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International audience; This article documents how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the drinking behavior of Latin European wine consumers. Using a large online survey conducted during the first lockdown in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (n = 7,324 individuals), we reconstruct the purchasing and consumption patterns of the respondents. The number of people who maintained their wine consumption frequency is significantly higher than those who increased or decreased their consumption. Wine consumption frequency held up better than other types of alcohol (beer and spirits). We analyze heterogeneities among countries and individuals by employing the Marascuilo procedure and an ordered logit model. The latter identifies the impact of demographic, commercial, and psychosocial factors on wine consumption frequency. The results shed light on changes in wine consumer behavior during the first lockdown and consider possible post-lockdown trends that could be useful to industry players. (JEL Classifications: D5, L66, Q1)

Small-scale fisheries make an important contribution to nutrition, food security, sustainable livelihoods and poverty alleviation of coastal areas. This paper deals with the integration of small-scale fisheries in coastal communities, their contribution to sustainable development, and some methodological approaches that can be used to carry out this kind of analysis. Concepts as supply chain, blue growth, ecosystem services and multifunctionality are discussed and finally integrated in a framework for the analysis of coastal communities, which are assimilated to a specific pattern of industrial clusters. The approach proposed represents a useful and relatively easy to use instrument supporting the involvement of people, enterprises and institutions for the analysis of the local context and the definition of future strategies, in order to create a favourable environment offering income and employment opportunities to marginalized communities. La petite pêche contribue d’une manière significative à la nutrition, à la sécurité alimentaire, aux moyens d’existence durables et à la réduction de la pauvreté dans les zones côtières. Dans ce travail, nous allons parcourir l’intégration de la petite pêche dans les communautés côtières, son apport au développement durable et en plus, des approches méthodologiques qui peuvent être utilisées pour réaliser ce type d’analyse. Des concepts tels la chaîne d’approvisionnement, la croissance bleue, les services écosystémiques et la multifonctionnalité sont passés en revue et successivement intégrés dans un cadre analytique pour examiner les communautés côtières en les considérant comme un modèle spécifique de cluster industriel. L’approche retenue représente un instrument utile et relativement facile à employer pour mobiliser des populations, des entreprises et des institutions dans l’analyse du contexte local et la définition des stratégies futures visant à instaurer un environnement favorable à la génération de revenu et à la création d’emplois pour les communautés marginalisées.

Il comparto vitivinicolo italiano è una realtà complessa e, sebbene se ne intuiscano i suoi caratteri essenziali, poco conosciuta nel dettaglio. Alcuni filoni di studio già da tempo indagano la numerosità, il ruolo specifico e le forme di relazione verticale tra gli operatori posti a livelli diversi del processo produttivo (Malorgio e Grazia, 2009) e le diverse forme di relazione di rete tra soggetti (Zanni, 2004; Cafaggi e Iamiceli, 2010), ma nell'insieme si è ancora lontani da un soddisfacente livello di conoscenza. Tutto questo, peraltro, costituisce un ostacolo allo sviluppo di efficaci politiche di sostegno e sviluppo. L'obiettivo di questo contributo non è pertanto la ricostruzione della catena del valore nel comparto vitivinicolo italiano, poiché sarebbe necessario definirne una molteplicità, ma la discussione di alcuni dati utili ad una analisi preliminare delle loro possibili configurazioni

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of the Appellation of Origin (AO) system on the international wine market, given I) the GIs international legal protection system, II) the main aspects of the evolution of the world wine demand and III) the strategic choices of firms on the international market. On the demand side, through descriptive statistics and economic literature review, we show the increasing wine consumers’ appreciation of reputation and origin attributes. On the supply side, we identify the main quality strategies implemented on the international wine market and show the more and more important role played by origin attributes in the strategic choices made by firms worldwide. Finally, a direct survey on Italian Appellations of Origin concerning the registration on the international market shows an increasing risk of an imperfect use of geographical place names. The main consequences are identified for both producers and consumers. Firstly, a misperception of product quality attributes can arise and menace the effectiveness of AO as informative tool. Secondly, the free riding phenomenon may arise and affect the AO collective reputation with a consequently demand drop in the long term.

Ce rapport a été publié une première fois par Ipemed en avril 2007; International audience; L'objectif de ce texte est de montrer la nécessité et la possibilité d'une régulation de la mondialisation dans l'aire méditerranéenne. Cette régulation passe par une action sur l'offre en soutenant la modernisation des agricultures du Sud, en jouant la complémentarité agroclimatique au sein de la région Euromed et en répartissant mieux la chaîne de la valeur entre rive Nord et rive Sud. Elle passe ensuite sur une action sur la demande notamment par la promotion du modèle de consommation alimentaire méditerranéen. Elle passe enfin par une approche territoriale en matière d'aménagement du territoire, de systèmes productifs localisés et d'un développement équilibré du monde rural.

This paper analyses the differences between the regulations on agrarian cooperatives set up in Spain and Italy. Some of these aspects are related to the solutions proposed and used by cooperatives belonging to the hybrid model to solve problems faced by the cooperatives belonging to the traditional model. The main differences in the calculation of returns and reserves and in the fiscal aspects involved have also been analysed. Although in both countries there exist regulations referring to the hybrid model, the lack of conditions required for their implementation and the absence of professional management makes cooperatives of both countries fall within the traditional model. Several differences have been found in terms of the calculation of returns and reserves and of the fiscal aspects involved.

International audience; Pour étudier l'agriculture et le développement rural dans l'aire méditerranéenne, les auteurs procèdent à une analyse des politiques dans les différents pays qui la composent en faisant bien ressortir les différences entre la rive Nord et les pays de la rive Sud (PSEM). L'action des états, historiquement très interventionniste depuis 1950 dans les pays du Sud, évolue vers la libéralisation sous la pression des ajustements préconisés par les organisations internationales. Les stratégies s'articulent autour de 4 axes : problèmes liés au foncier et à la taille des exploitations, gestion des eaux, mise en valeur des terres, renforcement de la recherche et de la formation professionnelle. Au Nord, les Etats ont transféré une partie de leur politique agricole à l'échelon supranational c'est à dire communautaire. Ici, on vise l'amélioration de la productivité, la diversification des activités et des produits et le renforcement des ancrages dans les territoires. On a abouti ainsi à une PAC plus qualitative intégrant le soutien à la création d'entreprises, la valorisation des patrimoines, le développement du tourisme et des services. La lutte contre la pauvreté dans les campagnes constitue le premier axe stratégique des politiques de développement rural au Sud de la Méditerranée. L'un des volets déclinés dans les stratégies des pays de l'UE renforce les mesures de compensation de handicaps naturels et le maintien des activités dans las zones de montagne et de collines dans les pays méditerranéens. Pour répondre au défi de la durabilité, les PSEM ont mis en place un cadre législatif et réglementaire dont l'objectif est une meilleure gestion des ressources et la résolution des problèmes environnementaux. Dans le Nord, les orientations stratégiques de la Communauté depuis 2006 élargissent et renforcent une gestion durable des milieux naturels et des territoires ruraux. L'émergence des acteurs locaux est encore faible dans le sud tandis qu'il est structuré et diversifié au Nord. La question environnementale est au cœur de la coopération régionale méditerranéenne (eau, énergie, transports, mer et littoral…)

International audience; Pour étudier l'agriculture et le développement rural dans l'aire méditerranéenne, les auteurs procèdent à une analyse des politiques dans les différents pays qui la composent en faisant bien ressortir les différences entre la rive Nord et les pays de la rive Sud (PSEM). L'action des états, historiquement très interventionniste depuis 1950 dans les pays du Sud, évolue vers la libéralisation sous la pression des ajustements préconisés par les organisations internationales. Les stratégies s'articulent autour de 4 axes : problèmes liés au foncier et à la taille des exploitations, gestion des eaux, mise en valeur des terres, renforcement de la recherche et de la formation professionnelle. Au Nord, les Etats ont transféré une partie de leur politique agricole à l'échelon supranational c'est à dire communautaire. Ici, on vise l'amélioration de la productivité, la diversification des activités et des produits et le renforcement des ancrages dans les territoires. On a abouti ainsi à une PAC plus qualitative intégrant le soutien à la création d'entreprises, la valorisation des patrimoines, le développement du tourisme et des services. La lutte contre la pauvreté dans les campagnes constitue le premier axe stratégique des politiques de développement rural au Sud de la Méditerranée. L'un des volets déclinés dans les stratégies des pays de l'UE renforce les mesures de compensation de handicaps naturels et le maintien des activités dans las zones de montagne et de collines dans les pays méditerranéens. Pour répondre au défi de la durabilité, les PSEM ont mis en place un cadre législatif et réglementaire dont l'objectif est une meilleure gestion des ressources et la résolution des problèmes environnementaux. Dans le Nord, les orientations stratégiques de la Communauté depuis 2006 élargissent et renforcent une gestion durable des milieux naturels et des territoires ruraux. L'émergence des acteurs locaux est encore faible dans le sud tandis qu'il est structuré et diversifié au Nord. La question environnementale est au cœur de la coopération régionale méditerranéenne (eau, énergie, transports, mer et littoral…)

International audience

International audience; La filière agricole et agro-alimentaire de la région présente des caractéristiques contrastées associant, d'un côté, des énergies et des savoir - faire mobilisant le potentiel de l'agriculture régionale et de l'autre, des déficiences importantes en termes de logistique et de mise en marché des productions. Le diagnostic affiche les composantes des tendances et dynamiques de l'organisation de l'offre agro-alimentaire : des filières sous influence de l'industrie et de la distribution, des filières sous la pression des échanges adoptant des standards de qualité, la valorisation des produits méditerranéens de terroir. Dans un deuxième temps, la présentation des enjeux et des hypothèses de base passe en revue les acteurs, les leviers d'action, les ressources et les facteurs de blocage: organiser la filière et promouvoir l'intégration, définir un modèle alternatif pour les institutions dans la valorisation des produits méditerranéens, analyser le cas spécifique des produits biologiques et de montagne. Le chapitre se termine par l'énoncé de deux scénarios : le scenario prometteur de résistance dans la défense du modèle méditerranéen et celui plus pessimiste du laisser faire condamnant la Méditerranée à une globalisation à marche forcée

International audience; La filière agricole et agro-alimentaire de la région présente des caractéristiques contrastées associant, d'un côté, des énergies et des savoir - faire mobilisant le potentiel de l'agriculture régionale et de l'autre, des déficiences importantes en termes de logistique et de mise en marché des productions. Le diagnostic affiche les composantes des tendances et dynamiques de l'organisation de l'offre agro-alimentaire : des filières sous influence de l'industrie et de la distribution, des filières sous la pression des échanges adoptant des standards de qualité, la valorisation des produits méditerranéens de terroir. Dans un deuxième temps, la présentation des enjeux et des hypothèses de base passe en revue les acteurs, les leviers d'action, les ressources et les facteurs de blocage: organiser la filière et promouvoir l'intégration, définir un modèle alternatif pour les institutions dans la valorisation des produits méditerranéens, analyser le cas spécifique des produits biologiques et de montagne. Le chapitre se termine par l'énoncé de deux scénarios : le scenario prometteur de résistance dans la défense du modèle méditerranéen et celui plus pessimiste du laisser faire condamnant la Méditerranée à une globalisation à marche forcée

Negli ultimi anni il settore ittico in Italia, come nella maggior parte dei paesi europei, ha registrato una profonda evoluzione che ha interessato una serie di cambiamenti connessi sia con i più generali mutamenti nella struttura dei consumi alimentari, sia con elementi specifici del settore riguardanti la struttura produttiva, nonché con gli aspetti economici, sociali e ambientali sempre più legati e orientati dagli interventi di Politica Comune della Pesca e dalle politiche nazionali. Le profonde modificazioni succedute, nel corso degli ultimi vent’anni, sulla struttura demografica e sulle condizioni di vita e di lavoro delle società moderne, unitamente all’accresciuto livello di benessere economico e alla maggiore sensibilità verso le tematiche dell’ambiente e della salute, hanno indotto il consumatore a mutare in maniera sostanziale le proprie scelte alimentari e l e modalità di consumo. Rispetto al passato hanno acquisito maggiore importanza gli attributi non di prezzo del prodotto, e cioè quei requisiti di qualità dai quali il consumatore può trarre utilità. Le preferenze della clientela sono andate attestandosi a favore dei prodotti capaci di abbinare un soddisfacente contenuto nutrizionale ad una buona dotazione di servizi utili a risolvere specifici problemi dell’acquirente. A ciò si è aggiunta la crescente domanda di informazioni relative alle modalità di produzione del cibo e la richiesta di garanzie igienico-sanitarie per accrescere la conoscenza e la sicurezza qualitativa dei prodotti acquistati.

In the last programming period of the European Maritime Fisheries Fund, Fisheries Local Action Groups (FLAGs) have been in charge of meeting the objectives of Union Priority 4, aimed at boosting territorial cohesion and employment in European coastal areas. These local partnerships have hence received support for the elaboration of local development strategies that should promote both territorial and sectorial projects, balancing the interests of the different stakeholders involved. This article provides for a literature review of the scientific contributions on FLAGs, organizing the main findings according to the six dimensions of the Porter’s Diamond Model in the context of the cluster analysis on coastal communities’ competitiveness. Moreover, by focusing on FLAGs from Italy, Spain and France, the paper discusses the orientation towards sectoral and territorial interests in the Mediterranean. It emerges that while the literature has mostly emphasized their territorial functions, FLAGs- especially those in areas with relatively higher incidence of employment in fisheries-related sectors- have prioritized projects of sectorial scope.

While there has been plenty of research around family firm governance and management, less is known about the way in which family firm image is perceived by consumers. This research aims at filling the gap by investigating the chained links between family firm status and image, and the key brand elements identified by extant literature. The hypotheses are tested through an application to the wine industry with a sample of over 1,500 wine drinkers residing in Australia, Italy, and the United States. The results reveal several linkages between the distinctive family nature of a business and the loyalty of consumers. All brand knowledge constructs are positively affected by family firm image, and influence brand trust and satisfaction. Individual path coefficients highlight differences between countries. Evidence regarding the cultural interdependencies provides guidance for policy makers. Practitioners can consider this research when defining the relationship with consumers of family firms.

PurposeThis study aims to focus on relational social capital in family wineries. Relational social capital is influenced by the family nature of the business and is at the same time a key antecedent of winery performance. The aim is to analyse these relationships in the qualified denomination of origin (DOC) Rioja wine industry (Spain).Design/methodology/approachUsing a final sample of 110 family wineries, a Baron and Kenny approach was performed to investigate the causal and mediating relationships between the generation in control, relational social capital and family winery performance.FindingsUsing a final sample of 110 family wineries, the study demonstrates that later generations show a higher level of relational social capital, that the positive relationship between relational social capital and performance is maintained in a family firm sample and that the generation in control sequentially influence on performance through its influence on relational social capital.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitations are that empirical data were obtained only from DOC Rioja wine family businesses and a cross-sectional study was conducted.Social implicationsThis study provides policymakers and family managers responsible for succession with a better understanding of the effects of transferring the business to the next generations in terms of relational social capital and performance.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge, this is the first study to examine the sequential relationships between generation, relational social capital and performance in DOC Rioja family wineries. The context of the DOC Rioja wine industry is particularly noteworthy for two reasons. First, in this industry, family-controlled firms predominate. Second, the DOC Rioja wine industry is focussed on the small-to-medium context, which has conventionally provided a very good area for the development of social capital theory.

PurposeThe present study aims to provide new evidence regarding the factors that determine the survival of firms in the Spanish wine industry and to improve the understanding of sector dynamics.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis, conducted over a representative sample of wineries in the DOC Rioja wine industry, is based on non-parametric (Kaplan–Meier graph) and semi-parametric survival models (Cox proportional hazard model).FindingsThe empirical model finds that wineries with a higher number of networks with institutions enjoy better survival prospects. This study also shows that a winery’s previous performance affects the winery’s survival probability; therefore, successful wineries in the past encounter a smaller hazard of exit. Although spending on R&D and exporting are factors likely to improve wineries' efficiency and competitiveness, these factors did not contribute significantly to the survival of DOC Rioja wineries.Originality/valueThis paper makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the determinants of wineries' survival and has important policy implications. In order to raise the probability of survival, policy makers should promote the networks that link wineries and institutions. Moreover, this study is based on survival analysis which, although frequently used in medical and behavioural sciences, has rarely been applied to wine economics. Finally, it uses a unique data set obtained from primary data collection, which previous studies have not analysed in relation to the probability of winery survival.

The connection between food security and migration is increasingly discussed by both international agencies and academic literature. However, despite several improvements, we continue to know little about the complex causal-effect relations that link these aspects and, in particular, how much migration patterns are affected by food security issues and how much, as a feedback, migration can affect food security, on both the origin and destination areas. This paper aims firstly to draw a general framework of this nexus and then to validate it using empirical literature on the African continent. A few common points can be emphasized for the continent: due to structural and familiar characteristics, different strategies based on opportunity costs or risk minimization (including food security aspects) may emerge; individuals often migrate following household strategies; multi-nodal households are emerging; land grabbing and land tenure security represent important drivers to be considered; emergencies or critical situations often cause the erosion of women rights. In many situations, the poverty trap prevents most food insecure households to leave marginal lands.

This paper addresses the issue of international food supply chain organization faced to food safety standards. The case of Moroccan fruit and vegetable supply chain is taken as an example. The dynamics of Moroccan food safety legislation and regulatory systems and the measures taken to facilitate export ex-ante compliance capacity with target market requirements are analysed. The results of a direct survey on producers/exporters in the Souss Massa Region are presented. Operators are classified according to the typology of vertical linkages in producers/exporters, pure exporters, and cooperatives. The relations among the typology of operators, targets markets, prevailing modes for food safety governance, and compliance costs and benefits with food safety standards are discussed.

Relationships among catch, fishing effort, and measures of fish stock abundance have several implications for fisheries research. In this context, spatial and seasonal aspects are of significant importance for management decisions, especially when effort regulation schemes are used. In this paper, the multispecies trawl fishery in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea was investigated, taking into account the heterogeneous distribution of fish stocks. Two approaches are presented depending on the availability (or not) of fishery-independent indices of stock abundance. The empirical results indicate that (i) aggregation and targeting behaviours affect catches by modifying the relationship between abundance and catch per unit effort and (ii) these relationships are not homogenous across space. Data from the Adriatic Sea is still insufficient to guarantee reliable estimations. However, these preliminary results call into question management decisions being made on the basis of catch per unit effort. Furthermore, the high heterogeneity between the northern and central areas of the sea basin calls for the adoption of spatially explicit management systems.

The European Union (EU) fisheries in internal waters and aquaculture are not sufficient to satisfy the EU’s fish demand. For this reason, the EU’s consumption depends on catches of distant water fisheries through fisheries agreements with third countries and on the import of fish products. This paper analyzes the coherence of the EU policy by focusing on four case studies. In particular, this paper attempts to identify the main synergies and conflicts amongst the varying objectives of the EU and different actors affected by the external dimension of the common fisheries policy (CFP). Results appear to show that fisheries agreements, particularly those concerning demersal resources, are more difficult to renew due to competition with local fleets, pressure from environmentalist lobbies, and budgetary issues. Thus, the EU market will increasingly be dependent on imports due to a liberalization climate encouraged by the EU processors that require raw material and fishing companies established in third countries (joint ventures). The role of the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, and the European Commission, along with their positions of contradictory objectives, is highlighted.

Fishery management is a complicated task that often results in overfishing, overcapacity, and low profits for the industry. The management of shared fish stocks is particularly problematic, especially if national authorities pursue different objectives. Multi-species fisheries add further complexity to the problem. It is no accident that management tools frequently used in Northern Europe, such as total allowable catches and individual quotas, are not applied in the Mediterranean Sea, where more target species are caught simultaneously. However, the European Commission intends to introduce a market-based driver for a strong, profitable fishing industry by phasing in transferable fishing concessions. This management approach is new for the Mediterranean, and it requires in-depth examination at institutional, legal, and economic levels. In this paper, after a review of the institutional setting, the economic perspective was analyzed by estimating the production function for the Italian small pelagic fishery in the Adriatic Sea. With the addition of Croatia to the European Union, the Adriatic Sea can become a Mediterranean communal exclusive fishing area. The results indicate that output measures such as total allowable catches and individual quotas should not cause serious discarding problems for this multi-species fishery Gestión regional de pesquerías multiespecíficas basada en stocks compartidos y derechos de propiedad: un caso Mediterráneo. – El manejo de la pesca es una tarea difícil que con frecuencia tiene como resultado la sobreexplotación de los recursos, la sobrecapitalización de las pesquerías y la baja rentabilidad de la industria pesquera. El manejo de los stocks compartidos es particularmente problemático, especialmente cuando las autoridades públicas persiguen objetivos diferentes. Las pesquerías multiespecíficas aumentan la complejidad del problema. No es accidental que instrumentos de manejo utilizados con frecuencia en el Norte de Europa, como los Totales Admisibles de Capturas (TACs) y las Cuotas Individuales, no sean aplicadas en el mar Mediterráneo, donde se capturan varias especies objetivo simultáneamente. De otro lado, la Comisión Europea piensa introducir un incentivo de mercado para favorecer el sector pesquero y hacerlo más fuerte y rentable, a través de la introducción paulatina de concesiones de pesca transferibles. Este modo de manejo es nuevo para el Mediterráneo, y requiere un análisis detallado a nivel institucional, legal y económico. En este artículo, además de una reseña del contexto institucional, analizamos la perspectiva económica estimando la función de producción para la flota pelágica italiana del mar Adriático. Con la inclusión de Croacia en la Unión Europea, el mar Adriático podría convertirse en una zona de pesca exclusiva comunitaria del Mediterráneo. Los resultados indican que las medidas de control sobre la producción, como los TACs y las Cuotas Individuales, no ocasionarían serios problemas de descarte para este tipo de pesqueria.

The objective of this paper is to provide a focused analysis of the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable exports from two south Mediterranean countries (Egypt and Morocco).We first provide a brief overview of the export flows to the international market, which aims to analyze the dynamics of destination markets and the range of exported products. Then, competitiveness on the European (and Italian) market is analyzed. After an introductory analysis of the dynamics of the Egyptian and Moroccane market shares regarding eu (and Italian) F&V imports over the period 2000-2010 per product category, a Constant Market Share Analysis (cmsa) is developed. This method enables us to further analyze trade performance by splitting up the various imports from Egypt and Morocco into different components (market size, commodity composition, and competitiveness effect). Finally, we provide a discussion on the question of what extent imports from Egypt and Morocco and Italian production might substitute or complement each other and on a discussion on potential price and non-price competitiveness factors. This discussion is further developed with an analysis of third countries’ abilities to comply with the Italian market’s food safety requirements. The paper finishes with a discussion on the prospects for North-South cooperation.

Identification of an appropriate geographic scope is a major issue for defining fishery management plans. The geographic size of a fishery management plan involves two factors: the interaction between fleets fishing shared stocks, and spatial market integration. While the former issue receives considerable attention (both in the literature and at a political level), not as much attention is given to the latter subject. This study aims to provide a theoretical and empirical contribution to assessing the most appropriate target area for policy intervention. Aside from the protection and recovery of overexploited stocks, if management plans intend to influence long-run and seasonal price levels, the geographical scope, where price–quantity relationships are determined, cannot be ignored. Similarly, regulations with temporal application, such as fishing activity interruption, meet biological needs but do not necessarily attain market objectives. Results of an empirical investigation of the most important Italian fish stocks, European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardines (Sardina pilchardus) show that the Adriatic basin can be considered a suitable area for the application of management plans both from a biological and an economic perspective.

In Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy), the Water Protection Plan (WPP) — a tool designed to reach the objectives of the Water Framework Directive — established different measures to achieve a good quantitative status of water bodies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combined economic, agronomic and environmental impacts of four measures of the WPP on the “Renana” reclamation and irrigation scheme, and to quantify the water conservation in agriculture under the uncertainty of water availability. To this purpose, a mathematical stochastic model able to represent uncertainty in water availability was designed and implemented. Some data were collected from farms, and local sources were used as well to test the model. Each analyzed measure was simulated in a single scenario, and subsequently combined with other measures. The performed simulations are the following: application of volumetric water pricing (Scenario WFD1), awarding incentives for farmers to improve on-farm irrigation efficiency (Scenario WFD2a), combination of WFD1 and WFD2a (Scenario WFD2b), reduction of water abstraction in case of water shortage (Scenario WFD3a), combination of WFD1 and WFD3a (Scenario WFD3b), increasing distribution efficiency in the channel system (Scenario WFD4a) and combination of WFD1 and WFD4a (Scenario WFD4b). Results have shown that scenarios WFD2a and WFD4a generate a higher income for farmers and produce a positive ecological impact (water use and soil cover) but tend to increase total water use. Scenarios WFD1 and WFD3a have the opposite effects since they reduce farmers’ income but decrease water use as well. Only WFD1 could be favorable for the Board governing the scheme (RIB) in terms of economic returns. Finally, results have shown that combined scenarios WFD2b and WFD4b, respectively, could modify the trade-off between economic and environmental objectives and could be more effective since they significantly reduce water consumption and minimize losses in farmers’ income.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the supply chain organization of Appellation of Origin wines, identify the typologies of economic agents and characterize their strategic behaviour, in order to identify the link between product range choices, procurement strategies and typologies of vertical relationship along the production, processing and bottling stages. The aim is to identify the possible strategic options for the valorization of Appellations of Origin on the final market. We first provide a descriptive analysis of the wine bottling stage, by distinguishing bottlers according to the types of vertical relationship with upstream production and processing stages. Afterwards, we describe bottlers’ structural characteristics and strategic decisions concerning product range and procurement strategies. Then, a cluster analysis is conducted, in order to identify typologies of bottlers, according to structural and organizational characteristics and strategic decision. On the basis of the clusters identified, a description of the possible strategic options for the valorization of Appellations of Origin is then provided.

PurposeThis paper aims to illustrate the mechanisms for the economic regulation of quantity and quality in the Chianti Classico appellation of origin, focusing on the role of the sectorial organization in regulating the intermediary market, reinforcing the product's identity and the reliability of the quality signal.Design/methodology/approachStarting from some background elements (literature review and legislation framework) and given the supply chain organization and the main market mechanisms, the quantity and quality regulatory tools are illustrated and it is suggested how to improve the role of the sectorial organization in achieving the effectiveness of the system.FindingsReinforcing the quantity constraint established by the production code, controlling and certifying the compliance process to the minimum quality standard from upstream grape production to downstream commercialization, reinforcing the link with the terroir and improving the promotional activity are some of the main strategies identified to improve the effectiveness of the system. In addition, a more operational role should be recognized to the sectorial organization, in order to stabilize and regulate the transactions on the intermediary market and attract a more market‐oriented approach.Research limitations/implicationsUsing a case study and not a quantitative approach represents the limit of this paper.Originality/valueThe paper provides an original contribution in the sense that some empirical evidences are highlighted, which both support the theoretical arguments for an economic regulation of supply by the sectorial organizations and provide some suggestions, which might be useful outside the Chianti Classico to improve the effectiveness and reliability of the appellation of origin.

While peripheral rural regions in Lebanon face typical problems of lagging development and economic marginalisation, they have not been regarded as a priority for policy-makers, and significant disparities between these and other regions have emerged as a result. Local extensionists have encouraged technological innovation as a means to improving farmers' livelihoods, and this has led to increasing input use and an intensification of agricultural production. This paper applies contrasting quantitative and qualitative methodologies to analyse the effects of such changes at the level of the overall economy of Lebanon and also to explore the impacts on rural households. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model explores several simulation scenarios in which agricultural output increases due to intensification in the use of intermediate inputs. The results are evaluated at local level through the use of qualitative case-study analysis carried out in the Hermel region of northeast Lebanon. Quantitative simulations indicate that, while intensification has a positive effect overall on the Lebanese economy, the effects on rural households and the income of farmers are negative; the case-study demonstrates that, at local level, agricultural trade liberalisation, increased agricultural output and greater volatility of commodity prices has resulted in farmers opting for lower input use and more secure market forms of production.

This study discusses the importance of delineating market boundaries prior to undertaking demand analysis. The Northern Adriatic Sea is considered a good case study by which to test this approach, given the richness of species landed there and their heterogeneous distribution across the space involved. Three groups of demersal species (whitefish, cephalopods, and crustaceans) are chosen for the study. First, geographical market boundaries are defined for each product (species) using price–price relations between market places. Second, demand is analyzed inside the defined market area through the linear approximation of the inverse almost ideal demand system. Geographical market integration bears several patterns of complete or partial integration, depending on the species. It could be said that integration is higher for species of high economic relevance among regions where large quantities are landed. For all product groups, our estimations suggest that moderate substitution effects do exist among species. The characteristics of the fleets and of the buyers, as well as the biophysical attributes of the sea basin (i.e., species richness and heterogeneous spatial distribution) are discussed as explanatory variables of market integration/segmentation.

This paper discusses the connections that exist between several policy areas concerning fisheries, namely fisheries management and regulations in internal and external waters as well as commercial policies. An institutional approach is used to describe the system by indicating the causal interactions and feedbacks that exist between rules, stocks, catches, imports, and prices. The European Union, as one of the major players in the fishing industry and market, is considered as the case study. The key argument of the paper is that when catches decrease, essentially because of the use of inappropriate management tools and strategy, national interest moves from fishers to other categories such as processors and consumers, which involves several changes to external policies. The analysis presented herein shows that this is exactly what is happening in the case of whitefish. Furthermore, the changing habits and preferences of EU consumers have resulted in increasing substitution possibilities between different species, most of which are imported. This fact combined with the reduced level of EU catches means that the EU is decreasingly able to affect international prices.

The international market for fruits and vegetables was one of the first to enter in agribusiness globalization. The reduction of trade barriers , shipping costs and travel time, as improved storage methods of perishable products and investment in specialized terminals in ports led to a spectacular growth of trade in fresh fruits and vegetables since the late twentieth century. Overall, the Mediterranean is one of the main areas of trade in fruits and vegetables. Twenty- two riparian countries represent in value about 23% of world trade in fresh vegetables and 25 % of the fresh fruit. The European Union and some of its member states ( France , Spain, Italy ) are producers and major players in the international trade of fruits and vegetables. Exports of fruits and vegetables from Mediterranean countries such as Egypt , Morocco and Turkey have tended to increase since the beginning of the twenty-first century. However, we must realize that these trade flows of fresh diversify. For help finding new opportunities , the Mediterranean countries have been able to improve their logistics systems that enable new markets . Efficient logistics is now essential for the organization and the competitiveness of fruit and vegetables face in a retail market that requires more work on the basis of a system stream. Thinning of trade in fruit and vegetables, through the logistics business and platforms redistribution of goods, but also the various transport systems play a major role in the geo-economic competition on the international market more increasingly competitive.

L’Atlante cerca di fornire uno strumento agile e comprensibile per conoscere la realtà vitivinicola italiana e per far ciò abbiamo deciso di adottare una scala di analisi realizzando una proposta territoriale più ampia. Per fare ciò abbiamo scelto come criterio guida i più significativi elementi alla base di un terroir, realizzando una nuova unità di lettura del territorio vitivinicolo italiano: le macroaree. Più comprenderemo quanto sia unico il nostro Paese, tanto più crescerà la consapevolezza dell’unicità dei nostri vini nel mondo.

L’obiettivo del lavoro è di analizzare le forme strutturali-organizzative del settore della vite e del vino in Italia, in particolare il legame esistente tra tipologia di relazione verticale (cantina agricola, industriale, cooperativa), dimensione aziendale del vigneto e delle cantine e tipologia di vino prodotta o orientamento alla qualità (vino da tavola, vino a Indicazione Geografica Tipica e vino a Denominazione di Origine). L’analisi delle forme strutturali-organizzative delle unità vinicole, unitamente all’orientamento alla qualità, ha consentito di evidenziare le potenzialità per lo sviluppo del settore e gli indirizzi strategici delle imprese vitivinicole sul mercato nazionale e internazionale. Infine, attraverso la comparazione dei prezzi e dei costi, si fornisce un’indicazione delle performance economiche delle aziende viticole italiane con particolare riferimento ad alcune categorie di costo che caratterizzano il sistema vigneto nazionale distinte per ambiti territoriali, strutturali e qualitativi.

This paper empirically examines the factors influencing winery strategies. Considering the whole population of Italian wineries producing wines with Geographical Indications (GIs), two empirical models have been developed to investigate strategic choices of GI wineries. Results suggest that high-volume strategies are likely to be associated with scale and scope economies, a high number of upstream grape suppliers and by multiproduct ranges where highly constraining designations of origin coexist with geographical indications thereby allowing greater strategic flexibility to exploit market opportunities.

Multiple factors contribute to creating and maintaining a competitive advantage in the current world wine market: firm size and, more generally, the financial capacity to undertake long-term quality investments (equipment, technologies, innovation, R&D etc.), the possibility to exploit scale and scope economies in production and sales activities, the strategic flexibility to adapt volumes and product range to changing market conditions, and product quality and quality differentiation (and signalisation) strategies either through individual or collective brands. In this setting, the recent European CMO (Common Market Organisation) wine reform aims at improving the competitiveness of the EU wine sector, encouraging structural adjustments, modernisation of vineyards, greater cost-effectiveness and market orientation of wine production (EC 2007). Moreover, a strong information and promotion policy aims at improving the image of EU wines and ‘exploiting the new opportunities provided by the emerging markets’.

L'eterogeneità della filiera, in cui coesistono strutture diverse per ampiezza e organizzazione, assicura al sistema vitivinicolo nazionale un alto livello di reputazione che, insieme all'alta capacità imprenditoriale, consente elevata vitalità sui mercati nazionali e internazionali e una specificità territoriale coerente con le tradizioni locali

The Italian fishery supply chain is highly fragmented and lacking in organization; consequently most firms experience high operating costs, low sale prices and limited profitability. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of policy intervention, in particular the creation of a collective label of origin, to promote local fishery products and increase their value. As a case study, we focus on the quality certification scheme named “PCAA - Prodotto Certificato dell’Alto Adriatico” (Certified Northern Adriatic Product), proposed by the Emilia-Romagna Regional Authority in order to promote the economic development of the regional supply chain and to facilitate private initiatives for coordination among supply chain participants. By means of a direct survey on key regional economic agents, we investigate organisation of firms, relationships between them and their strategic behaviour at each stage of the supply chain - namely fishing and aquaculture firms, wholesale markets, wholesalers, processors and retailers. As a result of the analysis, we provide an assessment of product flows along the supply chain for the main commercial species in Emilia-Romagna. We identify factors affecting the decision to participate in the PCAA certification scheme, and we discuss the expected effects of private agents’ strategies on supply chain organization, as well as possible public intervention policies.

Il sistema agroalimentare contemporaneo si caratterizza per una crescente attenzione alla qualità, intesa come capacità del bene alimentare di soddisfare le aspettative del consumatore; il concetto di qualità si estende fino a includere, accanto alle caratteristiche organolettiche, al gusto, agli aspetti visivi, etc., attributi “di fiducia”, non perfettamente osservabili e valutabili da parte del consumatore, nemmeno dopo l’atto di consumo. La qualità, infatti, nella sua accezione più ampia, comprende aspetti quali la salute, la nutrizione, la qualità ambientale, la valorizzazione del territorio, gli effetti dei processi produttivi sul benessere degli animali, etc. La desiderabilità di tali attributi si traduce in domanda, nella misura in cui il consumatore è disposto a pagare per un prodotto che garantisca un “livello di qualità” superiore. La proliferazione delle iniziative private di normalizzazione della qualità dei prodotti agroalimentari pone alcune questioni fondamentali che hanno condotto all’elaborazione, da parte della Commissione Europea, nell’ambito del “Pacchetto Qualità 2010”, di orientamenti sulle migliori pratiche riguardo ai regimi facoltativi di certificazione per i prodotti agricoli e alimentari. Il presente contributo si propone, dopo avere analizzato le logiche e le forme dell’intervento pubblico e privato e i relativi meccanismi d’interdipendenza strategica, di fornire uno schema interpretativo dell’interazione tra politiche pubbliche e strategie private per la qualità, con particolare riferimento ai regimi facoltativi di certificazione.

Il pacchetto di misure emanato dal Consiglio Europeo nel marzo 2007, meglio noto come “principio del 20-20-20”, ha sancito le linee guida dell’Unione Europea e degli stati membri sulle politiche energetiche. L’UE si impegna a ridurre del 20% le proprie emissioni di green house gas (GHG) entro il 2020, proponendosi contemporaneamente di innalzare al 20% la produzione energetica da fonti rinnovabili. La strategicità della biomassa è rappresentata dalla possibilità di valorizzare oltre i prodotti anche i sottoprodotti, ovvero i residui colturali, agro-zootecnici ed agro-industriali senza determinare effetti competitivi sui mercati dei prodotti agricoli tra la destinazione alimentare e non. Nel presente lavoro ci si pone l’obiettivo di verificare la fattibilità tecnica ed economica della produzione energetica da residui colturali e dai processi di trasformazione agroalimentare del settore vitivinicolo in Emilia Romagna. Attraverso l’analisi della distribuzione geografica a livello provinciale, dei vigneti e delle cantine, è stata individuata e mappata la disponibilità di sottoprodotti, sarmenti e vinacce, derivanti dalle strutture viticole e vinicole emiliano-romagnale. Successivamente è stata ipotizzata l’istituzione di una filiera agro energetica il cui nodo centrale risiede proprio nella distribuzione e concentrazione del sottoprodotto sul territorio e di conseguenza il dimensionamento del processo produttivo e del network logistico con i relativi costi di esercizio e trasporto. L’analisi delle modalità di valorizzazione energetica è stata condotta tenendo conto delle proprietà energetiche e relative caratteristiche tecniche dei sarmenti della potatura e delle vinacce. Una volta definito il processo produttivo nelle sue caratteristiche tecniche e strutturali, sono state elaborate analisi di tipo economico e finanziario volte a fornire indicazioni circa le alternative progettuali e le problematiche relative all’istituzione di una filiera agro energetica.

The objective of this paper is to verify the technical and economic feasibility of energy production by residues of vine-wine industry in an Italian region. Through analysis of geographical distribution, at province level, of vineyard and winery we proceeded to identify of location and availability of raw material resulting by vine and wine structures of Emilia Romagna Region. Then, we are hypothesized achievement of an agro-energy chain and consequently production process size, logistic network and on operating cost and transportation. Analysis provides definition of three alternative scenarios. Each scenario is characterized by different size of energy conversion plant and consequently by transport network. Logistic network modeling is realized consistently to information of number of plants and location of vine and wine structures around of regional territory. According to the considered technical parameters hypothesized scenarios are three (plan of 400 Kwe, 1000 Kwe and 2000 Kwe) identified according to plant size and availability of raw materials taking into account the distance of 70 Km of supplying to obtain the recognized incentive. Determined collect and chipping cost of pruning (about 70 €/ton) and indentified marc cost in Emilia Romagna region (about 20 €/ton), that represent raw material cost for energy process, we are proceeded to define operation cost related to energy conversion and financial assessment of investment. Economic analysis was carried out assessing costs of each plant of for each scenario along all chain, included storage and transport costs of byproduct, other than collect raw material. Revenues consist of two different items: one for selling electric energy and heat and the other for state incentive. Given the availability and location of raw material on regional territory results show a medium-big plant configuration over 2000 Kwe.

This study was laid out in the “Renana” reclamation and irrigation board, in the Italian region of Emilia Romagna (northern Italy). Its objective was to evaluate the current and future possible policies adopted or to be adopted in order to spur a rational planning and decision making in water management and to give valid scientific answers to the local decision makers. A mathematical stochastic model was designed and implemented using data collected from farms in the area and other local sources. These policies are mainly based on modifying water quantity, the irrigable area, and the flat water tariffs. Finally all these changes are also analyzed in the presence of a volumetric water tariff designed by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Results have shown how fundamental it is to improve distribution efficiency of the channel system in order to increase irrigated land, for the positive socio-economic and environmental impacts on the territory. However, the introduction of a volumetric tariff could be an effective tool to control water demand expected to augment due to such policy measures, depending on yearly water availability; it could be very profitable to the RIB which will increase returns. Cette étude a été réalisée auprès de l’Office de mise en valeur et de l’irrigation “Renana”, dans la région italienne Emilie Romagne (dans le nord de l’Italie). L’objectif était d’évaluer les politiques actuelles et les politiques futures qui pourraient être adoptées afin d’encourager une planification et une prise de décisions raisonnées en matière d’aménagement de l’eau et de proposer des solutions scientifiques appropriées aux décideurs locaux. A cette fin, un modèle mathématique stochastique a été mis au point et appliqué en s’appuyant sur des données collectées au niveau des exploitations de la région ou à partir d’autres sources locales. Ces politiques reposent essentiellement sur la modification de la quantité d’eau, de la surface irrigable et des taux forfaitaires. Ces modifications sont successivement analysées en prenant en compte la tarification volumétrique de l’eau élaborée dans le cadre de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) de l’Union Européenne. Les résultats ont confirmé l’importance d’améliorer l’efficience de distribution du système de canalisation pour accroitre la surface irriguée, vu les effets socio-économiques et environnementaux positifs générés sur le territoire. Toutefois, l’introduction d’un tarif volumétrique pourrait représenter un outil efficace pour contrôler la demande d’eau qui est censée pouvoir augmenter, suite à l’adoption de ces mesures, selon la disponibilité annuelle d’eau. Ceci pourrait représenter un avantage très significatif en terme de rentabilité pour l’Office de mise en valeur et de l’irrigation « Renana » qui réussirait ainsi à accroître ses recettes.

Obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare le attività svolte dalla Regione Emilia Romagna nell’ambito del DOCUP-SFOP 2000-2006 nelle sue differenti iniziative intraprese attraverso la quantificazione delle domande e delle tipologie di intervento previste dai singoli bandi nelle diverse misure attivate. Viene, altresì affrontata la valutazione e il monitoraggio ex-post dei finanziamenti disponibili, impegnati ed erogati nelle differenti misure intraprese dal DOCUP-SFOP e nell’arco temporale in cui si è protratta la programmazione strutturale. La valutazione è svolta attraverso la costruzione di un data base relativo alle singole domande pervenute e relative liquidazioni effettuate descrivendone le principali caratteristiche di intervento e le procedure adottate. A tale proposito sono stati individuati alcuni indicatori tecnici ed economici, sulla base dei dati disponibili, al fine di valutare le capacità organizzative e di spesa della Amministrazione pubblica e gli effetti prodotti dalle misure adottate sullo sviluppo e capacità competitiva della filiera ittica regionale. Il lavoro si articola in più capitoli dove nella prima parte si affronta lo stato di attuazione del DOCUP-SFOP, evidenziando gli orientamenti legislativi europei dalla quale questo documento trae origine, per arrivare agli atti regionali con i quali si è dato inizio ai lavori. Il report prosegue con la descrizione delle attività del Programma SFOP e dei finanziamenti ad esso collegati. I capitoli 3, 4 e 5 affrontano, invece, la valutazione per Asse e per singole misure delle domande, dei contributi e dei pagamenti effettuati dalla Pubblica Amministrazione. In particolare, si è proceduto a illustrare le tipologie di investimento che i singoli beneficiari (privati e pubblici) hanno effettuato grazie ai finanziamenti pubblici, quindi ad analizzare gli aspetti finanziari del Programma DOCUP-SFOP attraverso la valutazione della capacità organizzativa e gestionale della Amministrazione regionale nella attivazione delle misure previste.

The fruit and vegetable (FV) sector has a relevant and increasing economic value in the EU, accounting for about 20% of the total value of agricultural production; the countries with higher significance are Greece, Spain, and Italy (from 25% to 35%). Nevertheless, producers are negatively affected by structural problems related to the small size of the farms and their inability to concentrate and promote production. In order to improve producers’ competitive conditions, the 2007 reform of the Common Market Organization for fruit and vegetables provides measures in favor of growers who are members of Producer Organizations (POs). Still, the evaluation of PO effectiveness is ambiguous. For instance, the value of production marketed by POs as a share of total production of the member states varies considerably across the EU countries. This article carries out a comparative study of the capability of POs to concentrate supply and promote the production of their members in three important producing countries: Italy, Spain, and France. The analysis is based on operational programs prepared by POs to obtain financial aid from the European Commission and considers production value distribution and composition, marketing channels (supermarkets, wholesale, small retail, and processing), and measures provided to support farmers in production, marketing, and the protection of the environment. A descriptive statistics analysis and an empirical regression model are used.

L’elaborazione di una politica strutturale e di mercato di qualsiasi settore richiede una conoscenza di base e una molteplicità di informazione utili per tracciare le linee di sviluppo e di adeguamento alle dinamiche socio-economiche. E tale esigenza è ancora più evidente nel settore ittico dato i profondi e rapidi cambiamenti a cui è sottoposto e le relative regolamentazioni e direttive a cui devono sottostare gli operatori del settore. Basti osservare il calo occupazionale e il processo in atto di riconversione e ristrutturazione della flotta e dei sistemi di pesca nelle diverse aree geografiche, la tendenziale copertura del fabbisogno alimentare con prodotti di allevamento e prodotti trasformati, la maggiore attenzione verso le problematiche della sostenibilità ambientale, la crescente competitività internazionale, le problematiche sulla sicurezza alimentare e miglioramento della qualità e delle condizioni igienico-sanitarie e gli orientamenti sulle priorità di intervento e la predisposizione dei programmi del Fondo Europeo per Pesca, costituiscono i temi del dibattito che gli organismi pubblici e gli operatori privati si trovano a dover affrontare. Da non sottovalutare, anche, che il settore ittico in Emilia Romagna occupa un posto di rilievo nell’economia regionale, non tanto relativamente alla sola attività produttiva di pesca il cui contributo sulla formazione del reddito del settore primario o del PIL regionale rimane modesto, ma soprattutto nel complesso delle attività connesse che agiscono sull’economia locale. IPertanto, l’acquisizione e l’analisi delle informazioni relative al settore ittico e alle sue interrelazioni con il contesto socio-economico e ambientale diventa l’elemento fondamentale per una base conoscitiva primaria da cui partire per una coerente ed efficace politica dello sviluppo del settore. Nel presente volume vengono analizzate, nel primo capitolo, le dinamiche della struttura produttiva della pesca marittima, con particolare riferimento alla composizione della flotta per battello, per tonnellaggio, per equipaggio, catture, ricavi e relativi sistemi di pesca. Particolare attenzione viene data all’analisi della distribuzione e tipologia della flotta per ufficio marittimo e alla valutazione degli indicatori di sostenibilità economica e ambientale. La domanda dei prodotti ittici viene affrontata nel secondo capitolo approfondendo alcuni comportamenti di acquisto e le dinamiche dei consumi sia in Italia che nell’are di maggiore interesse della regione. Nel terzo capitolo viene esaminato l’andamento dell’attività dei mercati ittici all’ingrosso, soffermandosi alla composizione delle catture in volume e all’andamento dei prezzi mensili delle principali specie. Nel quarto capitolo si affronta l’analisi della maricoltura e il demanio marittimo. Attraverso i dati acquisiti dal Servizio Ittico regionale si identificano: numero delle concessione, impianti, imprese, occupazione e dimensione dell’attività di mitilicoltura e venericoltura nelle diverse aree della regione Emilia Romagna, con particolare riferimento al piano di gestione della Sacca di Goro. Un approfondimento sui Consorzi di Gestione e Tutela dei molluschi bivalvi viene svolto nel quinto capitolo dove si prendono in considerazione l’attività dei Cogemo. Nel capitolo sesto si affronta la dinamica della pesca nelle acque interne attraverso l’analisi della consistenza degli operatori e l’attività di pesca svolta nelle zone di montagna. Nel capitolo settimo viene analizzata la dinamica delle imprese nel settore ittico sia a livello produttivo che del processo di trasformazione con la descrizione di alcuni indicatori economico-finanziari delle imprese di trasformazione regionali. Infine, nel capitolo ottavo viene eseguito un approfondimento sulla dinamica degli scambi commerciali con l’estero, in cui si affronta l’andamento delle importazioni, esportazioni e saldo commerciale per le diverse categorie di prodotto e per i principali paes...