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Mactrotoma fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) Figures 6 A–K, 7 A–E Mactra fragilis Chemnitz, 1782: 236, pl. 24, fig. 235 (rejected by ICZN, 1944, Opinion 184); Gmelin, 1791: 3261; Spengler 1802: 124; Wood, 1818: 30; Turton, 1822: 74, pl. 4, fig. 10; Conrad, 1831: 61, pl. 14, fig. 3; De Kay, 1843: 230; d’Orbigny, 1846 in 1834–1847: 508; 1853: 222; Forbes & Hanley, 1853: 368; Reeve, 1854: pl. 11, fig. 47; Wood & Hanley, 1856: 39, fig. 32; Carpenter, 1855, in Carpenter, 1855 – 57: 51; Martinez y Saez, 1869: 12; Mörch, 1870: 124; Weinkauff, 1884: 17, pl. 5, fig. 2; Dall, 1895: 211; 1894: 26; Lamy, 1917: 246; Maury, 1920: 131; Perry, 1940: 82, pl. 17, fig. 113; Abbott, 1954: 488, fig. 5587; Cauquoin, 1967: 223; Rios, 1970: 195; 1975: 236, pl. 75, fig. 1129; 1985: 243, pl. 86, fig. 1210; 1994: 265, pl. 90, fig. 1292, 2009: 535, fig. 1486; Altena, 1971: 52. Lutraria candida Lamarck, 1818 in 1815–1822: 470; Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 1835: 92; Hanley, 1842 in 1842 – 1856: 27; Lamy, 1913: 346. Mactra braziliana Lamarck, 1818 in 1815–1822: 478 — Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 1835: 106; Beau, 1853: 414; Hanley, 1842 in 1842– 1856: 31, pl. 10, fig. 60; Conrad, 1868, 45; Gundlach, 1883 b: 482; Dall, 1894 b: 26; Lamy, 1914: 243. Mactra oblonga Say, 1822: 310 — Conrad, 1868, 45; Dall, 1894 b: 26. Mactra oblongata [error pro oblonga] Ravenel, 1834: 2. Spisula fragilis Gray, 1837: 373; Conrad, 1868: 45. Mactra bilineata Reeve, 1854: pl. 15, fig. 72 — Deshayes, 1855 a: 67; Weinkauff, 1884: 84, pl. 28, figs. 6 – 6 a; Tomlin, 1924: 136. Standella bilineata H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 in 1853–1858: 382 — Dall, 1894 b: 26. Standella fragilis H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 in 1853–1858: 382; Conrad, 1868: 45. Spisula (Standella) bilineata (Reeve, 1854) — Conrad, 1868: 44. Mactra anserina Guppy, 1875: 49, pl. 7, fig. 1 — Dall, 1894 b: 26. Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to oval, pallial sinus rounded and deep of about half shell length, maximum length measured 85 mm (ANSP 338354); left hinge with anterior lateral teeth with two cusps, right hinge with anterior ventral lateral teeth with two cusps. Description. Shell trigonal to oval, inequilateral, external surface smooth without ornamentation (Fig. 6 D), posterodorsal area defined by a line from umbones to posterior end and covered by a brownish periostracum; anterior end rounded, lunule not defined; ventral margin convex; internally white, right hinge with two anterior and two posterior lateral teeth, the ventral anterior with two cusps, the posterior similar in size and with one cusp; two cardinal teeth (3 a & 3 b) unfused (Fig. 7 A); left hinge with V-shaped cardinal tooth composed of two single cardinals (2 a & 2 b), one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth (AII & PII), the anterior with two cusps (Fig. 7 B). Ultrastructure of the shell with two layers as in other species here studied (Figs. 7 C–E). Type material. [Mactra fragilis] types not found at ZMUC, ZMB and Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Science of St. Petersburg (Martynov 2002), probably lost; [Lutraria candida] MNHN unnumbered, two syntypes; [Mactra braziliana] MNHN unnumbered, one syntype; [Mactra oblonga] ANSP 51418, one syntype; [Mactra bilineata] NHMUK unnumbered, two syntypes; [Mactra anserina] types not found at NHMUK, Guppy main collection deposited at Victoria Institute, Trinidad, destroyed by fire in 1920 (Sherborn 1940). Type locality. Nicobar Islands, India, erroneously recorded. Other material examined. United States of America—Myrtle Beach, North Carolina (USNM 471502, 487435); South Carolina (USNM 27020; ANSP 51417, 51419, 51418, 178514; AMNH 292619, 270166); Beaufort, South Carolina (MNRJ 1289; USNM 27015, 462356, 426251, 126104; USNM 54361); Florida (FURG 3106; USNM 54351, 124262, 604795; ANSP 43998, 175870, 132403, 186630, 51420, 76091, 174710, 158565, 189774, 174685, 180440, 387126, 88241, 76656, 354086, 264033; AMNH 210012, 311038, 139098, 131872, 121162, 125638, 100385, 248021, 172235, 248026; MZUSP 36139, 46840, 62656, 62663); Cape Canaveral (ANSP 371472); Peanut Island (AMNH 293566); Prickly Bay, Florida (ANSP 296550); Lake Worth, Florida (USNM 253194, 127259, 127259, 599286); Miami, Florida (AMNH 140442, 36058); Biscayne Bay, Florida (AMNH 120144); Caesars Creek bank (USNM 462364); Honda Bay, Florida (AMNH 309253); Sanibel (ANSP 175433, 170554; AMNH 309260, 120142, 103342, 100035, 97438, 99887); Lemon Bay (USNM 732875, 741380); Sarasota Beach, Florida (USNM 533964); Sarasota Bay, Florida (AMNH 120143); Bird Key, Tortugas (USNM 426252, 27016, 462357); Manatee River (USNM 61076, 604755); Bradenton Beach, Florida (AMNH 199586); St. Petersburg. Florida (AMNH 248820; 172236); Egmont Key, Florida (USNM 117656); Tampa Bay (USNM 27014, 462361); Cedar Key (USNM 36039, 134863, 93660); Dog Island, Apalachicola (USNM 185476); West Florida (ANSP 193681); Saint Augustine, Florida (USNM 61158); St. Andrews Bay, Florida (AMNH 266831; 266832); Texas (USNM 125653; ANSP 161372, 180061, 176590, 348776, 401045; AMNH 293567; MZUSP 13033); North of Mississippi (ANSP 209694); Palisades (USNM 442511); Old Providence (ANSP 154635); Dickinson Bay, Texas (ANSP 394662); Matagorda Bay, Texas (USNM 106996, 134410, 465242, 107376); Rockport, Texas (USNM 134411); Corpus Christi, Texas (USNM 123487). Central America—Gulf of Mexico (ANSP 338354); San Carlos Bay, Mexico (AMNH 131189); Yucatán (USNM 27017); Hopkins, Belize (ANSP 282762, 282921); Belize (USNM 777780, 771015, 771028; AMNH 183702; ANSP 285014, 282293, 284251, 284252); Honduras (NHMUK 1963.33.1– 4, 4 valves, 1 illustrated by Reeve (1854)); Venado, Panama (AMNH 248509); Panama channel (USNM 743472; 783033, 821599); Randolph, Panama (USNM 759164, 759346); Panama bay (AMNH 159536); Bahamas (AMNH 168779; USNM 707309, USNM 846338; ANSP 375172; 375171); La Habana bay (ANSP 52698); Cabañas Harbour, Cuba (USNM 462366); Cárdenas Bay, Cuba (USNM 462365); Cuba (AMNH 113659); Santa Rosa, Cuba (USNM 462360); Cienfuegos, Cuba (USNM 462363; Jamaica (USNM 440799, 442762, 423771, 102894, 27018, 441315, 375542; AMNH 34065, 34901); Haiti (USNM 383300, 440449, 440227); Dominican Republic (AMNH 94720); Santa Bárbara de Samana (MNRJ 1290); Santo Domingo (ANSP 173309, 182441); Talleboa, Puerto Rico (AMNH 174); Virgin Islands (AMNH 185921, 185851); Saint Thomas (USNM 530415, 604811, 250119, 321646); Tortola (ANSP 51415); Seaforth Bay, Antigua (AMNH 311152); Saint George, Grenada (ANSP 344048, 332097; AMNH 185257); Icacos, Trinidad (ANSP 157776). Colombia—Cartagena (USNM 517823, 364328); Puerto Colombia (USNM 543429). Venezuela—Margarita Island, (USNM 786537; MZUSP 57369, 58709, 61627); La Guaira (ANSP 264261). Brazil—Pernambuco (MZUSP 14805); Marau (MZUSP 22391); Salvador (MZUSP 28480, 44241, 44980, 44982, 45005, 59291, 59292, 59301, 77465, 77466, 81200); Bahía (MZUSP 15644, 26828, 70207; FURG 22285, 23467, 41374, 10814, 47433, 9945; ANSP 263476); Espírito Santo (MZUSP 73065); Búzios (MZUSP 48473, 57127); Niterói (MNRJ 4387); Muriqui (MNRJ 1479); Mangaratiba (MNRJ 5354); Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 2708, 6610, USNM 17500, 120193, AMNH 34064, 34063; MACN-In 5022; MZUSP 22392, 77464, 83188, 40122); Ilha Grande (MZUSP 22316); Peruíbe (MZUSP 80834); São Sebastião (MZUSP 22398, 22401, 22402, 44203, 44244, 44997, 56205; FURG 17158); Santos (MZUSP 13042); São Paulo (MZUSP 22400, 59311, 81934); Ubatuba (MZUSP 14944, 22394, 26477); Bertioga (MZUSP 50484, 62147); Cananeia (MZUSP 83348, 83386); Ilha Bela (MZUSP 22399, 41683, 41712, 41785, 44971, 44996, 77463, 77467, 77468, 77469, 77470, 77579, 79935, 83468); Porto Belo (FURG 11784); Bombinhas (MZUSP 34588); Santa Catarina (FURG 40237, 1576, 47781; MZUSP 13041). Distribution. From North Carolina, USA, to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Remarks. Mactra fragilis was introduced by Chemnitz (1782). However, this work was rejected due to nomenclatorial causes (Direction 1 ICZN 1954, Opinion 184, 1944). Mactra fragilis (Gmelin, 1791), a common species living in the western Atlantic has been cited with other names, i.e.: Lutraria candida Lamarck, 1818 (Figs. 6 B–C); Mactra braziliana Lamarck, 1818 (Figs. 6 D–F); Mactra oblonga Say, 1822 (Figs. 6 G–H); Mactra bilineata Reeve, 1854 (Figs. 6 I–J) and Mactra anserina Guppy, 1875 (Fig. 6 K) which are considered synonyms according to the similarities observed in the type material. Mactra oblonga was erroneously cited by Ravenel (1834) as M. oblongata (nomen nudum). Mactra dealbata Pulteney, 1799, later named as M. tellinoides Pulteney, 1813, is a valid species that was erroneously considered a synonym of M. fragilis by Wood and Hanley (1856), Dall (1894 b), Lamy (1917), among others. This species was mentioned living along the coast of Dorset, England. Mactra ambigua Weinkauff, 1884, cited by Dall (1894 b) as synonym of M. fragilis, is in fact a synonym of M. compressa Spengler, 1802, living along the northern Atlantic coast of Africa. This conclusion was drawn after the revision of Spengler´s mactrid types deposited at ZMUC. Finally, Mactra ovalina Lamarck, 1818, cited as synonym of M. fragilis by Carpenter (1855, in Carpenter, 1855 – 57), Dall (1894 b), and others, is a valid species living in Arabia (Bosch et al. 1995)., Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on pages 38-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6544861, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791), post 1792, 1793. Tome I, Pars VI (Vermes), 2 + p. 3021 - 3910. In Caroli A. Linne, and J. F. Gmelin, 1788 - 1793, Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima Tertia [13 th edition], Aucta, Reformata. 3 vols. Georg. Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae. Tom. I, Pars 6, Vermes, 2 + p. 3021 - 3910, Lipsiae, \" 1790 \", Lugduni [post 1790?; commonly cited as 1791].","Chemnitz, J. H. (1782) Vol. 6, xii + 375 pp. In: Martini, F. H. W., Chemnitz, J. H., Happe, A. F., Schubert, G. H. von, Wagner, J. A. & Schroter, J. S. (1769 - 1829) Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet fortgesetzt durch Johann Hieronymus Chemnitz, Pastor bey der Copenhagener Deutschen Garnisionsgemeinde, ordentliches Mitglied bey der Kayserlichen Leopoldinischen Akademie der Naturforscher, der Koniglich Danischen Societat der Wissenschaften zu Copenhagen, der Nordischen Societat der Wissenschaften zu Drontheim, der gelehrten Gesellschaft zu Danzig, und der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Gabriel Nikolaus Raspe, Nurnberg, 12 vols.","Spengler, L. (1802) Beskrivelse over det toskallede conchylie-slaegt Mactra. Skrivter af Naturhistorie - Selskabet, 5 (2), 92 - 129.","Wood, W. (1818) Index testaceologicus, an illustrated catalogue of British and foreign shells, arranged according to the Linnean System, with the Latin and English names, references to figures and places where found. Richard & Arthur Taylor, Shoe-Lane, London, viii + 188 pp.","Turton, W. (1822) Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. The shells of the British Islands, systematically arranged. London: M. A. Nattali, Covent-Garden, and Combe and Son, Leicester. xlvii + 277 pp. + 1 p., 20 pls.","Conrad, T. A. (1831) Description of fifteen new species of Recent and three of fossil shells, chiefly from the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 256 - 268.","De Kay, J. E. (1843) Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state of New York; with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders: and accompanied by appropriate illustrations. Part 5. Mollusca. Carroll and Cook, Printers to the Assembly, Albany, New York, 271 pp., 40 pls.","Forbes, E. F. R. S. & Hanley, S. C. T. (1853) A history of British Mollusca and their shells. (Vol. 1). Including the Tunicata, and the families of Lamellibranchiata as far as Cyprinidae, John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, xxx + 486 pp.","Reeve, L. A. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In: Reeve, L. A. (Ed), Conchologia Iconica: or, illustrations of the shells of moluscous animals. L. A. Reeve, London. [unnumbered pages are captions for the plates]. 8 pp., 21 pls.","Wood, W. & Hanley, S. C. T. (1856) Index testaceologicus, an illustrated catalogue of British and foreign shells. A new and entirely revised edition, with ancient and modern appellations, synonyms, localities, etc. etc. Willis and Sotheran, London, xx + 234 pp.","Carpenter, P. P. (1855 - 1857) Catalogue of the Reigen Collection of the Mazatlan Mollusca in the British Museum. Warrington, printed at the Oberlin Press by P. P. Carter. xvi + 552 p. [p. 1 - 120 published 1855; p. 121 - 444 published 1856; p. 445 - 552 published 1857].","Martinez y Saez, F. (1869) Moluscos del viaje al Pacifico verificado de 1862 a 1865 por una comision de naturalistas enviada por el Gobierno Espanol, parte segunda: bivalvos marinos. Madrid, 78 pp.","Morch, O. A. L. (1870) Uebersicht der von Lorentz Spengler beschriebenen Conchylien. Malakozoologische Blatter, als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 17 (3), 99 - 124.","Weinkauff, H. C. (1884) Die Gattung Mactra. In: Kuster, H. C. & Weinkauff, H. C. (1841, 1842, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884) Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer and Raspe, Nuremberg, 11 (2), pp. 93 - 124.","Dall, W. H. (1895) Synopsis of a review of the genera of Recent and Tertiary Mactridae and Mesodesmatidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 1 (5), 203 - 213.","Dall, W. H. (1894 a) Monograph of the genus Gnathodon Gray (Rangia, Desmoulins). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 17, 89 - 107.","Lamy, E. (1917 - 1918) Revision des Mactridae vivants du Museum d ' Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie, 63 [(4) 17] (3), 173 - 275 [November 30, 1917]; (4), 291 - 411 [February 28, 1918].","Maury, C. J. (1920) Recent molluscs of the Gulf of Mexico and Pleistocene and Pliocene species from the Gulf States. Part I: Pelecypoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 8 (34), 33 - 147.","Perry, L. M. (1940) Marine Shells of the Southwest Coast of Florida. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 26 (95), 1 - 260.","Abbott, R. T. (1954) American Seashells. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, xiv + 541 pp.","Cauquoin, M. (1967) Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes Atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962), Premiere Partie. 23. Mollusques lamellibranches: Mactridae. Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la Calypso, 8, 223 - 226.","Rios, E. C. (1970) Coastal Brazilian seashells. Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande. Rio Grande, 255 pp.","Rios, E. C. (1975) Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. Rio Grande. Fondacao Universidade do Rio Grande. Centro Ciencias do Mar. Museo Oceanografico, Rio Grande, 331 pp.","Altena, C. O. v. R. (1971) The marine Mollusca of Suriname (Dutch Guiana). Holocene and Recent. Part 2. Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. Zoologische Verhandelingen, uitgegeven door het Rifksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, Brill Leiden, 119, 3 - 100.","Deshayes, G. P. & Milne-Edwards, H. (1835) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres ... par J. B. P. A. de Lamarck. 2 nd edition, revised, edited, and augmented, Vol. 6 (Histoire des Mollusques). J. B. Bailliere, Paris, iv + 600 pp.","Hanley, S. C. T. (1842 - 1856) An illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Recent bivalve shells. [with 960 figures by Wood and Sowerby, forming an appendix to the Index Testaceologicus]. Williams & Norgate, London, xviii + 392 + 24 pp.","Lamy, E. (1913) Notes sur les especes rangees par Lamarck dans son genre Lutraria. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 19 (6), 343 - 349.","Beau, M. (1853) Supplement au catalogue des coquilles trouvees a l'Ile de la Guadeloupe. Journal de Conchyliologie, 4 (4), 413 - 419.","Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3 (3), appendix, 31 - 47.","Gundlach, J. (1883 b) Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-Riquena. Quinta Parte, V Moluscos, B - Moluscos Marinos. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 12, 441 - 484.","Dall, W. H. (1894 b) Synopsis of the Mactridae of North America. The Nautilus, 8 (3), 25 - 28.","Lamy, E. (1914) Notes sur les especes de genre Mactra decrites par Lamarck. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 20 (3), 127 - 135; (4), 239 - 247.","Say, T. (1822) An account of the marine shells of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (2), 221 - 224; 225 - 248; 257 - 276; 302 - 320; 321 - 325.","Ravenel, E. (1834) Catalogue of Recent shells in the cabinet of Edmund Ravenel. Charleston Museum, Charleston, South Carolina, 20 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum and the author ' s cabinet. The Magazine of Natural History (n. s.), 1, 370 - 376.","Deshayes, M. G. P. (1855 a) Descriptions of new species of shells, from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1854, 22 (263), 62 - 64; (264), 65 - 72.","Tomlin, J. R. le B. (1924) Notes on some Mactridae. Journal of Conchology, 17 (5), 134 - 136.","Guppy, R. J. L. (1875) On new species of bivalve Mollusca found at Cumana, Venezuela. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 4, 15, 49 - 50.","Martynov, A. V. (2002) The shell collection of J. H. Chemnitz in the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg. Ruthenica, 12 (1), 1 - 18.","Sherborn, C. D. (1940) Where is the --- Collection?: An account of the various natural history collections which have come under the notice of the compiler Charles Davies Sherborn between 1880 and 1939. Cambridge University Press, 148 pp.","Bosch, D. T., Dance, S. P., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Oliver, P. G. (1995) Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Motivate Publishing, Dubai, 296 pp."]}

Genus Mactrotoma Dall, 1894 Type species. Mactra fragilis Gmelin, 1791, [Dall, 1894 b, original designation]. Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to subcircular, posterior area covered by a thick periostracum and defined by a line. Distribution. Atlantic coast of America, from United States to Brazil, Pacific coast of North America to Peru, South east Asia.

Genus Mactrotoma Dall, 1894 Type species. Mactra fragilis Gmelin, 1791, [Dall, 1894 b, original designation]. Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to subcircular, posterior area covered by a thick periostracum and defined by a line. Distribution. Atlantic coast of America, from United States to Brazil, Pacific coast of North America to Peru, South east Asia., Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6544861, {"references":["Dall, W. H. (1894 a) Monograph of the genus Gnathodon Gray (Rangia, Desmoulins). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 17, 89 - 107.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791), post 1792, 1793. Tome I, Pars VI (Vermes), 2 + p. 3021 - 3910. In Caroli A. Linne, and J. F. Gmelin, 1788 - 1793, Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima Tertia [13 th edition], Aucta, Reformata. 3 vols. Georg. Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae. Tom. I, Pars 6, Vermes, 2 + p. 3021 - 3910, Lipsiae, \" 1790 \", Lugduni [post 1790?; commonly cited as 1791].","Dall, W. H. (1894 b) Synopsis of the Mactridae of North America. The Nautilus, 8 (3), 25 - 28."]}