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This paper examines elite perceptions of the existing political system by analyzing the historical status of Caesar and Augustus in the Tiberian age as seen from the History of Velleius Paterculus. Since the 19th century, scholars of Roman studies have actively debated the nature of the Principate in terms of the legal authority of the Roman emperor and social ties (patron-client relation and patronage). In contrast, recent scholarship has focused on perceptions of the Principate in its own time. It is generally said that, based on Velleius' History, people in the Tiberian age considered that the Republic still functioned. Furthermore, A. M. Gowing claimed that republican values remained in place during the Tiberian age, but they had become things of the past by Neronian times. However, his study does not make clear how elites formed and shared perception of the existing political system based on historical events and sites. This paper therefore focuses on the treason trials that had a large influence on reconstructing the historical memory of Caesar and Augustus and the writing of the History while paying attention to such events and sites. In the Roman empire, crimes termed maiestas constituted treason. Many people were tried for treason in the late Augustan age, and particularly large numbers in the Tiberian age. Moreover, the historical memory of defendants who had received a guilty verdict in this kind of trial was subject to attack. For example, the person's name was deleted from inscriptions and official documents, and statutes and buildings associated with that person were destroyed. As a result, many scholars have argued that, especially in the Tiberian age, treason trials restricted and suppressed freedom of speech and writing. While the treason trials certainly showed aspects of restriction and suppression, such trials had the capacity to perpetuate the historical memory of the person so dishonored. Therefore, this paper regards the treason trials as plac

This dissertation examines the evolution of the crimen maiestatis (or the crimen maiestatis minutae) from its inception in the Roman Republic to the Principate and explores the intimate relationship between maiestas and the emergence (and consolidation) of autocratic rule during the Julio-Claudian era. At no point, either under the Republic or the Principate, was there ever a precise definition of the crimen maiestatis or a static understanding of what constituted maiestas minuta; rather, the meaning of the crime was evolving and intimately linked to shifting conceptions of the res publica and perceptions of where—or in whom—its power was manifested. Under the Principate the focus of the crimen maiestatis shifted from harmful acts that imperiled the res publica as a whole to offenses against the princeps specifically, such as physical attacks on his life and, more significant, injury to his dignitas and honor. This dissertation argues that the reorientation of maiestas towards the princeps and his protection did not occur through any formal means—such as the enactment of a new lex maiestatis or a senatus consultum—nor was it orchestrated by the emperor. Rather, the transformation of the crime was driven by the actual treatment of maiestas in practice and by the experiments and innovations of individual Romans, who raised accusations of maiestas for increasingly novel offenses against the princeps, offenses that would not have been viewed or prosecuted as maiestas under the Republic. This dissertation examines each case of maiestas over the course of the Republic and Principate to understand how Romans were interpreting and conceiving of the crime at each stage of its development. Special focus is given to the reign of Tiberius, which marked a critical point in both the evolution of the crimen maiestatis and the formulation of the imperial position. The dissertation broadly concludes that the way that maiestas, in connection with the emperor, was perceived and treated was crucial to the development of the imperial system and the position of princeps.

Ispirato alle ricerche di Riccardo Fubini e alla sua proposta interpretativa e di metodo, originale e spesso alternativa al dibattito storiografico recente sui percorsi italiani alla statualità fra tardo Medioevo e prima età moderna, il saggio elegge il Quattrocento fiorentino a caso di studio e ne ripercorre il suggestivo itinerario di costruzione della sovranità, non tanto nel senso di prassi e concreto governo del territorio, quanto di una forma alta di legittimità del potere, capace di rendere Firenze sempre meno debitrice verso il riconoscimento delle due entità universali (sovrane per il Medioevo) di Chiesa e Impero. Prediligendo dunque il piano delle rappresentazioni e dell’elaborazione politico-giuridica, la sovranità di Firenze città dominante viene ripercorsa proponendo una rassegna dei suoi segni: tangibili, come ad esempio le celebri Pandette pisane, o carsici, come certe strategie penali in via di egemonizzazione gravitanti intorno al nesso maiestas/crimen laesae maiestatis. A itinerario tracciato sarà, forse, possibile domandarsi se – al di là del caso specifico – il tempo quattrocentesco abbia ancora molto da dire, ora che una singolare vicenda giudiziaria italiana oggetto di un recente studio parrebbe riesumare le antiche vestigia maiestatiche, quasi a segnare l’epifania di un potere sovrano postmoderno dai tratti inconsueti., Inspired by Riccardo Fubini’s researches and his interpretative and method proposal, original and often alternative to the recent historiographical debate on the Italian paths to state-building between the late Middle Ages and the early modern age, the essay elects the Florentine fifteenth century as a case study and traces its suggestive itinerary of the construction of sovereignty, not so much in the sense of praxis and concrete territorial government, but of a high form of legitimacy of power, capable of making Florence less indebted to the recognition of the two universal entities (sovereign for the Middle Ages) of Church and Empire. The Parliament of 1° September 1378, by declaring the “totalis, plenissima et integra auctoritas et potestas populi Florentini” and by qualifying the Statutory Councils as “liberi et soluti”, can rise to the genetic moment of the claim of a sovereignty that medieval jurisprudence had hitherto described as a not dominated position of power and, therefore, logically connected to the solutio a legibus. Moreover Florence, here like other potentie grosse, builds, in the crisis of the universalistic and communal medieval order, an important part of its sovereignty precisely through the maiestas and the connected crimen maiestatis, making use of interesting criminal strategies to conservation and growth of dominion, many of which in concert with the intellectual milieu of jurists. However, it is not only by usurping the forbidden attribute of majesty – forbidden because it is reserved by medieval jurisprudence only for the universal entities of the Church and Empire – and by repressing dissent with lese majesty that Florence satisfies its urgent need for legitimacy. Indeed, the majestic path remains perhaps the most karstic and the least striking, almost hidden among the arcana dominationis. Other signs were intended by ‘statesmen’ to publicly represent the sovereignty claimed by Florence within the same city and above all in the unprecedented external territorial projection, such as imperial diplomas, littera Florentina or Digesto Laurenziano, Leonardo Bruni’s Historiae Florentini and “scripture publice”. All those signs represented, in fifteenth-century Florence, “le cose sacratissime del popolo fiorentino”. The essay wants to offer a quick survey of it to give the reader another, premodern image of sovereignty. Once the itinerary has been traced, it will perhaps be possible to ask whether - beyond the specific case - the fifteenth-century time still has a lot to say, now that a singular Italian judicial matter which has been the subject of a recent study would seem to resurrect the ancient majestic vestiges, as if to mark the epiphany of a postmodern sovereign power with unusual features.

Maiestas maculata (Singh-Pruthi) n. rec. (Fig. 2) Cicadula maculata Singh-Pruthi, 1930: 58���59, figs 80���81, plate V, fig. 2. Thamnotettix prabha Singh-Pruthi, 1930: 62, figs 85, 86, plate V, figs 6, 6a. Synonymised by Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 41. Recilia prabha, Ghauri, 1980: 166���169, figs 1, 3���11. Deltocephalus (Recilia) maculata, Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 32, figs 260���269. Maiestas maculata, Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 22, comb. nov. Maiestas maculata, Zhang & Duan, 2011: 37���39, figs 33���35, plate IV: E, plate V: P, plate VI: P. Length. Male: 3.4mm Description. Coloration. Pale to yellowish brown (Fig. 2A���D). Crown with variable black spots (Fig. 2A, 2C). Face stramineous to yellowish brown, with black patches adjacent to antennal bases (Fig. 2D). Pronotum occasionally with black patches. Visible mesonotum with basal angles black (Fig. 2A, 2C). Legs with or without blackish spots (Fig. 2B). Morphology. Head as broad as pronotum (Fig. 2A, 2C). Forewing macropterous or submacropterous; inner anteapical cell open at base, sometimes outer anteapical cell absent (Fig. 2A���B). Male genitalia. Subgenital plate moderately long, subtriangular, lateral margin somewhat convex (Fig. 2F). Style with preapical lobe short, apophysis digitate, long and faintly sinuate (Fig. 2F). Connective almost as long as aedeagus (Fig. 2G). Aedeagus boat-shaped dorsally (Fig. 2H), straight in lateral aspect and narrow at base, broader in middle and thereafter gradually narrowed to acute upturned apex (Fig. 2I). Material examined. Pakistan: Azad Kashmir: 1♂, Banjosa, 33��48���36.9432 N, 73��49���14.304 E, sweep net, 26 July 2018, coll. Bismillah Shah (AAU). Distribution. Pakistan (new record), China, India. Remarks. This species, originally described from India (Calcutta and Sikkim) is recorded here for the first time from Pakistan. It can readily be distinguished from other species of the genus by its external appearance, e.g., with variable black patches on head and thorax, and shape of the aedeagus and style., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on pages 404-405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Singh-Pruthi, H. (1930) Studies on Indian Jassidae (Homoptera). Part I. Introductory and Description of some new genera and species. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 11, 1 - 68.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Ghauri, M. S. K. (1980) Illustrated redescription of two of Pruthi's species of Cicadelloidea from India. Reichenbachia Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden, 18, 165 - 171.","Dash, P. C. & Viraktamath, C. A. (1998) A review of the Indian and Nepalese grass feeding leafhopper genus Deltocephalus (Recilia) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new species. Hexapoda, 10 (1 & 2), 1 - 59.","Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zootaxa, 2870 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2870.1.1"]}

Maiestas setosa (Ahmed, Murtaza & Malik) Recilia setosa Ahmed, Murtaza & Malik, 1988: 412, fig. 2. Maiestas setosa, Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 20, comb. nov.; Naveed et al., 2019: 287. Material examined. No material examined. Distribution. Pakistan. Remarks. The identity of this species remains uncertain due to the poor original description and figures and because the type series from Karachi could not be found in the repository indicated in the original description, Zoological Museum, University of Karachi (Khatri & Webb, 2010: 11)., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Ahmed, M., Murtaza, B. & Malik, K. F. (1988) Some new aphrodine leafhoppers from grasslands of Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 20, 409 - 421.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Naveed, H., Sohail, K., Islam, W., Zhang, Y. & Bu, W. J. (2019) A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 45 (2), 283 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.35249 / rche. 45.2.19.16","Khatri I., & Webb, M. D. (2010) The Deltocephalinae leafhoppers of Pakistan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2365 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2365.1.1"]}

Maiestas sp. 1 (Fig. 7) M. samuelsoni, Naveed et al., 2019, fig. 3L���M, misidentification. Material examined. Pakistan: 2♂♂, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Pirsabak, 34��0���37.1196 N, 72��3���3.6648 E, sweep net, 12 July 2018; 3♂♂, 4♀♀, same data, light trap; 2♂♂, Balakot, 34��34���18.1668 N, 73��21���46.6668 E, sweep net, 12 August 2019; Punjab: 1♂, Hazro, 33��54���44.208 N, 72��29���12.084 E, sweep net, 31 July 2018. All collected by Bismillah Shah (AAU). Remarks. The identity of this species is uncertain. It is similar to the following un-named species in having the forewings with additional cross-veins and similar male genitalia but its colour pattern is different. Its male genitalia are also similar to those of some other Maiestas species, e.g., M. samuelsoni (Knight). Although resembling the latter species (originally described from the Pacific region) in shape of aedeagus and style, it differs by its longer head with more distinct markings and forewing with extra cross-veins. It is likely that the material studied here is the same species recorded from Pakistan as M. samuelsoni by Naveed et al. (2019). These authors recorded three males (NWAFU) from the same region (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) as the specimens examined here, but with the figures of Zhang & Duan (2011) from Chinese specimens, the latter also possibly misidentified. The Pakistan specimens deposited in NWAFU need to be re-examined to confirm their identity., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on page 412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Naveed, H., Sohail, K., Islam, W., Zhang, Y. & Bu, W. J. (2019) A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 45 (2), 283 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.35249 / rche. 45.2.19.16","Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zootaxa, 2870 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2870.1.1"]}

Maiestas trispinosa (Dash & Viraktamath) n. rec. (Fig. 6) Deltocephalus (Recilia) trispinosus Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 35, figs 296���304 Maiestas trispinosa, Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 38, comb. nov. Length. Male: 4.1mm. Description. Coloration. Yellowish brown (Fig. 6A���D). Head and thorax pale yellow (Fig. 6A, 6C). Crown with six small, dark brownish marks at anterior margin and some yellowish brown patches on each side of mid-line (Fig. 6A, 6C). Pronotum with ochraceous shades and six yellow brown longitudinal stripes (Fig. 6A, 6C). Mesonotum and scutellum pale with yellowish brown spots (Fig. 6A, 6C). Eye tinged with yellowish brown (Fig. 6A���D). Frontoclypeus chocolate brown with pale transverse stripes (Fig. 6D). Leg marked with dark brown (Fig. 6B). Forewing light brown, with prominent pale venation (Fig. 6A���B). Morphology. Head slightly wider than pronotum, almost equal in length to width between eyes (Fig. 6A, 6C). Ocellus next to eye on anterior margin. Pronotum median length almost equal to the median length of crown (Fig. 6A, 6C). Forewing macropterous, almost same length as hind wings (Fig. 6A���B). Male genitalia. Pygofer quadrate (Fig. 6E). Subgenital plate moderately long, triangular, lateral margins almost straight, with a row of uniseriate macrosetae, apically rounded and curved dorsad (Fig. 6F). Valve triangular (Fig. 6F). Style narrow, with prominent preapical shoulder, apex digitate and sinuate (Fig. 6F). Connective almost equal in length to aedeagus (Fig. 6G���I). Aedeagal shaft extended far beyond pygofer, curved ventrally (Fig. 6E); shaft compressed dorsoventrally, in lateral view broader in basal two thirds then abruptly narrowed to acute apex, in dorsoventral view with needle-like apex (Fig. 6G���H); pair of subapical spine-like lateral processes adpressed to shaft (Fig. 6G���H). Material examined. Pakistan: Punjab: 2♂♂, Bansra Gali, 33��54���17.532 N, 73��22���13.9656 E, sweep net, 1 August 2019, coll. Bismillah Shah (AAU). Distribution. Pakistan (new record), India. Remarks. This species can be distinguished by the lateral spine-like processes of the aedeagus. The Pakistan specimens show very slight differences compared to the original Indian material with respect to the shape of the subgenital plates and style apical process, as seen in the original figures given by Dash & Viraktamath (1998) and images of type material sent by C. Viraktamath., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on pages 408-412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Dash, P. C. & Viraktamath, C. A. (1998) A review of the Indian and Nepalese grass feeding leafhopper genus Deltocephalus (Recilia) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new species. Hexapoda, 10 (1 & 2), 1 - 59.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Khatri I., & Webb, M. D. (2010) The Deltocephalinae leafhoppers of Pakistan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2365 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2365.1.1","Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zootaxa, 2870 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2870.1.1","Dash, P. C. & Viraktamath, C. A. (1995) Two new species of grass feeding leafhopper genus Deltocephalus (Recilia) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Orissa, India. Hexapoda, 7, 71 - 78."]}

Maiestas indica (Singh-Pruthi) (Fig. 1E) Allophleps indica Singh-Pruthi, 1936: 120, fig. 132; plate 9, fig. 3. Allophleps delhiensis Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990: 111, figs 1���9. Synonymised by Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 35. Deltocephalus (Recilia) indicus, Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 35���36, fig. 305. Maiestas indica, Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 21, comb. nov.; Naveed et al. (2019: 287). Material examined. No material examined. Distribution. Pakistan, India. Remarks. This species was originally described based on both male and female specimens but a female from Pakistan ���Layallpur [Faisalabad], Punjab, at light; 10.X.29 (Coll. A. Rahman)��� (ZSI), was listed as the ��� holotype ��� together with ���four other specimens from the type locality and numerous specimens from several other localities in the Indian Museum collection���. The specimens other than the female holotype may be considered paratypes but it is not clear from which specimen the male genitalia were figured and the male genitalia slide is now missing (pers. com. C. Viraktamath). Therefore, Pruthi���s figure of the male could be from a specimen either from Pakistan or India. No further material of this species from Pakistan has been studied since the original description and although the original material was examined by Dash & Viraktamath (1998), including a male paratype, their figures are from their Indian specimens (pers. com. C. Viraktamath). Despite the above uncertainties, assuming that the female holotype and the male specimen illustrated by Pruthi are conspecific, the identity of the species is clear based on the aedeagus with a distinctive large subapical ventral process (Fig. 1E). The species can also be recognized by its accessary forewing cross-veins, similar to M. pruthii and Maiestas sp. 1 and Maiestas sp. 2, but from these it also differs by its shorter head as shown in Pruthi���s original figure., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on page 403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Singh-Pruthi, H. (1936) Studies on Indian Jassidae (Homoptera). Part III. Descriptions of some new genera and species, with first records of some known species from India. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 11, 101 - 131.","Rao, V. R. S. & Ramakrishnan, U. (1990) New species of Aconurella and Paramesodes (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 87, 268 - 271.","Dash, P. C. & Viraktamath, C. A. (1998) A review of the Indian and Nepalese grass feeding leafhopper genus Deltocephalus (Recilia) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new species. Hexapoda, 10 (1 & 2), 1 - 59.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Naveed, H., Sohail, K., Islam, W., Zhang, Y. & Bu, W. J. (2019) A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 45 (2), 283 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.35249 / rche. 45.2.19.16"]}

Maiestas sinuata Shah & Duan sp. n. (Fig. 3) Length. Male: 3.3mm. Description. Coloration. Yellowish brown (Fig. 3A–B). Head and thorax creamy white with yellow markings (Fig. 3A, 3C). Crown with eight small, dark brownish marks, with ochraceous patches on each side of median longitudinal suture (Fig. 3A, 3C). Pronotum with four yellow longitudinal stripes (Fig. 3A, 3C). Mesonotum and scutellum pale with yellowish brown spots (Fig. 3A, 3C). Eye color tinged with yellowish grey. Ocellus white (Fig. 3A–C). Frontoclypeus dark brown with pale transverse stripes (Fig. 3D). Legs marked with dark brown (Fig. 3B). Forewing brown, with prominent pale venation (Fig. 3A–B). Morphology. Head slightly wider than pronotum and slightly longer than width between eyes (Fig. 3A, 3C). Ocellus next to eye on anterior margin (Fig. 3A–C). Pronotum median length almost equal to the median length of crown (Fig. 3A, 3C). Forewing macropterous, exceeding abdomen when at rest (Fig. 3A–B). Male genitalia. Pygofer side longer than height in lateral aspect with rounded apical margin (Fig. 3E). Subgenital plate moderately long, triangular, with row of marginal uniseriate macrosetae (Fig. 3F). Style narrow, with prominent preapical shoulder; apex digitate, slightly curved laterally (Fig. 3F). Connective almost equal in length to aedeagus (Fig. 3G–H). Aedeagal shaft in dorsal view broad at base (Fig. 3G), gradually tapered towards pointed apex; in lateral view, slightly sinuate with basal half concave ventrally and apical half concave dorsally, finely tapered from base to apex (Fig. 3H). Material examined. Holotype ♂: Pakistan: Punjab, Kahuta, 33°35′28.3776 N, 73°22′12.234 E, sweep net, 25 July 2018, coll. Bismillah Shah (AAU). Distribution. Pakistan. Etymology. The species named for the slightly sinuate aedeagal shaft in lateral view. Remarks. This species has a similar sinuate aedeagal shaft to M. chandrai Fletcher & Dai (2019) (replacement name for M. viraktamathi Fletcher & Dai, 2018), from Australia, but differs from the latter species in external appearance and other genitalia structures, i.e., the subgenital plate with apical fine setae, style with apical process thicker and aedeagus lacking a ventrobasal “heel”, the latter feature placing M. chandrai in the M. albomaculatus group of Dash & Viraktamath (1998).

Maiestas Distant, 1917 Maiestas Distant, 1917: 312 ( Type species: Maiestas illustris Distant, 1917). For full details of synonymy, see Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 14���15. Diagnosis. Generally pale brown with c rown often with line of submarginal angular spots and pronotum often with longitudinal stramineous bands (Fig 1A), sometimes without these markings (Fig. 2A). Crown triangularly produced, ocellus usually close to eye on anterior margin. Forewing with three anteapical cells, inner cell open. Pygofer without appendage. Subgenital plate short and ovate with outer margin convex to slightly concave; with uniseriate row of macrosetae laterally, sometimes with apical tuft of fine setae. Connective linear with arms longer than stem. Aedeagus fused to connective; shaft elongate, weakly curved dorsally, usually without processes, gonopore apical on dorsal surface, indistinct. Distribution. Old World. Remarks. Maiestas was revised by Webb & Viraktamath (2009). The genus is similar externally to Deltocephalus Burmeister and Recilia but differs by the shape of the aedeagus; in Maiestas the shaft is boat-shaped, at most weekly curved dorsally, sometimes with an apical ventral spine-like process and gonopore apical on dorsal surface. To the previous treatment of the genus from Pakistan (Naveed et al., 2019), a new species and two new country records are added in the present work, together with two species of uncertain identity (see Maiestas spp)., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on page 402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1917) The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Vol. VI, No. VII-Rhynchota, Part II: Suborder Homoptera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, 273 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1917. tb 00469. x","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Naveed, H., Sohail, K., Islam, W., Zhang, Y. & Bu, W. J. (2019) A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 45 (2), 283 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.35249 / rche. 45.2.19.16"]}

Maiestas pruthii (Metcalf) (Fig. 4F���L) Deltocephlaus notatus Singh-Pruthi, 1936: 128���129, fig. 139, plate IX, fig. 10 (Prim.hom.: Deltocephalus notatus Melichar, 1896). Deltocephalus pruthii Metcalf, 1967: 1173 (nom. nov. pro Deltocephalus notatus Singh-Pruthi, 1936). Deltocephalus (Recilia) pruthii, Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 22���23, figs 150���158. Maiestas pruthii, Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 20, comb. nov.; Khatri & Webb, 2010: 11, plate 2a, fig. 13, misidentification? (see Remarks); Naveed et al., 2019: 286, figs 2A���C (incorrectly cited as M. subviridis, pers. com. Naveed), Fig. 3i, misidentification? (see Remarks). Material examined. No material examined. Distribution. Pakistan, India. (see Remarks) Remarks. The identity of this species is somewhat uncertain. It was described from the holotype male and allotype female from Pakistan, Layallpur [Faisalabad], but the male genitalia slide of the holotype (ZSI) is now missing (pers. com. Chandra Viraktamath). Although the types were examined by Dash & Viraktamath (1998) their figures are from Indian (Dehli) specimens (pers. com. Chandra Viraktamath) and although showing a very slight difference in the style apex to that of Singh-Pruthi���s original they show a similar relatively long apical extension of the aedeagus and rounded shaft apex (Figs 4J���L). Therefore, Dash & Viraktamath���s material is tentatively considered correctly identified but, to be certain, topotypical material of M. pruthii, i.e., from Faisalabad, should be obtained and examined. The Pakistan material identified as this species by Khatri & Webb (2010) with their figures reproduced by Naveed et al. (2019) show a more tapered aedeagus apex and shorter apical process and vertex with a small dot either side of the coronal suture apex, are here considered to be a different species (see Maiestas sp. 2 below). Despite the shortcomings of Singh-Pruthi���s original genitalia figures, his habitus figure of this species is very good and shows a species with a relatively long acute head with a pair of inverted U-shaped markings basally and forewings with extra cross veins. The extra forewing cross veins are also present in M. indica (described from the same type locality as M. pruthii) and Maiestas sp. 1 and 2 (see Remarks under these species). In conclusion, until the type genitalia or topotypical specimens can be found, the identity of this species is based on the figures of Dash & Viraktamath (1998) together with the images given here from the same specimen (Figs 4F���L)., Published as part of Shah, Bismillah, Naveed, Hassan, Webb, Michael D. & Duan, Yani, 2021, Taxonomic review of the grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Pakistan with description of a new species and two new records, pp. 401-416 in Zootaxa 5060 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5635912, {"references":["Singh-Pruthi, H. (1936) Studies on Indian Jassidae (Homoptera). Part III. Descriptions of some new genera and species, with first records of some known species from India. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 11, 101 - 131.","Melichar, L. (1896) Cicadinen (Hemiptera-Homoptera) von Mittel-Europa. Dames, Berlin, 364 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8568","Metcalf, Z. P. (1967) s. n. In: General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle VI. Cicadelloidea. Part 10. Euscelidae Section II. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1078 - 2074.","Dash, P. C. & Viraktamath, C. A. (1998) A review of the Indian and Nepalese grass feeding leafhopper genus Deltocephalus (Recilia) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new species. Hexapoda, 10 (1 & 2), 1 - 59.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2163.1.1","Khatri I., & Webb, M. D. (2010) The Deltocephalinae leafhoppers of Pakistan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2365 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2365.1.1","Naveed, H., Sohail, K., Islam, W., Zhang, Y. & Bu, W. J. (2019) A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 45 (2), 283 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.35249 / rche. 45.2.19.16"]}

Chiron, Bd. 48 (2018), The transition from Republic to Principate has often been characterized as a process of quashing political violence by centralizing political power in the person of the emperor. This paper argues instead that the transition is marked by a new understanding of the relationship between violence and politics, a transition that might be characterized as a move from concern with vis to a new understanding of political violence based on the concept of iniuria. This new set of metaphors posed problems in particular for the jurist M. Antistius Labeo, whose writings reflect a concern with how to delimit the concept of iniuria, an old concept with newly politicized significance.

La importancia del retrato de corte es determinante para comprender la pintura del Quinientos en sus correctas dimensiones artísticas y propagandísticas. Carlos V nació en el seno de una familia con las ideas muy claras en este sentido. En él, como en pocos hombres y mujeres de la historia, se percibe una evolución del factor local a la realidad global, reflejo y consecuencia de una vida que le llevó desde el Condado de Flandes hasta ser el gobernante más poderoso del orbe. Este trabajo analiza la evolución de su efigie a la luz de esos acontecimientos y el papel desempeñado por el color en la consolidación de la misma, centrándose de manera especial en las aportaciones de Tiziano, gran artífice de la imagen imperial que ha llegado hasta nuestros días. The importance of the court portrait is decisive to understand the painting of the 16th century in its correct artistic and propaganda dimensions. Charles V was born into a family with very clear ideas in this regard. In him, as in few men and women in history, an evolution from the local factor to the global reality is perceived, which is reflection and consequence at the same time of a life that took him from the County of Flanders to being the most powerful ruler in the world. This paper analyzes theevolution of his effigy in the light of those events, as well as the role played by color in its consolidation, focusing in a special way on the contributions of Titian, the great architect of the imperial image that has survived to this day.

Maiestas heuksandoensis (Kwon & Lee, 1979) (Figs 3 A–K) Recilia (Togacephalus) heuksandoensis Kwon & Lee, 1979, Nat. & Life 9(2): 79–80 (Korea). Maiestas heuksandoensis: Webb & Viraktamath, 2009, Zootaxa, 2163: 16. Material examined. Korea, Chungbuk Province: 3 males, 4 females, Cheondeungsan, 1.X.2016, Y.J. Kwon; Gangwon Province: 1 male, Balgyoasan, 25.IX.2016; 1 male, 1 female, Deokgasan, 2.X.2016; 2 males, 2 females, same locality, 19.X.2016; 1 male, 2 females, same locality, 20.X.2016; 1 male, Giusan, 10. VI.2016; 1 female, same locality, 8.X.2016; 1 male, 2 females, Seoraksan, 1.VII.1984; 2 males, 1 female, same locality, 2.VII.1984; Gyeongbuk Province: 7 males, 8 females, on Zoysia sp., Daegu, 13.VII.1984; 5 males, 2 females, on Zoysia sp., same locality, 6.X.1984; 4 males, 2 females, Dansan-myeon, 2.X.1982; 1 male, 2 females, Gohang-ri, 7.X.2016; 5 males, 1 female, Hyang-eup, 8.X.1984; 1 males, 3 females, Palgongsan, 7.X.1984; Gyeongnam Province: 6 males, 8 females, Gajisan, 1.X.1984; 1 male, Geumsan, 23.VIII.1994; 2 females, Hwangmaesan, 7.VIII.1998; Jeonbuk Province: 9 males, 4 females, on Zoysia sp., Naejangsan, 14.VIII.1981; Jeonnam Province:; 3 males, 4 females, on Zoysia sp., Is. Heuksando, 11.VIII.2018; 2 males, Is. Jindo, 17.VII.1984; 1 male, 1 female, Is. Sinjido, 21.VII.1984; 1 female, Wando, 21.VII.1984; Jejudo Province: 1 male, Hallasan, 7.VIII.1984; 4 males, 3 females, same locality, 9.VIII.1984; 3 males, 5 females, same locality, 10.VIII.1984; 6 males, 6 females, same locality, 7.X.1990; 1 female, Hwasun, 29.V.1992; 2 males, 1 female, Jungmun, 23.VII.1981; 3 males, 5 females, same locality, 12.VIII.1984; 2 males, 1 female, Is. Marado, 10.VII.1994; 3 males, 5 females, Is. Udo, 9.VII.1994, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (Central, South, Jejudo), China. Host plant. Zoysia sp. (observed). Remarks. This species can be distinguished by its relatively small size and lack of any dark spots on the apical margin of the crown., Published as part of Dutta, Nirmal Kumar, Kwon, Jin Hyung, Suh, Sang Jae & Kwon, Yong Jung, 2019, Review of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Korea, pp. 564-584 in Zootaxa 4646 (3) on pages 567-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3351128, {"references":["Kwon, Y. J. & Lee, C. E. (1979) On some new and little known Palaearctic species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Nature & Life, 9 (2), 69 - 97.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas maritima sp. nov. (Figs 7 A–K, 8) Description. General coloration light yellowish grey. Crown with dark brownish oblique band noticeable on each side of median line near and parallel to anterior margin. Frontoclypeus with fuscous arcs. Pronotum greenish yellow with blackish patches near posterior margin. Scutellum greenish yellow with darker basal triangles in male. Forewings with veins margined by brown patches. Head wider than pronotum. Crown longer medially than next to eyes, nearly 0.9 times as long as interocular width in male, distinctly longer in female; anterior margin angularly rounded. Ocelli on anterior margin of head, close to eyes, visible on dorsal side. Frontoclypeus broad, nearly as long as width between antennal pits. Anteclypeus slightly tapering apically. Lora distinctly narrower than anteclypeus near base. Pronotum approximately 0.8 times as long as crown in male, shorter than crown in female, lateral margin carinate; anterior margin rounded; posterior margin slightly concave. Scutellum nearly as long as pronotum in male, shorter in female, with transverse suture slightly curved and depressed. Forewings generally macropterous in male, submacropterous in female. Second sternal apodeme with posterior lobes developed, reaching end of 3rd sternite. Male genitalia. Pygofer lobes approximately 1.6 times longer than high in lateral aspect, with numerous macrosetae in apical half; hind margin somewhat oval. Subgenital plates rounded triangular, with 5–6 macrosetae and a few hair like setae alongside the lateral margin. Styles rather slender; preapical lobe well expressed, angulate, furnished with several setose hairs; apophyses gently narrowed to bluntly pointed apically, protruded with a tooth on ventral side at next middle portion. Connective slightly longer than adeagus. Aedeagal shaft swollen subbasally, then tapered to acute apex; apex slightly turned dorsad; gonopore indistinct. Body length. Male 2.9 mm, female 3.3mm. Type material. Holotype, male, Korea: Jeonnam Province, Sumun Beach, on Zoysia sinica, 23.VIII.2017, Y.J. Kwon; Paratypes, 2 males, 4 females, same date as holotype; 8 males, 12 females, on Zoysia sinica, same locality, 14.X.2017; Chungnam Province: 2 males, 2 females, on Zoysia sinica, Yanggil-ri, Palbong-myeon, Seosan City, 29.IX.2017, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (Central, South). Host plant. Zoysia sinica (observed). Etymology. The name of the species is derived from the Latin word “maritimus” referring to the seaside habitat of the type material. Remarks. This species resembles M. latifrons but can be readily differentiated by the shape of the aedeagal shaft, by the male pronotum distinctly shorter than the crown, and by the posterior lobes of 2nd sternal apodeme reaching the end of the 3rd sternite in the male. In the latter species, the male pronotum is nearly as long as the crown, and the posterior lobes of the 2nd sternal apodeme reach the end of the 4th sternite. The new species is also distinctive in being sexually dimorphic in head proportions and wing shape.

Maiestas oryzae (Matsumura, 1902) (Figs 10 A–J) Deltocephalus oryzae Matsumura, 1902, Termesz. Füz. 25: 390 (Japan). Thamnotettix oryzae: Matsumura, 1914, Journ. Coll. Agr. Sapporo 5 (7): 174. Inemadara oryzae: Ishihara, 1953, Sci. Rept. Matsuyama Agr. Coll.11: 48. Recilia oryzae: Vilbaste, 1968, Ub. Zik. Prim. Geb.: 128. Recilia (Togacephalus) oryzae: Kwon & Lee, 1979, Nat. & Life 9(2): 77. Maiestas oryzae: Webb & Viraktamath, 2009, Zootaxa 2163: 16. Material examined. Korea, Chungbuk Province: 1 male, Cheondeungsan, 1.X.2016, Y.J. Kwon; Gyeongbuk Province: 2 females, Gangdong-M, 9.X.1998; 12 males, 14 females, Gasan-ri, Gumi, 9.V.2015; 3 males, 3 females, Hyang-eup, 28. VI.1982; 1 male, 1 female, Palgongsan, 7.X.1984; 1 male, Seonginbong, 12.VII.2012; 1 male, Wangdusan, 30. VI.2014; 1 male, Whanghaksan, 28. VI.1982; 2 females, Yecheon, 2.VIII.2008; 1 male, 1 female, Yongjang-dong, 30.VII.2012; Gyeonggi Province: 1 male, Camp Humphreys, 11. VI.2016; 1 female, Sihung-si, 13.XI.1998; Gyeongnam Province: 1 male, 1 female, Gajisan, 1.X.1984; 1 female, Jirisan, 21.VIII.2002; 3 males, 4 females, Tongyeong, 9.IX.1990; Gangwon Province: 2 males, 3 females, Balgyosan, 23.IX.2016; 1 female, Deokgasan, 28.VII.2016; 1 male, 1 female, same locality, 20.VIII.2016; 5 males, Hambaeksan, 11. VI.2016; 1 female, Odaesan, 1.VIII.1983; 1 female, Seoraksan, 2.VII.1984; Jeonnam Province: 1 female, Is. Jeobdo, 20.VII.1984; 1 male, 1 female, Palyeongsan, 20.VII.2011; 1 female, Is. Wando, 20.VII.1984; Jejudo Province: 1 female, Hallasan, 5.VIII.1989, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (whole), Japan, China, Taiwan, Mongolia. Host plant. Avena sativa (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Glycine max (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Glycine spp. (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1972, 1986), Hordeum sativum (cf. Esaki & ito, 1954; Lee & Kwon, 1977, 1979; Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Hordeum spp. (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Oryza sativa (cf. Esaki & Ito, 1954; Kuoh, 1966; Lee & Kwon, 1977, 1979; Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986; Wilson & Claridge, 1991), Oryza sativa terrestris (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Quercus acutissima (cf. Lee & Kwon, 1977, 1979), Secale cereale (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), wheat (cf. Esaki & Ito, 1954; Lee & Kwon, 1977, 1979; Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Zea mays (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant. Prot., 1986). Remarks. This species can be distinguished by its rather robust and long style apophysis. This species is an important pest of rice in East Asia., Published as part of Dutta, Nirmal Kumar, Kwon, Jin Hyung, Suh, Sang Jae & Kwon, Yong Jung, 2019, Review of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Korea, pp. 564-584 in Zootaxa 4646 (3) on pages 577-578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3351128, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1902) Monographie der Jassinen Japans. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 25, 353 - 404.","Matsumura, S. (1914) Die Jassinen und einige neue Acocephalinen Japans. The journal of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan, 5 (7), 165 - 240.","Ishihara, T. (1953) A tentative check list of the superfamily Cicadelloidea of Japan (Homoptera). Scientific reports of the Matsuyama Agricultural College, 11, 1 - 72.","Vilbaste, J. (1968) Uber die Zikadenfauna des Primorje Gebietes. Izdatel'stvo \" Valgus \", Tallin, 195 pp. [in Russian with English summary]","Kwon, Y. J. & Lee, C. E. (1979) On some new and little known Palaearctic species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Nature & Life, 9 (2), 69 - 97.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64.","Esaki, T. & Ito, S. (1954) A tentative catalogue of Jassoidea of Japan, and her adjacent territories. The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 315 pp.","Kuoh, C. L. (1966) Homoptera: Cicadellidae. Economic insect fauna of China, 10, 1 - 170. [in Chinese]","Wilson, M. R. & Claridge, M. F. (1991) Handbook for the identification of leafhoppers and planthoppers of rice. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 142 pp."]}

Maiestas yangae Zhang & Duan, 2011 (Figs 12 A���J) Maiestas yangae Zhang & Duan, 2011, Zootaxa 2870: 36 (China). Material examined. Korea, Gyeongbuk Province: 1 male, Daegu City, 06.X.1984, Y.J. Kwon; 2 males, Dansanmyeon, 13.VIII.1983; 1 male, Hayang-eup, 8.X.1984; Gangwon Province: 6 males, 2 females, Balgyosan, 23.IX. 2016; 1 male, Giusan, 08.X.2016, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (new record: Central, South), China (Jilin, Liaoning, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui). Host plant. Unknown. Remarks. Zhang & Duan (2011) reported some variation in the shape of the style apophysis in specimens of this species from China, but no such variation was observed in Korean material. This species can be diagnosed by the fairly short and broad aedeagal shaft, and by the style apophysis, which is abruptly tapered and narrowly rounded apically from midlength., Published as part of Dutta, Nirmal Kumar, Kwon, Jin Hyung, Suh, Sang Jae & Kwon, Yong Jung, 2019, Review of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Korea, pp. 564-584 in Zootaxa 4646 (3) on page 583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3351128, {"references":["Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zootaxa, 2870 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2870.1.1"]}

Maiestas borealis sp. nov. (Figs 1 A–J) Description. General coloration light brown. Crown with dark brownish patterns on anterior margin, on disc brown bands and spots on each side of mid line. Frontoclypeus with fuscous arcs. Pronotum with blackish patches. Scutellum with dark brown marks. Forewings with greyish veins; cells bordered with dark brown patches. Head slightly wider than pronotum. Crown longer medially than next to eyes, nearly 0.8 times as long as inter-ocular width; anterior margin angularly rounded. Ocelli close to eyes, on anterior margin of head, visible on dorsal side. Frontoclypeus broad, approximately as long as width between antennal pits. Anteclypeus slightly tapering apically. Lora distinctly narrower than anteclypeus near base. Pronotum slightly longer than crown; lateral margin carinate; anterior margin rounded; posterior margin slightly concave. Scutellum slightly shorter than pronotum, with transverse suture slightly curved and depressed. Forewing macropterous, with four apical and three anteapical cells; inner anteapical cell open basally; middle anteapical cell divided by crossvein. Second sternal apodeme in male with posterior lobes well developed, reaching nearly end of 3rd sternite. Male genitalia. Pygofer lobe in lateral aspect approximately 1.3 times longer than high, with numerous short to long macrosetae in apical half; hind margin somewhat truncate. Subgenital plate subtriangular; lateral margin evenly convex, with several macrosetae. Style slender; preapical lobe acute, well expressed, with fine setae; apophysis rather short, with ventral tooth subapically. Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft rather broad, blade like, gently narrowed apically in ventral view; apex slightly turned dorsad; gonopore indistinct. Body length. Male 3.2–3.3mm, female 3.7–3.8mm. Type material. Holotype male, Korea, Gangwon Province: Balgyosan, 23.IX.2016, Y.J. Kwon; Paratypes, 6 males, 4 females, same data as holotype; Chungbuk Province: 1 male, Cheondeungsan, 1.X.2016; Gyeongbuk Province: 1 male, KPNU campus, Daegu City, 16.IX.1981; 1 male, Daegu City, 13.IX.1983; Jejudo Province: 1 male, Donnaeko, 4.IX.1998; 1 male, Gwangryeong-Ri, on Zoysia sp., 19.II.2016; 2 males, 1 female, Hanlasan, 9.VIII.1984, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (Central, South, Jejudo). Host plant. Zoysia sp. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from Latin word “borealis” referring its northerly distribution in Asia. Remarks. This species resembles M. yangae Zhang & Duan, 2011, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by the style apophysis in having gently tapered apex and armed with a ventral tooth on subapex. Although it is abruptly tapered to apex from mid length, with a ventral tooth on next middle portion in the latter species. This species is also simlilar to M. horvathi (Then, 1896), but it differs from the latter in having a somewhat broader aedeagal shaft, less acute aedeagal apex and shorter style apophysis., Published as part of Dutta, Nirmal Kumar, Kwon, Jin Hyung, Suh, Sang Jae & Kwon, Yong Jung, 2019, Review of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Korea, pp. 564-584 in Zootaxa 4646 (3) on page 566, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3351128, {"references":["Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zootaxa, 2870 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2870.1.1","Then, F. (1896) Neue Arten der Cicadinen-Gattungen Deltocephalus and Thamnotettix. Mitteilungen Naturwissenschaftliche Vereines fur Steiermark, 32, 165 - 179, 1 pl."]}

Maiestas latifrons (Matsumura, 1902) (Figs 6 A–J) Deltocephalus latifrons Matsumura, 1902, Termesz. Füz. 25: 393 (Japan). Thamnotettix latifrons: Matsumura, 1914, Journ. Coll. Agr. Sapporo 5 (7): 174. Recilia latifrons: Vilbaste, 1968, Ub. Zik. Prim. Geb.: 128; Anufriev & Emeljanov, 1988, Keys Ins. Far East USSR 2: 242– 243. Recilia (Togacephalus) latifrons: Kwon & Lee, 1979, Nat. & Life 9(2): 77. Maiestas latifrons: Webb & Viraktamath, 2009, Zootaxa, 2163: 16. Material examined. Korea, Chungbuk Province: 1 male, 1 female, Cheondeungsan, 1.X.2016, Y.J. Kwon; Gyeongbuk Province: 1 male, on Zoysia japonica, KPNU campus, Daegu, 21.IX.2004; 8 males, 6 females, same locality, 21. VI.2016; 7 males, 4 females, same locality, 6.IX.2016; Gyeonggi Province: 1 male, Camp Humphreys, 23.VIII.2016; Gangwon Province: 6 males, 2 females, Deokgasan, 19.VIII.2016; 3 males, Hambaeksan, 11. VI.2016, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (Central, South), Japan, Russia (Maritime Territory), China. Host plant. Oryza sativa (cf. Lee & Kwon, 1979; Wilson & Claridge, 1991), Paulownia coreana (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Paulownia tomentosa (cf. Kor. Soc. Plant Prot., 1986), Zoysia japonica (observed). Remarks. This species can be distinguished by the following features: aedeagal shaft swollen subasally, then gently narrowed to pointed apex; style apophysis slightly curved laterally, tapered towards bluntly pointed apex, with ventral tooth in middle portion; posterior lobes of 2nd sternal apodeme well developed, reaching end of 4th sternite., Published as part of Dutta, Nirmal Kumar, Kwon, Jin Hyung, Suh, Sang Jae & Kwon, Yong Jung, 2019, Review of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae) from Korea, pp. 564-584 in Zootaxa 4646 (3) on page 574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3351128, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1902) Monographie der Jassinen Japans. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 25, 353 - 404.","Matsumura, S. (1914) Die Jassinen und einige neue Acocephalinen Japans. The journal of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan, 5 (7), 165 - 240.","Vilbaste, J. (1968) Uber die Zikadenfauna des Primorje Gebietes. Izdatel'stvo \" Valgus \", Tallin, 195 pp. [in Russian with English summary]","Anufriev, G. A. & Emeljanov, A. F. (1988) Suborder Cicadinea (Auchenorrhyncha). In: Lehr, P. A. (Ed.), Keys to insects of the Far East USSR. Vol. II. Homoptera and Heteroptera. Nauka Publishing House, Leningrad, pp. 4 - 496. [English translation]","Kwon, Y. J. & Lee, C. E. (1979) On some new and little known Palaearctic species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Nature & Life, 9 (2), 69 - 97.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64.","Wilson, M. R. & Claridge, M. F. (1991) Handbook for the identification of leafhoppers and planthoppers of rice. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 142 pp."]}

Maiestas peninsularis sp. nov. (Figs 11 A–J) Description. General coloration pale yellowish brown. Crown with oblique brown band on each side of median line at anterior margin, with six brown marks below these bands. Pronotum light yellowish, with dark brown patches. Scutellum light yellowish, with blackish basal triangles. Forewings pale brown, veins and cells light in tint with brownish edging. Head wider than pronotum. Crown longer medially than next to eyes, nearly 0.7 times as long as interocular width; anterior margin angularly rounded. Ocelli located on anterior margin of crown, close to eyes. Frontoclypeus broad, nearly as long as width between antennal pits. Anteclypeus slightly tapering apically. Lora distinctly narrower than anteclypeus at near base. Pronotum nearly 1.2 times as long as crown; lateral margin carinate; anterior margin roundly produced; posterior margin slightly concave. Scutellum nearly as long as pronotum, with transverse suture almost straight, not so prominent. Second sternal apodeme in male with posterior lobes well developed, reaching upto end of 3rd sternite. Male genitalia. Pygofer lobes nearly twice longer than high in lateral view, with numerous macrosetae on apical half; hind margin rounded. Subgenital plates rounded triangular; lateral margins with uniseriate row of macrosetae along with a few hair like setae. Styles slender; apophysis rather long, slightly curved laterally, gently tapered to bluntly pointed apex, bearing ventral tooth in middle portion. Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft slender, rather narrow, swollen subbasally, then tapered to acute upturned apex; gonopore indistinct. Body length. Male 3.2–3.3mm, female 3.5–3.6mm. Type material. Holotype male, Korea: Jejudo Province, Gwaneumsa, Hallasan, on Zoysia sp., 7.III.2016, Y.J. Kwon; Paratypes, 7 males, 9 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, Sangumburi, 7.III.2016; Chungbuk Province: 1 male, Geumsusan, 27.VIII.2013; Gyeongbuk Province: 1 male, Dansan-myeon, 13.VIII.1983; 1 male, Hyangeup, 8.X.1984; 1 male, KPNU campus, Daegu City, 21.IX.2004; Gyeonggi Province: 1 male, Camp Humphreys, 15.VII.2016; 1 male, same locality, 25.V.2016; 1 female, same locality, 23. VI.2016; Gangwon Province: 1 male, Daeamsan, 26.VII.1986; Jeonbuk Province: 1 male, Unjangsan, 28.VIII.1998, all same collector. Distribution. Korea (Cental, South, Jejudo). Host plant. Zoysia sp. Remarks. This new species resembles M. latifrons but can be differentiated from the latter by the more slender and preapically constricted apex of the aedeagal shaft, shorter posterior lobes of the 2nd sternal apodeme, and less strongly produced head.

For the crimen laesae maiestatis, most known as high treason, the participants in the Inconfidência Mineira were convicted in 1792. They were a group of wealthy members of the community in Minas Gerais captaincy who desired the independence for the region, with a separation from Portugal. The main regulation of the state at the time about that crime was the book V from the Ordenações Filipinas. However, the legal practice was more inclined to common law than to state law. Common law was a complex of statutes and teachings about roman, canonic and germanic law, that emerged in the middle ages, and had a great importance during the Ancien Régime. Thus, the subsidiary law, which included the ius commune, and should be applied only in case of gaps in the portuguese legal order, had more influence than the formal legislation. In 1769, appear the so called Lei da Boa Razão which intended to centralize the power in the hands of the king, through restrictions using the subsidiary law. In this context, the crimen laesae maiestatis was formed not only by the state law, but also by other sources of law. Generally, the crime occurred when a subject’s behavior challenged the power of the prince or when brought danger to the state. The crime sought to protect the maiestas, the state’s organization and the status quo. This paper intends to better understand the typification and the tipicality of the Inconfidência Mineira as a crimen laesae maiestatis, both in relation to those who had active participation in the uprising, as well as those who only knew about the conspiracy, but did not report to the authorities. In addition, it is necessary know: how the portuguese history led to the Inconfidência; the main sources of law in Portugal; understand in abstract the details about the crime, its foundations, species, and its treatment by common law and portuguese law. The idea of typification and tipicality at the time relegate the legality principle that we have in contemporary criminal law. The typification and typicality occurred not only based on statutes, but also in the subsidiary law. Analyzing the behavior of the inconfidentes, some of them incurred in the item 5, title VI, and book V, from Ordenações Filipinas. However, those who were convicted for merely did not report the Inconfidência to the authorities do not fit in that provision. There was a legal gap to be resolved by the subsidiary law, by a non-statute source. Examining these sources, it can be seen that the unfaithful silence can be considered crime, regardless its purpose of helping or not the sedition. To arrive to such conclusion, works about the Inconfidência Mineira was used, including the devassas documents, as well the literature regarding the crimen laesae maiestatis, portuguese legislation, and the Corpus Iuris Civilis. Pelo crimen laesae maiestatis, popularmente conhecido como alta traição, foram condenados envolvidos na Inconfidência Mineira em 1792, na qual um grupo de plutocratas da capitania de Minas Gerais pretendiam a independência da região, separando-se de Portugal. A principal regulamentação estatal portuguesa acerca de tal delito se encontrava no livro V das Ordenações Filipinas. Contudo, a prática jurídica se apegava muito mais à literatura do direito comum do que às leis estatais. Por direito comum, entende-se um complexo de leis e ensinamentos sobre direito romano, canônico e germânico, que surgiu na idade média e tinha grande importância durante o Antigo Regime. Desta forma, o direito subsidiário, ao qual está incluído o ius commune, e que deveria ser aplicado somente em caso de lacunas do direito pátrio, acabou recebendo maior prestígio do que a legislação formal. Surge em 1769 a chamada Lei da Boa Razão, a qual pretende centralizar o poder no monarca através de limitações do uso do direito subsidiário. Dentro desse contexto, a ideia do crime de lesa-majestade era construída não somente a partir do direito estatal, mas também de outras fontes. Configurava-se, em geral, quando havia uma conduta de um súdito que desafiava o poder do príncipe ou colocava o Estado em perigo. Visava proteger a maiestas, a organização política do Estado e o status quo. Este trabalho busca entender melhor a tipificação e a tipicidade dos eventos da Inconfidência Mineira com o crime de lesa-majestade, tanto em relação àqueles que tiveram participação ativa no levante, como àqueles que somente sabiam da conjuração, mas não denunciaram às autoridades. Para tanto, é preciso entender como a história portuguesa conduziu à Inconfidência, assim como as principais fontes do direito de Portugal. É necessário destrinchar o que se entende pelo crime de lesa-majestade, apontando seus fundamentos, espécies, modalidades, assim como seu tratamento pelo direito comum e pela legislação portuguesa. A ideia de tipificação e de tipicidade realizada à época foge ao princípio da legalidade que se tem no Direito Penal da atualidade, podendo ser realizada não só com base na lei estrita, mas também no direito subsidiário. Analisando as condutas dos inconfidentes e o tratamento sobre o crime de lesa-majestade, percebe-se que a maior parte deles incorreram no item 5, do título VI, do Livro V, das Ordenações Filipinas. Ocorre que aqueles condenados por somente não terem denunciado a Inconfidência às autoridades não se encaixam em tal disposição. Haveria uma lacuna a ser resolvida pelo direito subsidiário, isto é, por outras fontes que não a lei portuguesa. Analisando tais fontes, nota-se que o silêncio infiel, independentemente de ter o propósito de ajudar ou não a sedição, pode caracterizar o referido delito. Para se chegar a tais conclusões, utiliza-se de obras referentes à Inconfidência Mineira, inclusive as devassas que investigaram a culpa dos réus. Lança-se mão também de literatura sobre o crime de lesa-majestade, tanto atual como da época, assim como legislações, a exemplo da portuguesa e o Corpus Iuris Civilis.

Maiestas veta (Knight) Deltocephalus (Recilia) vetus Knight 1975: 203 Recilia (Togacephala) vetus (Knight), Day & Fletcher 1994: 1204 Maiestas vetus (Knight), Webb & Viraktamath 2009: 19 Diagnosis. This species often has longitudinal striping on the vertex and pronotum and a single dark spot in the base of the second anteapical cell. This colouring is similar to that of M. irwini. However, M. veta is easily differentiated from other Australian species of the genus by the presence of a long curved aedeagal process beyond the gonopore (Knight 1975: Fig. 20f). Distribution. Australia (ACT, NSW, NT, Vic, WA, NZ) Note: The specific name given to the species by Knight (1975) is the Latin word for "old" and is therefore an adjective. With the transfer of the species to Maiestas Distant, which is female, the species name needs to be amended to the feminine form veta., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Knight, W. J. (1975) Deltocephalinae of New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2 (2), 169 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1975.9517868","Day, M. F. & Fletcher, M. J. (1994) An annotated catalogue of the Australian Cicadelloidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 8, 1117 - 1288. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9941117","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas viraktamathi sp. n. (Figures 3���4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15���16) zoobank.org:act: 63396A3D-87CF-45C5-A24E-3469BBB20F0D Types. Holotype, male, 55km NNE of Injune, Qld, 23.xi.1986, M.S. and B.J. Moulds (ASCU: ASCTHE024178) Paratypes. QUEENSLAND. 4 males (1 missing except for male genitalia in vial), Escott Station, W of Burketown, N W Queensland, 18.iv.1983, J.F. Donaldson, D-vac. (QDPI); 1 male, junction of Goldmine & Davies Creeks, Kuranda-Mareeba road, 3.v.1967, D.H. Colless, (ANIC); 1 male, Arriga Research Station via Mareeba, 4.ii.1982, J.F. Donaldson, rice (QDPI); 2 males, 3 km N Marlborough, 15.iv.1974, J.F. Donaldson, (QDPI); 1 male, Kuranda, 11.iii.1956, J.L. Gressitt, light trap (BPB); 2 males (one with genitalia damaged), same data but 12.iii.1956 (BPB); 1 male, same data but 14.iii.1956 (BPB); 1 male, E of Chillagoe, N. Qld, 11.iv.1983, J.F. Donaldson and J.F. Grimshaw, D-vac (QDPI). Diagnosis. The most distinctive feature of this species is the apical process of the paramere, which is long, thin and sinuate with a small ventrolateral tooth. The tegmen has an obscure spot in the centre and other brown markings in the cells. As with M. webbi, the subgenital plate has internal ridging associated with the preapical lobe of the paramere. The subgenital plates have an apical tuft of hair setae. The aedeagus is slightly more curved in the apical half in lateral view with a ventral rounded heel at base which is less prominent than that of M. webbi. Description. Length (males): 3.0mm. Vertex shorter than in other species, face more rounded apically. Face testaceous with pale or dark brown markings, particularly around lora and in antennal pits. Vertex usually with dark brown patch on either side of midline.Tegmen hyaline with white veins and dark brown patches in inner claval cell, at base of second anteapical cell and in outer apical cell, also brown infuscation in most cells but particularly apically and in clavus. Fore femora with two broad dark transverse bands, mid femora with one such band and hind femora unmarked. Male genitalia. Pygofer with apical margin rounded, lacking internal strut from anal segment. SSubgenital plate short, triangular with line of 6 marginal macrosetae from near base to near apex which lacks apical hair setae. Connective, in posterior view, with lateral arms much longer than very short stem, bisinuate and apically apposed. Paramere with prominent but apically rounded preapical shoulder and apical process which is thin, sinuate, extending posteriorly and ending in acuminate apex; bearing small ventrolateral tooth visible in some angles. Aedeagus, in posteroventral view, shallowly biconvex with lateral margins curved evenly to acute apex; in lateral view, lightly sinuate with basal half concave ventrally and apical half concave dorsally, finely tapered from base to acuminate apex, with small rounded heel posteriorly at base. Distribution. Australia (Qld) Etymology. The species name honours Dr Chandra Virakatamath for his lifelong contribution to our knowledge of the Cicadellidae of the World and his valuable contribution to our knowledge of the genus Maiestas in particular., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on pages 436-437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001

Maiestas barrowensis sp. n. (Figures 1���2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13���14) zoobank.org:act: DE99C31C-8B95-4EFF-96D2-593D11C2CB94 Types. Holotype, male, Barrow Island, Western Australia [Site LTR1], 20��47'57"S, 115��26'20"E, 15.iii.2006, S. Callan and R. Graham (WAM, ex ASCU: ASCTHE 033199) Paratypes: WESTERN AUSTRALIA, 2 males, same data as holotype (ASCU); 1 male, same data as holotype but [Site N 01], 20��49'35"S, 115��26'40"E, 6.v.2007 (ASCU); 8 males, 19 females, Nullagine, 19���20.i.1974, A.M. and M.J. Douglas (WAM) Diagnosis. This species differs from other Australian species in having the aedeagus shorter and broader with indications of the gonopore apparent in the concavity of the dorsal margin when viewed laterally and in having the subgenital plates more or less ovate and lacking a distinct angle where the outer and inner margins meet. In this feature, the species resembles the widespread Palaeotropical species M. distincta (Motschulsky) (as figured by Zhang & Duan 2011: Fig. 9a, but less like the figure by Webb &Viraktamath 2009: Fig. 34e) and M. webbi Zhang & Duan although the aedeagus of M. barrowensis is is shorter and thicker than that of both species. Description. Length (males): 3.2mm. Light brown with extensive darker brown markings. Face extensively dark brown including arcuate lines apically below margin. Vertex with line of apical black spots tending to join together. Tegmen brown with darker infuscations in most cells, brown patch in inner cell of clavus and basally in second anteapical cell. Male genitalia. Pygofer with posterior margin convex and incurved. Subgenital plates rounded oblong, the outer curved margin curving into the inner margin, internal ridging not evident, with marginal setae in single row along apical half of plate with tuft of hair setae at apex of plate. Paramere with prominent preapical shoulder apically acute bearing two short setae on distal edge; apical process well developed, long, relatively thick and slightly curved laterally, more so over apical half with small tooth preapically in some views. Connective with arms diverging to about midlength then converging to contiguous with each other apically, connecting to aedeagus at posterior edge of base of aedeagus with no apparent discontinuity between outline of connective and posterior margin of aedeagus. Aedeagus relatively short, in posterior ventral view, parallel-sided from base to near apex then curved to bluntly pointed apex; in lateral view, lightly tapered in basal half, then tapered to acute apex with upper margin concave. Distribution. Australia (WA) Etymology. The species name reflects the type locality of Barrow Island, WA., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on pages 434-436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) in China. Zootaxa, 2870, 1 - 47.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas knighti Webb &Viraktamath, Knight���s grass leafhopper Deltocephalus hospes Kirkaldy, sensu Knight, 1975: 202, misidentification. Deltocephalus coronifer Marshall, sensu Evans 1966, 240, misidentification. Recilia hospes (Kirkaldy), Fletcher & Condello, 1993: 43, misidentification. Maiestas knighti Webb & Viraktamath 2009: 43 Diagnosis. This species shares the presence of a short apical aedeagal process and a short, laterally curved and apically acute paramere process with M. samuelsoni from which it differs by the shape of the subgenital plates which are ovoid in M. knighti but narrow triangular in M. samuelsoni. Distribution. Australia (ACT, NSW, NT, Tas, Vic, WA), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Guam Known hosts. Knight (1975) recorded the species in New Zealand from sedges and low shrubs., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on pages 432-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Knight, W. J. (1975) Deltocephalinae of New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2 (2), 169 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1975.9517868","Evans, J. W. (1966) The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea and Cercopoidea). Australian Museum Memoir, 12, 1 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.12.1966.425","Fletcher, M. J. & Condello, A. A. (1993) Lectotype designations and new synonymies for G. W. Kirkaldy's Australian Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) held in the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. General and Applied Entomology, 25, 35 - 59.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas dorsalis (Motschulsky), the zig-zag leafhopper Deltocephalus dorsalis Motschulsky 1859: 114 Deltocephalus fulguralis Matsumura 1902: 391, synonymised by Melichar 1903: 200 Inazuma dorsalis (Motschulsky), Ishihara 1953: 48 Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), Nielson 1968: 315 Recilia (Inazuma) dorsalis (Motschulsky), Kwon & Lee 1979: 80 Maiestas dorsalis (Motschulsky), Webb & Viraktamath 2009: 16 Diagnosis. This species is immediately recognisable by the prominent zigzag stripe down the entire length of the tegmen. No other species in the genus has a marking like this. Distribution. Australia (NSW, NT Queensland), Oriental region, Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on page 432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Motschulsky, V. I. (1859) Homopteres. In: Insectes des Indes orientales, et de contrees analogues. Etudes Entomologiques, redigees par Fictor de Motschulsky, 8, 25 - 118.","Matsumura, S. (1902) Monographie der Jassinen Japans. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek. Kiadja a Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum Budapest, 25, 353 - 404.","Melichar, L. (1903) Homopteren-Fauna von Ceylon. Verlag von Felix L. Dames. Berlin. 248 pp.","Ishihara, T. (1953) A tentative check list of the superfamily Cicadelloidea of Japan (Homoptera). Scientific Reports of the Matsuyama Agricultural College, 11, 1 - 72.","Nielson, M. W. (1968) The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). Taxonomy, Biology, and Virus Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1382, 1 - 386.","Kwon, Y. J. & Lee, C. E. (1979) On some new and little known Palaearctic species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Nature and Life, 9 (2), 69 - 97.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas irwini Duan, Dietrich & Zhang, Irwin���s grass leafhopper Maiestas irwini Duan, Dietrich & Zhang, 2017: 75 Diagnosis. This species is similar to M. viraktamathi and M. webbi but differs from both in the absence of any indication of a posterior heel at the base of the aedeagus and in the shape of the apical process of the paramere. It shares the presence of an apical tuft of hair setae on the subgenital plate with M. viraktamathi. The front margin of the vertex is somewhat more triangular than in other species. Pale brown longitudinal striping on vertex and pronotum is a feature also found in M. veta. Distribution. Australia (NSW, NT, Qld), Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on page 432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Duan, Y., Dietrich, C. H. & Zhang, Y. L. (2017) A new species of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant from Australia (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Deltocephalini). ZooKeys, 646, 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 646.10912"]}

Maiestas lucindae (Kirkaldy) Deltocephalus lucindae Kirkaldy 1907: 58 Maiestas lucindae (Kirkaldy), Webb & Viraktamath 2009: 19 Diagnosis. This species is only known from a female syntype and it is therefore not possible to distinguish it from other species of the genus which are characterized by the male genitalia. The female is extensively marked with brown with most cells of the tegmen margined with brown infuscation. The line of spots around the anterior margin of the vertex have anastomosed into a medially-broken broad dark band with two pale brown spots on each side. In coloration, M. lucindae resembles Recilia coronifer (Marshall) as figured by Zhang & Duan (2011: Plate 1G), a Palaearctic species which has previously been reported erroneously from Australia (Evans 1966). Distribution. Australia (Qld) Notes. This species was based on a series of male and female specimens collected at Lucinda Point, N. Qld by Arthur Koebele. Fletcher & Condello (1993: 45) could only locate a single female syntype in BPB and chose not to designate it as lectotype in the hope that a male syntype will eventually be located., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Kirkaldy, G. W. (1907) Leaf-hoppers supplement. (Hemiptera). Report of work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Division of Entomology Bulletin, 3, 1 - 186.","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64.","Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) in China. Zootaxa, 2870, 1 - 47.","Evans, J. W. (1966) The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea and Cercopoidea). Australian Museum Memoir, 12, 1 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.12.1966.425","Fletcher, M. J. & Condello, A. A. (1993) Lectotype designations and new synonymies for G. W. Kirkaldy's Australian Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) held in the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. General and Applied Entomology, 25, 35 - 59."]}

Maiestas samuelsoni (Knight), Samuelson���s grass leafhopper Deltocephalus samuelsoni Knight 1976: 96 Maiestas samuelsoni (Knight), Webb & Viraktamath 2009: 18 Diagnosis. In addition to its remote distribution, this species differs from mainland Australian species of Maiestas in the shape of the subgenital plates which are narrow triangular rather than ovoid. It shares the presence of a short apical aedeagal process and the short, laterally curved and apically acute paramere process with M. hospes. Distribution. Norfolk Island, New Zealand (Kermadec Islands), Fiji, New Caledonia, Philippines, China, Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Knight, W. J. (1976) The leafhoppers of Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec and Chatham Islands and their relationship to the fauna of New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 3 (2), 89 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1976.9517905","Webb, M. D. & Viraktamath, C. A. (2009) Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the Deltocephalus group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa, 2163, 1 - 64."]}

Maiestas webbi Zhang & Duan, new Australian record Maiestas webbi Zhang & Duan 2011: 32. Material examined: QUEENSLAND: 7 males, 4km up Black Mountain Road, via Kuranda 12���26.x.1982, malaise trap, (QDPI); 1 male, same data but 14.ix���12.x.1982, malaise trap (QDPI); 1 male, same data but 24.viii��� 14.ix.1982 (QDPI); 1 male Long Pocket Laboratory, Indooroopilly, vii.1978, malaise trap (QDPI); 1 male, Tully Falls Rd, 31.iii.1976, J.F. Donaldson (QDPI); 1 male 22km WSW of Mareeba, 7.i.���12.ii.1985, Storey and Halfpapp (QDPI); 1 male, Wongabel State Forest, 6km S of Atherton, 10.xi���1.xii.1983, Storey and Brown (QDPI); 3 males, Broken River, Eungella, W of Mackay, 8.iv.1976, I.D. Galloway (QDPI); 2 males, Coen area, Cape York Peninsula, 6���12.v.1975, K.J. Houston (QDPI); 5 males, Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait, 27���30.v.1969, A. Neboiss (NMV); 1 male, Brisbane, v.1977, K.J. Houston, malaise trap (QDPI); 6 males, State Forest near Caloundra Turnoff, 8.iii.1984, I.D. Galloway (QDPI); 1 male, 1km N of Rounded Hill, nr Hope Vale Mission, 5��� 6.x.1980, J. Cardale, yellow trap (ANIC); 1 male, Maroochydore Hort. Res. Stn., Nambour, 22.iii���3.iv.1985 (QDPI); 4 males, same data but 3���15.iv.1985 (QDPI); 1 male, Palen Ck. 11km S. Rathdowney, 3.iii.1974, I.D. Galloway, sweeping grass (QDPI); 2 males, Cooper Creek, Beach 13km N of Daintree River, 25.iii.1976, I.D. Galloway (QDPI); 8 males, 17km SE of Rutland Plains, 24.iv.1983, J.F. Donaldson and J.F. Grimshaw, at light (QDPI); 1 male, McIIwraith Range, NE of Coen, Cape York Pen., 29.vi���5.vii.1976, J.F. Donaldson (QDPI); 1 male, Mount Baldy Rd via Atherton, vi.1981, J.D. Brown, malaise trap (QDPI); 1 male, Thornlands, 23���24.ii.1973, J.F. Donaldson, at light (QDPI); 1 male, Tolga scrub, 18.ii.1984, I.D. Galloway (QDPI); 1 male, Cape York, Stewart Range, 29.iv���3.v.1961, J.L. Gressitt (BPB); 1 male, nr Gamboola HS, 23.vii.1982, J.F. Donaldson, D-vac (QDPI); 1 male, Camp Mountain, SE Qld, 22���29.xii.1979, [E.N.] Marks, malaise trap, open sclerophyll gully. NEW SOUTH WALES: 1 male Doyalson / Bluehaven, 31.iii.1986, G.R. Brown, m. v.light (ASCU); 1 male, 2 females, Murray River, 10km N of Nth Dorrigo, 29.iii.1982, G.R. Brown and A.E. Westcott (ASCU); 1 male, Barrington House, via Salisbury, 12���14.iii.1980, malaise trap (QDPI); 1 male, Creek Bluehaven, 8km NE of Wyong, 31.iii.1986, G.R. Brown, m. v. light (ASCU). NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 male, NTU, Darwin, 28.iii.2000, R. Blanche, J. Lloyd and L. Tran-Nguyen, (ASCU); 1 male, Maningrida, Arnhem Land, 22��� 23.iii.1961, J.L. Gressitt, dusk to 8am (BPB). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Australian species by the presence of an internal strut of the pygofer, the long curved apical process of the paramere, the well developed internal ridging of the subgenital plate and the presence of a prominent heel at the base of the aedeagus where it meets the connective. Distribution. Australia (NSW, NT, Qld), China Note: The widespread distribution of this species across northern Australia may mean it occurs naturally in the region and its presence in China indicates it is probably present in much of Southeastern Asia., Published as part of Fletcher, Murray J. & Dai, Wu, 2018, Two new species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) with a new record from Australia, pp. 430-440 in Zootaxa 4521 (3) on pages 433-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2610001, {"references":["Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) in China. Zootaxa, 2870, 1 - 47."]}

Recensé, dans la Bibliothèque d’Apollodore, parmi les mythes fondateurs, l’histoire d’Actéon, le chasseur trop curieux, a connu, chez les Latins, grâce à Ovide, une fortune particulièrement féconde. Au IIe siècle, reprenant le thème dans ses Métamorphoses, Apulée fait sienne l’esthétique ovidienne du mouvement perpétuel, de la fragilité des apparences, mais en gauchit quelque peu la signification en l’orientant vers une mystique de la Beauté. Associant esthétique classique et héritage ovidien, il fait du reflet d’Actéon dans l’eau de la source le révélateur du sacrilège. L’art saisit ainsi la globalité du Réel en conjuguant la perception directe et son reflet, faisant par là même émerger le Vrai, c’est-à-dire la Beauté, dans la ligne la plus idéaliste du platonisme. Listed, in Apollodore’s Library, among the founding myths, the story of Acteon, the over-inquisitive hunter, knew, with the Latins, thanks to Ovid, a particularly rich fortune. In the second century, Apuleius recapture the theme in his Metamorphosis and made his own the Ovidian aesthetics of perpetual motion and the fickleness of appearances, but somewhat distorted its significance by orienting it towards a mystique of Beauty. Combining classical aesthetics and Ovidian heritage, he made of Acteon’s reflection in the water of the spring the revealer of the sacrilege. Art thus captures the globality of the Real by combining direct perception and its reflection, thereby making the truth emerge, that is Beauty, in the most idealistic line of platonism.

Maiestas irwini sp. n. Figs 1, 2 Length. Male: 2.6-3.0 mm. Coloration and morphology. Ground color stramineous marked with orange and fuscous (Fig. 1 A–C). Fore margin of head with fuscous marks and light fasciae extending to scutellum, coronal sulcus prominent (Fig. 1 A–B). Face mostly brown, with paired white arcs corresponding to muscle scars of frontoclypeus (Fig. 1D). Pronotum with three pairs of fasciae. Scutellum with three fasciae (Fig. 1 A–B). Forewing pale ochraceous, with two distinct, irregular fuscous maculae, one at the apex of the clavus and the other at the base of the central anteapical cell, veins contrastingly pale, veins of apex bordered with fuscous. Mesosternum light brown. Femora and tibiae with fuscous marks (Fig. 1C). Head wider than pronotum, crown depressed, anterior margin distinctly angulate in dorsal view, slightly longer than distance between eyes (Fig. 1 A–B). Ocellus closely adjacent to eye on anterior margin of vertex (Fig. 1 A–C). Anteclypeus tapering toward the apex, not extended to ventral margin of face. Lorum semicircular, narrower than anteclypeus, well separated from lateral margin of face (Fig. 1D). Pronotum nearly as long as vertex (Fig. 1 A–B). Forewing macropterous, with four apical and three anteapical cells, inner anteapical cell open basally, costal area with one cross vein (Fig. 1C). Male genitalia. Pygofer lobe with numerous apical macrosetae, longer than its height, hind margin rounded (Fig. 2 A–C). Subgenital plate subtriangular, lateral margin convex, length nearly as long as width. Valve rectangular (Fig. 2D). Style preapical lobe angulated, apophysis digitate, slightly laterally curved (Fig. 2E). Connective slightly longer than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft short, stout, more or less of uniform width, curved dorsally with ventral margin produced into small spine beyond gonopore (Fig. 2 F–G). Material examined. Holotype: 1 male, 4km up Black Mountain Road, via Kuranda, 14.ix.-12.x.1982, malaise trap (QM, T234944, ex QDPI). Paratypes: 1 male, same data as holotype (QDPI); 2 males, same data as previous but 14. ix– 12.x.1982, G. Simpson (QDPI); 1 male, 1 female, same data as holotype but 12-26.x.1982 (QDPI); 3 males, 3 females, Moggill State Forest, 26 km W Brisbane, Queensland, 17.x.1983, M. E. Irwin, malaise trap in gully in eucalyptus (INHS); 1 male, Mount Baldy Rd via Atherton, N Queensland, vi.1981, J. D. Brown, malaise trap (QDPI); 1 male, Tully Falls Rd, 10.iii.1956, J. L. Gressitt, light trap (BPB). Remarks. The male genitalia of this species are similar to those of Maiestas scriptus (Distant), from India (Webb & Viraktamath, 2009, Fig. 33) with a short and broad subgenital plate with lateral margin well rounded (Fig. 2D), style apophysis relatively long and straight (Fig. 2E), and aedeagal shaft short (Fig. 2 F–G), but Maiestas irwini differs in color pattern, the more strongly produced head (Fig. 1 A–B), and less acute aedeagal apex in dorsal view (Fig. 2F). The new species differs from other Australian species (see Fletcher, 2016) in coloration and genital morphology. Etymology. This species is named for M. E. Irwin who collected much of the type series., Published as part of Duan, Yani, Dietrich, Christopher H. & Zhang, Yalin, 2017, A new species of the leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant from Australia (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Deltocephalini), pp. 73-78 in ZooKeys 646 on pages 75-76, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.646.10912

Maiestas serrata sp.n. (Figs 1���2) Length. Male: 2.5 mm. Coloration and morphology. Ground color stramineous marked with orange and brown (Fig. 1 A���D). Vertex, pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with orange marks (Fig. 1 A���C). Face mostly brown with paired white arcs corresponding to muscle scars of frontoclypeus (Fig. 1 E). Forewing light brown with veins contrastingly pale, bordered with fuscous (Fig. 1 A���D). Mesosternum dark brown. Femora and tibiae with fuscous marks (Fig. 1 D). Head wider than pronotum, crown depressed, anterior margin distinctly angulate in dorsal view, nearly as long as distance between eyes (Fig. 1 A���B); ocellus close to adjacent eye (Fig. 1 C���D). Antenna longer than head width; anteclypeus parallel-sided, not extended to ventral margin of face; lorum semicircular, slightly narrower than anteclypeus, well separated from lateral margin of face (Fig. 1 E). Pronotum nearly as long as vertex. Forewing macropterous, with four apical and three anteapical cells, inner anteapical cell closed basally (Fig. 1 A���D). Male genitalia. Pygofer lobe with numerous apical macrosetae, hind margin rounded (Fig. 2 A���B). Subgenital plate subtriangular, lateral margin weakly incurved, apex acute (Fig. 2 C). Style with long articulatory arm, preapical lobe angulate, apophysis digitate, apex acute, slightly laterally curved (Fig. 2 D). Connective obviously shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft elongate and very narrow, straight in lateral view with apex upturned and serrate laterally (Fig. 2 E���F). Material examined. Holotype: male, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial, Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani Pha Taem NP Rong Hi Noy, 15�� 40��� 021" N, 105�� 30��� 440" E, 240 m, malaise trap, 1���7 i 2007, Thongkam & Pakdee, leg. T1476 (QSBG). Paratype: 1 male, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial, Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani Pha Taem NP Khua Nang Nee, 15�� 24��� 285" N, 105�� 30��� 855" E, 193 m, malaise, 24 ii���3 iii 2007, Bunlu Subsiri, leg. T1674 (INHS). Remarks. This species will run to M. oryzae (Matsumura) in the key of Zhang & Duan (2011) and resembles that species in having the inner anteapical cell of the forewing closed, the pygofer lobe rounded and the aedeagus somewhat elongated and lacking a heel at the base of the shaft. It is also similar to M. scalpella Zhang & Duan and M. chalami Zahniser, McKamey & Dmitriev in the shape of the aedeagus but differs from the former in having the forewing without a dark brown spot and the inner anteapical cell closed basally (Fig. 1 A���D), the subgenital plate shorter (Fig. 2 C), the apex of the style more acute (Fig. 2 D), and the connective shorter; and from the latter in having the vertex and forewing without dark brown maculations (Fig. 1 A���D). Etymology. The specific epithet is based on the apical serrated lateral margins of the aedeagal shaft., Published as part of Duan, Yani & Dietrich, Christopher H., 2017, A new leafhopper species of Maiestas Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Thailand, pp. 61-64 in Zootaxa 4247 (1) on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/437969, {"references":["Zhang, Y. L. & Duan, Y. N. (2011) Review of the Deltocephalus group of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) in China. Zootaxa, 2870, 1 - 47."]}