survival rates of L02 cells against hydrogen peroxide damage and alcohol damage to 89.10% and 91.38%, respectively, while significantly reducing the transaminase activity in hepatocytes. The optimal conditions for high-density culture were determined as follows: yeast extract concentration 3.45%, glucose concentration 2.48%, lactose concentration 2.79%, bacteriological peptone concentration 3%, and oligogalactose concentration 2.5%. Under these conditions, the maximum viable bacterial count of 4.20 × 109 CFU/mL was observed in the fermentation broth, which was 6.45 times as high as that before optimization (7.71 × 108 CFU/mL).

In order to simplify the transplanting mechanism of vegetable blanket seedlings and improve the transplanting efficiency, an integrated planetary carrier transplanting mechanism of picking and digging seedlings combined with non-circular gear planetary gear train and deformed elliptical planetary gear train is proposed to complete the working process of cutting, picking, sending, digging and throwing vegetable blanket seedlings. Firstly, according to the agronomic requirements of vegetable blanket seedlings, this study selects the appropriate transplanting trajectory, sets the accurate pose points, and establishes the kinematics model of the seedling pick-up mechanism by using the motion generation synthesis method. According to the motion trajectory requirements of the pick-up mechanism of seedlings, the relation curve of the input shaft and the output shaft rotation angle is obtained based on the parameter fitting optimization, and the total transmission ratio of the non-circular gear planetary gear train and the non-circular gear pitch curve parameters are calculated. Secondly, the optimization goal of the digging mechanism are determined and the parameters of the digging mechanism are obtained. Finally, the assembly of the whole mechanism combination and 3D model is completed, and the simulation and prototype test are carried out. The results show that the theoretical trajectory, simulation trajectory and test trajectory are basically the same. The average missed transplanting rate of seedlings is 2%, and the average lodging rate, injured seedling rate, and buried seedling rate are all 1.5%. All of them meet the agronomic requirements and the correctness of the mechanism design method is verified.

Bidirectional vesicular traffic links compartments along the exocytic and endocytic pathways. Rab GTPases have been implicated in specifying the direction of vesicular transport. To explore this possibility, we sought to redirect an exocytic Rab, Sec4, onto endocytic vesicles by fusing the catalytic domain of the Sec4 GEF, Sec2, onto the CUE localization domain of Vps9, a GEF for the endocytic Rab Ypt51. The Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE construct localized to bright puncta predominantly near sites of polarized growth, and this localization was dependent on the ability of the CUE domain to bind to the ubiquitin moieties added to the cytoplasmic tails of proteins destined for endocytic internalization. Sec4 and Sec4 effectors were recruited to these puncta with various efficiencies. Cells expressing Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE grew surprisingly well and secreted protein at near-normal efficiency, implying that Golgi-derived secretory vesicles were delivered to polarized sites of cell growth despite the misdirection of Sec4 and its effectors. A low efficiency mechanism for localization of Sec2 to secretory vesicles that is independent of known cues might be responsible. In total, the results suggest that while Rabs may play a critical role in specifying the direction of vesicular transport, cells are remarkably tolerant of Rab misdirection.

A recent screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library implicated End3 in autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Together with Pan1, End3 coordinates endocytic site initiation with the localized assembly of branching actin filaments that promotes invagination of endocytic pits. Oxysterol binding proteins function as an inter-organelle bridge by interacting with VAP proteins on the cortical ER and type I myosins on the endocytic pit. These proteins not only promote localized actin assembly at contact sites, they are required for ER autophagy as well. We propose that localized actin polymerization can push the edge of an ER sheet from the cell cortex toward the site of autophagosome assembly near the vacuole.

When studying the relationship between acoustic emission features and coal samples and fractures, both raw coal and briquette can be used as experimental samples. Most coal seams have soft materials, making it difficult to manufacture standard raw coal samples. Therefore, it is common to use briquettes as research samples in experiments. However, coal briquettes change the original structure of coal, affecting its physical and mechanical properties. The applicability of using briquettes instead of raw coal as experimental samples has always been a focus of academic discussion. And currently, there is relatively limited research on the differences in acoustic emission features between raw coal and briquette in pseudo triaxial compression experiments. In order to solve the above problems, pseudo triaxial compression acoustic emission experiments are conducted on raw coal and briquette, with a focus on discussing and analyzing mechanical properties, fracture modes, spatiotemporal evolution of acoustic emission, frequency band energy distribution, nonlinear features, and other aspects. The results show that the acoustic emission energy released during the loading process and the total peak stress energy are closely related to the strength of the coal sample. The raw coal mainly exhibits a mixed failure mode of shear and tension, while the briquette mainly exhibits a tensile axial crack failure mode. The acoustic emission positions of coal samples correspond to their macroscopic fracture morphology, but their occurrence time and spatial distribution are different. In the pre peak loading stage, the acoustic emission signal of raw coal is relatively small, while the acoustic emission response of briquette is intense and reaches its maximum value at the peak stress moment. Through wavelet packet analysis, it is found that the energy distribution of the acoustic emission frequency band of briquette is smaller than that of raw coal. The acoustic emission signals of raw coal are mainly concentrated in the frequency range of 10-120 kHz, while the acoustic emission signals of briquette only jump in the frequency range of 0-100 kHz, indicating that the micro fracture scale of briquette is larger than that of raw coal. 90% of the waveform energy of raw coal and briquette is active at 0-150 kHz. When the loaded sample approaches instability failure, i.e. around 99% of the peak stress, the Hurst index of the acoustic emission signals of raw coal and briquette are both greater than 0.5. It indicates a long-term correlation between the acoustic emission time series and the loading process.

"Objective To investigate the application of in-hospital informatized blood glucose monitoring system (IGMS) in Jiangsu and the satisfaction of medical staff to use IGMS. Methods From August 2021 to July 2022, a survey was conducted among medical staff in 119 secondary and tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province. The survey included questions on the application status of IGMS, such as the year of initiation and the medical units using it, and the satisfaction with the use of IGMS in medical staff was investigated by a 5-level Likert scale. Results (1) Utilization rate of IGMS: among the 119 hospitals, 58 (48.7%) utilized IGMS. The utilization rate in Southern Jiangsu (61.0%) was significantly higher than that in Central Jiangsu (34.8%) and Northern Jiangsu (37.8%) (χ2=7.113,P=0.029). (2) Distribution of medical units using IGMS: utilization rate in internal medicine department (96.6%) was significantly higher than that in surgical department (51.7%) and ICU (39.7%) (χ2=44.550,P＜0.01), with the highest utilization rate observed in endocrinology department (96.6%). (3) Satisfaction survey: the satisfaction scale had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.702 and a KMO value of 0.742, and Bartlett's sphericity test yielded aχ2 value of 298.268 (P＜0.01). Two initial factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 accounted for 72.5% of the variance. Following a scree plot analysis, two factors were extracted ,and the items were deleted according to the reliability and validity, and the satisfaction scale containing two factors and seven items was finally determined. Ninety-seven medical staff completed the scale with a score of 29.0 (25.5, 31.0). There was no significant difference in personal satisfaction with IGMS among medical staff in different regions, hospitals of grades and titles (P＞0.05). Conclusion The utilization rate of IGMS in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu is approximately 48.7%, with a higher rate in Southern Jiangsu. Endocrinology departments have the highest rate of IGMS usage. Medical staff are satisfied with the use of IGMS, and put forward higher expectations for the stability of networking and the standardization of training."

With the wide application of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, many cataract patients have effectively recovered vision. Postoperative intraocular lens opacification is an important indicator for evaluating biocompatibility, as it affects the visual quality of patients. The manifestation and risk factors of opacification vary among different materials used for intraocular lenses. However, better visual quality after surgery is not determined by a single factor. The material of the intraocular lens and the patient's response to the intraocular lens are all factors that affect the postoperative visual quality. With the continuous advancement of technology, an increasing number of new materials are being applied in the field of intraocular lenses. Fully understanding the characteristics of intraocular lens materials, selecting suitable intraocular lens for patients and reducing complications caused by materials will be beneficial to patients. The characteristics of different intraocular lens materials and the risk factors of opacification after intraocular lens implantation were discussed in this paper.