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How can we imagine and perform an anthropological practice with business, that is, not from a distanced perspective but through a mutual infolding and engagement? How might such an arrangement then be exemplary for novel economic experiments of the kind anthropologists often describe? Reflecting on several years' of collaborations with each other, the authors recount their relationship as an experiment in novel engagements with economic things (money, corporations, universities, accounting principles, computers, etc.) in an industrial and university site. The paper puts forward a theoretical argument about exaptive and nonadaptive plurality that opens new pathways for alternative and sometimes quite conventional values. The context is a specific set of projects around money and payment. The intellectual background is the anthropology of finance and alternative economies.

Abstract It is increasingly important to monitor sliding interfaces within machines, since this is where both energy is lost, and failures occur. Acoustic emission (AE) techniques offer a way to monitor contacts remotely without requiring transparent or electrically conductive materials. However, acoustic data from sliding contacts is notoriously complex and difficult to interpret. Herein, we simultaneously measure coefficient of friction (with a conventional force transducer) and acoustic emission (with a piezoelectric sensor and high acquisition rate digitizer) produced by a steel–steel rubbing contact. Acquired data is then used to train machine learning (ML) algorithms (e.g., Gaussian process regression (GPR) and support vector machine (SVM)) to correlated acoustic emission with friction. ML training requires the dense AE data to first be reduced in size and a range of processing techniques are assessed for this (e.g., down-sampling, averaging, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), histograms). Next, fresh, unseen AE data is given to the trained model and the resulting friction predictions are compared with the directly measured friction. There is excellent agreement between the measured and predicted friction when the GPR model is used on AE histogram data, with root mean square (RMS) errors as low as 0.03 and Pearson correlation coefficients reaching 0.8. Moreover, predictions remain accurate despite changes in test conditions such as normal load, reciprocating frequency, and stroke length. This paves the way for remote, acoustic measurements of friction in inaccessible locations within machinery to increase mechanical efficiency and avoid costly failure/needless maintenance.

IntroductionInitially developed by New Zealand Rugby in 2014, the Blue Card initiative in rugby enables match officials to remove athletes from play if they are suspected to have sustained a concussion. Considerable attention has been paid by sport and health advocates to the possibilities and limitations of this initiative in safeguarding athlete health. However, little if any attention has been paid to the well-being of those responsible for administering the Blue Card (i.e., match officials). The aim of this paper was to examine match officials' experiences with and perspectives on implementing the Blue Card initiative in Ontario, Canada, with focused attention on the tensions around their ability to manage games and participants (e.g., athletes, coaches) while attempting to safeguard athlete well-being.MethodsUsing Relational Coordination Theory (RCT) as a guiding framework and qualitative research method, we highlight the rich accounts of 19 match officials' perspectives and experiences regarding sport-related concussion (SRC) management and the Blue Card protocol.ResultsFour themes were derived from the data, reflecting latent assumptions embedded within the concussion management process, which include: assumptions of trust, respect, and cooperation; assumptions of shared responsibility; assumptions of shared understanding; and assumptions of harassment-free sport.DiscussionOur findings emphasize the need to attend to social relations in concussion management and provide insight into match officials' fraught experiences on the frontlines of concussion management. We identify factors affecting match official well-being and provide considerations for concussion management initiatives designed to improve athlete safety, such as the Blue Card.

Anthropogenic materials are often incorporated into bird's nests in marine and terrestrial habitats globally, although we understand very little about the non-random abundance, and variation in the abundance, of anthropogenic materials in the wider environment and in different sections of bird's nests. Here, we address these oversights by examining if the abundance of anthropogenic material in the environment is influenced by local habitat features and if their abundance varies between the outer and inner sections of pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nests in rural woodlands. Locations in the wider environment with farms, houses and barns contained more anthropogenic material than locations without them, whilst the presence of roads, footpaths and hedges was not associated with the abundance of anthropogenic material in the environment. Nestboxes occupied by pied flycatchers had a greater mass of anthropogenic material in the environment surrounding nestboxes than unoccupied nestboxes. Meanwhile, pied flycatchers incorporated more white and to a lesser extent orange anthropogenic material into the inner and outer sections of their nests, whilst not including significant amounts of red, blue and yellow anthropogenic material. Our results suggest that local habitat features influence the abundance of anthropogenic material in the wider environment, which is presumably because such material is more abundant in modified habitats and that anthropogenic materials are non-randomly incorporated into birds’ nests in relation to their colour and also the nest section. Our study therefore increases our understanding of the incorporation of anthropogenic material into birds’ nests.

How can we imagine and perform an anthropological practice with business, that is, not from a distanced perspective but through a mutual infolding and engagement? How might such an arrangement then be exemplary for novel economic experiments of the kind anthropologists often describe? Reflecting on several years' of collaborations with each other, the authors recount their relationship as an experiment in novel engagements with economic things (money, corporations, universities, accounting principles, computers, etc.) in an industrial and university site. The paper puts forward a theoretical argument about exaptive and nonadaptive plurality that opens new pathways for alternative and sometimes quite conventional values. The context is a specific set of projects around money and payment. The intellectual background is the anthropology of finance and alternative economies.

Objective: Acute lung injury is a known complication of pulmonary artery reconstruction for peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Severe cases may require support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after pulmonary artery reconstruction. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 150 patients who underwent surgical repair of peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis at our institution from 2002 to 2022. Underlying diagnoses included Williams syndrome (n = 44), Alagille syndrome (n = 43), elastin arteriopathy (n = 21), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 21), and other (n = 21). Characteristics of patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were compared with those who did not require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Results: Eleven of the 150 patients undergoing pulmonary artery reconstruction (7.3%) required postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (10 for acute lung injury and 1 for cardiac insufficiency). Four patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had Williams syndrome, 3 patients had Alagille, and 4 patients had tetralogy of Fallot. Patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had a higher preoperative right ventricle to aortic peak systolic pressure ratios (mean 1.14 vs 0.95), greater number of pulmonary artery ostial interventions (median, 23 vs 17), and longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (median, 597 vs 400 minutes). There were 3 in-hospital deaths (2.0%), 2 of whom required postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Conclusions: The data demonstrate multiple differences between patients who did and did not require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after surgical repair of peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. These results suggest that the preoperative extent of disease may predispose to the development of acute lung injury requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.

CDKN2A loss and p53 mutations are rare in MYC-driven Group 3 medulloblastomas (MBs). Here the authors generated a transgenic mouse model of Group 3 MB by MYC overexpression and show that MYC suppresses ARF to drive tumorigenesis.

Este artículo analiza los patrones que han presentado los regímenes políticos en América Latina en este siglo, con especial atención en México. Documenta casos de decadencia democrática (México, entre otros), un gran número de casos de estancamiento democrático y ausencia de profundización democrática. Tres factores dan cuenta del estancamiento democrático: actores poderosos que impiden la profundización democrática, malos resultados de gobierno que alimentan la insatisfacción y allanan el camino para la emergencia de líderes populistas autoritarios, y “Estados híbridos” que violan los derechos de los ciudadanos, no brindan seguridad y servicios públicos de calidad y son capturados por intereses poderosos.

Slime has become extremely popular as a children's toy in recent years and is typically made with various household substances. Although reports of slime causing skin irritation are not uncommon, case reports of slime-induced allergic contact dermatitis have only recently surfaced. We present a case of a child with hand dermatitis, history of exposure to slime, and positive allergen patch testing to two ingredients found in slime. The case underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of slime as a possible cause of allergic contact dermatitis in children. Given the trend of newly-reported cases, we briefly review the current literature to date.

Intra-specific variations may contribute to heterogeneous responses to climate change across a species’ range. Here, the authors investigate the phenology of two bird species across their breeding ranges, and find that their sensitivity to temperature is uncoupled from exposure to climate change.

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CC-TGA) is a rare and complex form of congenital heart disease. Results of physiologic repair proved disappointing due to late right ventricular dysfunction and/or tricuspid regurgitation. The current study was performed to evaluate surgical outcomes in patients undergoing a double switch for CC-TGA. This was a retrospective review of 121 patients who underwent a double switch over a 2-decade time frame (2002-2023). Patients were a median age of 32 months. Before the double switch, 49 of 121 patients (40%) had undergone left ventricular retraining. Sixty-seven patients underwent an arterial switch, and 54 underwent a Rastelli procedure. There were 4 in-hospital deaths (3.3%), including 3 who had a Rastelli procedure (5.6%) and 1 who had an arterial switch (1.5%). At a median follow-up of 30 months, there were 4 late deaths (2 Rastelli and 2 arterial switch). Combined early and late mortality was 9.3% for the Rastelli and 4.5% for arterial switch. Combined mortality was 2.0% for patients who required left ventricular retraining vs 9.7% for those who did not. For the 117 patients discharged from the hospital, 93% have normal or low-normal left ventricular function, and 96% have mild or less neoaortic insufficiency. Surgical outcomes in patients undergoing a double switch procedure have been excellent both in the short- and midterm. However, the Rastelli procedure was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in mortality risk compared with the arterial switch. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although most anesthetic drugs are classified as compatible with breastfeeding, literature shows that anesthesia providers routinely advise patients to discard milk when receiving all types of anesthesia. The purpose of this project was to determine if a multimodal educational module and cognitive aid improved student registered nurse anesthetists' knowledge and confidence to counsel lactating patients on current anesthesia-related recommendations. This project used a pre-experimental one-group, pretest and post-test design. Preintervention and postintervention surveys measured knowledge and confidence to counsel lactating patients scheduled to receive anesthesia. Significant improvement in knowledge and confidence after the intervention were noted. A multimodal educational session and cognitive aid improved student registered nurse anesthetists' knowledge about current anesthesia-related breastfeeding recommendations and their confidence in counseling these patients. Wider use of this educational module with the cognitive aid has the potential to positively impact breastfeeding patients and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The payments industry – the business of transferring value through public and corporate infrastructures – is undergoing rapid transformation. New business models and regulatory environments disrupt more traditional fee-based strategies, and new entrants seek to displace legacy players by leveraging new mobile platforms and new sources of data. In this increasingly diversified industry landscape, start-ups and established players are attempting to embed payment in ‘social’ experience through novel technologies of accounting for trust. This imagination of the social, however, is being materialized in gated platforms for payment, accounting, and exchange. This paper explores the ambiguous politics of such experiments, specifically those, like Bitcoin or the on-demand sharing economy, that delineate an economic imaginary of ‘just us’ – a closed and closely guarded community of peers operating under the illusion that there are no mediating institutions undergirding that community. This provokes questions about the intersection of payment and publics. Payment innovators’ attenuated understanding of the social may, we suggest, evacuate the nitty-gritty of politics.

Abstract Ecogeographical rules attempt to explain large‐scale spatial patterns in biological traits. One of the most enduring examples is Bergmann's rule, which states that species should be larger in colder climates due to the thermoregulatory advantages of larger body size. Support for Bergmann's rule, however, is not consistent across taxonomic groups, raising questions about what factors may moderate its effect. Behavior may play a crucial, yet so far underexplored, role in mediating the extent to which species are subject to environmental selection pressures in colder climates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that nest design and migration influence conformity to Bergmann's rule in a phylogenetic comparative analysis of the birds of the Western Palearctic, a group encompassing dramatic variation in both climate and body mass. We predicted that migratory species and those with more protected nest designs would conform less to the rule than sedentary species and those with more exposed nests. We find that sedentary, but not short‐ or long‐distance migrating, species are larger in colder climates. Among sedentary species, conformity to Bergmann's rule depends, further, on nest design: Species with open nests, in which parents and offspring are most exposed to adverse climatic conditions during breeding, conform most strongly to the rule. Our findings suggest that enclosed nests and migration enable small birds to breed in colder environments than their body size would otherwise allow. Therefore, we conclude that behavior can substantially modify species’ responses to environmental selection pressures.

Mounting, intromission and ejaculation are commonly reported sexual behaviours in male rats. In a mating session, they can have several copulatory series with post-ejaculatory intervals in between ejaculations before they reach sexual satiety. Here, we describe a phenomenon where male rats displayed consecutive ejaculations (CE) with a short inter-ejaculatory interval (IEI). Male rats were daily mated with a sexually receptive female rat. Two out of 15 rats displayed CE in one of their mating tests. The first rat had CE at 9.9 and 10.1 min (IEI = 16.3 s) after the start of the test. The second rat showed CE at 28.1 and 28.5 min (IEI = 18.7 s) after the test onset. During the IEI, the rats did not show any mounting or intromission.

There is a clinical need to monitor immune-related toxicities of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Here, the authors develop a digital SERS platform for multiplexed single cytokine counting to track immune-toxicities and demonstrate the ability to use pre-screening to identify patients at higher risk.

Introduction: Guidelines and consensus statements do not support routine preoperative testing for asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) prior to elective arthroplasty. Despite this, urine testing remains commonplace in orthopaedic practice. This mixed methods stepwise quality improvement project aimed to develop and implement a guideline to reduce unnecessary preoperative testing for asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to elective arthroplasty within a single centre. Methods: Step 1 – description of current practice in preoperative urine testing prior to arthroplasty within a single centre; Step 2 – examination of the association between preoperative urine culture and pathogens causing prosthetic joint infection (PJI); Step 3 – co-design of a guideline to reduce unnecessary preoperative testing for asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to elective arthroplasty; Step 4 – implementation of a sustainable guideline to reduce unnecessary preoperative testing for asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to elective arthroplasty. Results: Retrospective chart review showed inconsistency in mid-stream urine (MSU) testing prior to elective arthroplasty (49 % preoperative MSU sent) and in antimicrobial prescribing for urinary tract infection (UTI) and ASB. No association was observed between organisms isolated from urine and joint aspirate in confirmed cases of PJI. Co-design of a guideline and decision support tool supported through an implementation strategy resulted in rapid uptake and adherence. Sustainability was demonstrated at 6 months. Conclusion: In this stepwise study, implementation science methodology was used to challenge outdated clinical practice, achieving a sustained reduction in unnecessary preoperative urine testing for ASB prior to elective arthroplasty.

In the wake of increasing migrant deaths in the Mediterranean, non-governmental organizations took to the seas to conduct search and rescue operations in 2014. In 2016, this humanitarian fleet rescued 50,000 people in the Central Mediterranean Sea. In the meantime, local solidarity initiatives emerged across Europe, motivated by the arrival of many people in their cities and by deaths and border spectacles in the Mediterranean. Juxtaposing solidarity work in the Mediterranean Sea with solidarity work within the European Union’s borders, we examine how the spaces they operate in shape the possibilities and limits of solidarity activism. Despite identifying important differences, we ultimately demonstrate how the solidarity work within Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea fold into each other in complex ways. Moreover, we show how across Europe, people engage in transgressive solidarity work that challenges EU border practices and concomitant categories to reimagine a more welcoming Europe.

Since 2015, new forms of migrant solidarity work emerged in Glasgow, spurred in part by refugee flows into Europe. Yet, for many organisations, much of their work has not changed since 2000, when the government began dispersing asylum seekers around the UK. Using histories and memories of place as an analytical lens, we examine solidarity work since the 2015 ‘crisis’ as well as over the longer term. In our analysis, the ‘crisis’ is not a critical juncture but understood within a broader spatio-temporal context. This raises interesting questions regarding how history and memory are animated in the present, and when and what kinds of solidarity work emerge. In conversation with two community-led organisations in Glasgow, we suggest that as tropes of crisis and hierarchies of deservingness manifest around Europe, solidarity efforts can create spaces of resistance by drawing on a politics of place and recognizing the constructed nature of crises.

The causes and consequences of variation in the incubation regimes of oviparous animals remain unclear, despite having important fitness consequences. Avian incubation regimes can be shortened by parents initiating incubation prior to clutch completion or prolonged when there are gaps in the laying sequence. Here, we begin by quantifying variation in the incubation regimes of three populations of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus from the UK and Poland before examining the consequences of such variation for their hatching and fledging success. We then investigate the mechanism causing such variation by exploring the impact of local weather conditions on incubation regimes. The difference between the expected and actual hatching dates of clutches was termed the “hatching deviation” and this showed considerable variation. Hatching deviation was negatively related to local temperature and clutch size. Hatching deviation affected hatching success and hatching deviation, temperature, wind speed and clutch size affected fledging success. Deviating from the expected laying and incubation regime caused lowered reproductive success. The most successful birds were those that were able to lay one egg per day and begin incubation upon clutch completion.

Objective: To investigate patient-related factors, echocardiographic, and anatomic variables associated with immediate and long-term clinical outcomes after extracardiac Fontan procedure at our institution. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of preoperative cardiac catheterizations and echocardiograms as well as medical records of all children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) who underwent Fontan between June 2002 and December 2018. Results: Seventy-seven patients with HLHS were included (age 4 years [1.5–11.7]). Seventy patients (91%) received a nonfenestrated Fontan and 57 patients (74%) underwent Fontan without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Presence of a Fontan fenestration (P = 0.69) and use of CPB (P = 0.79) did not differ between those with

Conserving species relies upon acquiring an understanding of their use of habitat, yet our understanding of the use of habitat by co-existing species of different guilds at microgeographic scales remains poor. In particular, the use of habitat by woodland species is of conservation concern because of widespread declines in woodland biodiversity. Woodland bird declines have been ascribed, in part, to high deer densities because their browsing reduces the availability of nesting sites and food. We quantify the microgeographic use of habitat by Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and of Great Tits (Parus major), Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in a heterogenous woodland landscape. We examined the use of habitat at microgeographic scales by the deer and the three bird species in relation to whether the local habitat was flat or wet or had a path, fence or wall within a 25-m radius of 206 randomly selected locations. We first examined if the occupancy rates of nestboxes in those locations were correlated with the number of Roe Deer lays and second, examined if the use of habitat by the Roe Deer and the bird species were associated with each of the habitat features that we quantified. We begin by showing that the use of habitat by Roe Deer is incongruent with the use of habitat by Great Tits, Blue Tits and Pied Flycatchers during the breeding season. Also, whilst all three bird species showed no, or weak, habitat preferences, the Roe Deer preferred daytime lay sites that were in flat areas of wet woodland close to paths, whilst there were no significant effects of the presence of fences and walls. These findings show that the Roe Deer and the three bird species differ in the use of habitat within a heterogenous woodland landscape, meaning that their use of habitat did not overlap at microgeographic scales. Meanwhile, the deer showed preferences for flat areas of wet woodland, whilst none of the bird species exhibited such preferences, and we discuss the implications of our findings for the management of woodlands.

Universal screening of very early school-age children (age 4-7 years) is important for early identification of learning problems that may require enhanced learning opportunity. In this context, use of standardized instruments is critical to obtain valid, reliable, and comparable assessment outcomes. A wide variety of standardized instruments is available for screening and assessment purposes, though previous reviews have revealed some technical inadequacies. Suitability and usability of instruments should be considered as well as technical adequacy, making instrument selection a challenge for education professionals. This review used a systematic search to identify 48 instruments that measured development and early academic skills in very early school-age children. Instruments were evaluated and mapped against established psychometric and usability criteria, and rated as good, adequate, or not adequate. The results provide education professionals with a guide to selection of standardized instruments suitable for this age group and assessment purpose.

BackgroundAbiraterone acetate (an androgen biosynthesis inhibitor) plus prednisone is approved for treating patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Study COU-AA-302 evaluated abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus prednisone alone in mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic patients with progressive mCRPC without prior chemotherapy.ObjectiveReport the prespecified third interim analysis (IA) of efficacy and safety outcomes in study COU-AA-302.Design, setting, and participantsStudy COU-AA-302, a double-blind placebo-controlled study, enrolled patients with mCRPC from April 2009 to June 2010. A total of 1088 patients were stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0 vs 1).InterventionPatients were randomised 1:1 to abiraterone 1000mg plus prednisone 5mg twice daily by mouth versus prednisone.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisCo-primary end points were radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS). Median times to event outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived using the Cox model, and treatment comparison used the log-rank test. The O'Brien-Fleming Lan-DeMets α-spending function was used for OS. Adverse events were summarised descriptively.Results and limitationsWith a median follow-up duration of 27.1 mo, improvement in rPFS was statistically significant with abiraterone treatment versus prednisone (median: 16.5 vs 8.2 mo; HR: 0.52 [95% CI, 0.45-0.61]; p2 yr.

BackgroundEnzalutamide is an oral androgen-receptor inhibitor that prolongs survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in whom the disease has progressed after chemotherapy. New treatment options are needed for patients with metastatic prostate cancer who have not received chemotherapy, in whom the disease has progressed despite androgen-deprivation therapy.MethodsIn this double-blind, phase 3 study, we randomly assigned 1717 patients to receive either enzalutamide (at a dose of 160 mg) or placebo once daily. The coprimary end points were radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival.ResultsThe study was stopped after a planned interim analysis, conducted when 540 deaths had been reported, showed a benefit of the active treatment. The rate of radiographic progression-free survival at 12 months was 65% among patients treated with enzalutamide, as compared with 14% among patients receiving placebo (81% risk reduction; hazard ratio in the enzalutamide group, 0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.23; P

We contribute to the extensive literature on international influences on democratization and democratic breakdowns by conceptualizing hegemonic mechanisms of regime change and assessing them empirically. Our findings are based on a multi-methods approach and highlight the varying importance of hegemonic influences in post-1945 Latin America. We argue that us support for democratization was consistent in the wave of transitions to democracy that began in Latin America in 1978 and that it was decisive in many of these transitions. While past work has attributed responsibility to the us for the waves of democratic breakdowns from 1948 to 1956 and 1964 to 1976, an examination of the 27 breakdowns from 1945 to 2010 gives reason to doubt this interpretation. Future research could use these conceptual and methodological tools to explore the role of other powers in waves of democracy and authoritarianism.

BackgroundAbiraterone acetate, an androgen biosynthesis inhibitor, improves overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after chemotherapy. We evaluated this agent in patients who had not received previous chemotherapy.MethodsIn this double-blind study, we randomly assigned 1088 patients to receive abiraterone acetate (1000 mg) plus prednisone (5 mg twice daily) or placebo plus prednisone. The coprimary end points were radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival.ResultsThe study was unblinded after a planned interim analysis that was performed after 43% of the expected deaths had occurred. The median radiographic progression-free survival was 16.5 months with abiraterone-prednisone and 8.3 months with prednisone alone (hazard ratio for abiraterone-prednisone vs. prednisone alone, 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.62; P

Background: Using progression-free survival (PFS)2, time from randomization to 2nd disease progression or death, is proposed as a surrogate for overall survival (OS) in oncology clinical trials. We used published data from solid tumor trials to assess whether PFS2 and OS are correlated.Methods: A literature search identified studies that reported PFS, PFS2, and OS. Two reviewers screened for eligibility, and documented PFS2, PFS or time from 1st to 2nd disease progression or death and OS. Correlation between PFS2 and OS was assessed using: (1) Kendall's Tau + Pearson's correlation coefficient in randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) Meta-analysis with the random effects model to compute the pooled correlation of PFS2 and OS.Results: Overall, 133 studies met search criteria, 15 (28 arms) had complete PFS2 and OS data in ovarian, gastric, colorectal, prostate, lung, renal and breast cancers. A positive correlation for PFS2 and OS was found for all 15 studies (Kendall's Tau = 0.7 [95% CIs 0.54, 0.78]); 10 RCTs (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.86); and meta-analysis from 7 trials (pooled Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.84 [p = 0.0001; 95% CIs 0.71, 0.96]).Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis PFS2 strongly correlates with OS supporting the use of PFS2 to measure long-term clinical benefit when OS cannot be assessed.