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Oesophageal cancer is among the ten most common types of cancer worldwide. More than 80% of the cases and deaths related to the disease occur in developing countries. Local socio-economic, epidemiologic and healthcare particularities led us to create a Brazilian guideline for the management of oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) carcinomas. The Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumours invited 50 physicians with different backgrounds, including radiology, pathology, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, genetics, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and clinical oncology, to collaborate. This document was prepared based on an extensive review of topics related to heredity, diagnosis, staging, pathology, endoscopy, surgery, radiation, systemic therapy (including checkpoint inhibitors) and follow-up, which was followed by presentation, discussion and voting by the panel members. It provides updated evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical management of oesophageal and OGJ carcinomas in several scenarios and clinical settings.

Background: Since the publication of the first Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer (GC) in 2012 carried out by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association, new concepts on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up have been incorporated. Aim: This new consensus is to promote an update to professionals working in the fight against GC and to provide guidelines for the management of patients with this condition. Methods: Fifty-nine experts answered 67 statements regarding the diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of GC with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers “fully agree” and “partially agree” was reached. This article presents only the responses of the participating experts. Comments on each statement, as well as a literature review, will be presented in future publications. Results: Of the 67 statements, there was consensus in 50 (74%). In 10 declarations, there was 100% agreement. Conclusion: The gastric cancer treatment has evolved considerably in recent years. This consensus gathers consolidated principles in the last decades, new knowledge acquired recently, as well as promising perspectives on the management of this disease.

Background: The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association (ABCG) was recently published. On this occasion, several experts in gastric cancer expressed their opinion before the statements presented. Aim: To present the ABCG Guidelines (part 1) regarding the diagnosis, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up of gastric cancer patients. Methods: To forge these Guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each statement present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Results: Of the 24 statements, two (8.3%) were classified with level of evidence A, 11 (45.8%) with B and 11 (45.8%) with C. As for the degree of recommendation, six (25%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, nine (37.5%) recommendation 2a, six (25%) 2b and three (12.5%) grade 3. Conclusion: The guidelines presented here are intended to assist professionals working in the fight against gastric cancer with relevant and current information, granting them to be applied in the daily medical practice. RESUMO Racional: O II Consenso Brasileiro de Câncer Gástrico da Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico (ABCG) foi recentemente publicado. Nesta ocasião, inúmeros especialistas que atuam no tratamento desta doença expressaram sua opinião diante declarações apresentadas. Objetivo: Apresentar as Diretrizes da ABCG (Parte 1) quanto ao diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento endoscópico e seguimento dos pacientes com câncer gástrico. Métodos: Para formulação destas Diretrizes os autores realizaram extensa e atual revisão referente a cada declaração presente no II Consenso, utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO com os seguintes descritores: câncer gástrico, estadiamento, tratamento endoscópico e seguimento. Ainda, cada declaração foi classificada de acordo com o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Resultados: Das 24 declarações, duas (8,3%) foram classificadas com nível de evidência A, 11 (45,8%) B e 11 (45,8%) C. Quanto ao grau de recomendação, seis (25%) declarações obtiveram grau de recomendação 1, nove (37,5%) grau 2a, seis (25%) 2b e três (12,5%) 3. Conclusão: As diretrizes aqui presentes têm a finalidade de auxiliar os profissionais que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico com informações relevantes e atuais, permitindo que sejam aplicadas na prática médica diária.

to study the expression of the tissue factor (TF) and its correlation with prognosis and survival in patients with gastric carcinoma.we measured the immunohistochemical expression of TF in 50 specimens of gastric adenocarcinomas from patients submitted to curative surgery. We then compared the intensity of its expression with clinical and pathological data, TNM staging, prognostic factors and survival.all tumors displayed TF expression; the intensity of TF expression was not associated with TNM stage, clinical or pathological variables or general survival.TF has a high expression in gastric carcinoma, but that it is not useful as a prognostic marker.estudar a expressão do fator tecidual (FT) e sua correlação com o prognostico e sobrevida em pacientes com carcinoma gástrico.verificamos a expressão imuno-histoquímica do FT em 50 espécimes de adenocarcinomas gástricos de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com intenção curativa. A intensidade da sua expressão foi comparada com dados clínicos e patológicos, estadiamento TNM, fatores prognósticos e sobrevida.houve expressão do FT em todos os tumores; a intensidade de expressão do FT não foi associada com estágio TNM, variáveis clínicas ou patológicas ou sobrevida geral.este estudo mostra que o FT tem uma expressão elevada em carcinoma gástrico, mas que este não é útil como marcador de prognóstico.

Background: The complexity of the management of gastric cancer requires a multidisciplinary evaluation of patients with this tumor. Several treatments have been employed, associated to the surgical resection. Objective: To review the available therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods : A review of selected articles on multidisciplinary treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma in the Pubmed and Medline databases between 2000 and 2017 was carried out. The following headings were related: stomach cancer, treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results : There are several valid alternatives, with good results for the treatment of gastric cancer: chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in the adjuvant scenario; perioperative chemotherapy; and chemoradiotherapy after neoadjuvance with isolated chemotherapy. Conclusion : Current evidences suggest that combined multidisciplinary treatment is superior to surgery alone. However, the optimal treatment regimen is not yet established, and depends on a number of factors, especially the type of surgical resection employed. Therefore, the therapeutic decision should be made by a multidisciplinary team, assessing patient’s personal characteristics, biology of the tumor, residual disease, risks and side effects. RESUMO Introdução : A complexidade do manejo do câncer gástrico torna necessária a avaliação multidisciplinar dos pacientes com esse tumor. Diversas alternativas de tratamento têm sido empregadas, associadas com a ressecção cirúrgica. Objetivo: Analisar as alternativas disponíveis para o tratamento do adenocarcinoma gástrico. Método : Foi realizada revisão de artigos selecionados sobre tratamento multidisciplinar do adenocarcinoma gástrico nas bases de dados Pubmed e Medline entre 2000 e 2017. Os seguintes descritores foram relacionados: câncer de estômago, tratamento, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Resultados : Existem várias alternativas válidas, com bons resultados para o tratamento do câncer gástrico: adjuvância com químio e radioterapia ou quimioterapia isolada; quimioterapia perioperatória; e químio e radioterapia após neoadjuvância com quimioterapia isolada. Conclusão : As evidências sugerem que o tratamento combinado é superior ao da cirurgia isolada. Entretanto, o esquema ideal de tratamento ainda não está estabelecido e depende de uma série de fatores, principalmente o tipo de ressecção cirúrgica empregada. Portanto, a decisão terapêutica deve ser tomada por equipe multidisciplinar, avaliando características pessoais do paciente, biologia do tumor, possibilidade de doença residual, riscos e a capacidade do paciente de tolerar tratamentos não isentos de efeitos colaterais.

The authors conducted a review of the major aspects of progression of knowledge about the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Through literature review, we analyzed articles on the history of the evolution of anatomical, physiological, pathological and surgical knowledge of the parathyroid glands. Because of their unique anatomical features, the parathyroid glands were the last of the endocrine glands to be discovered, which greatly hindered proper treatment until the first decades of the twentieth century. Technological developments in the last 30 years greatly facilitated the location of the glands and hyperparathyroidism surgery. However, an experienced and dedicated surgeon is still essential to the excellence of treatment. RESUMO Os autores fizeram uma revisão dos principais aspectos históricos da progressão do conhecimento sobre o tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica, foram analisados artigos selecionados sobre a história da evolução do conhecimento anatômico, fisiológico, patológico e cirúrgico das glândulas paratireoides. Devido às suas características anatômicas peculiares, as paratireoides foram as últimas das glândulas endócrinas a serem descobertas, o que dificultou sobremaneira seu tratamento adequado até as primeiras décadas do Século XX. A evolução tecnológica ocorrida nos últimos 30 anos facilitou sobremaneira a localização das glândulas e a cirurgia do hiperparatireoidismo. Contudo, um cirurgião experiente e dedicado ao tratamento dessa enfermidade ainda é fundamental para a excelência do tratamento.

OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar as principais complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos à ressecção gástrica por câncer gástrico com linfadenectomia D2. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma coorte histórica onde as principais variáveis em estudo foram: idade, localização do tumor, estadiamento, complicações do procedimento cirúrgico, padrão de recidiva tumoral, análise da sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida total. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 35 pacientes submetidos à dissecção linfonodal D2 no período de Janeiro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2004. A média de idade foi 57 anos. Apenas um (2,9%) paciente apresentava tumor precoce e o local mais comum do tumor foi no terço médio do estômago. O número de linfonodos ressecados por paciente variou de 15 a 80 linfonodos (média 28,8). Vinte e seis (74,3%) pacientes apresentaram linfonodos metastáticos, sendo a média de 13,4 (±11,8) linfonodos comprometidos por paciente. Seis (17,1%) pacientes apresentaram complicações no período pós-operatório, sendo duas pneumonias, uma fístula pancreática, uma fístula do coto duodenal e duas deiscências da anastomose esôfago-jejunal. Apenas um (2,86%) paciente morreu devido a complicações operatórias. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 26 meses. Vinte e dois pacientes apresentavam-se vivos no fechamento do estudo, com uma sobrevida atuarial de 62,9%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, em centros especializados, a linfadenectomia D2 é um procedimento com nível de complicações aceitável e pode ser realizada sem aumento da mortalidade operatória. BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the postoperative complications and the survival of patients submitted to gastric resection with extended lymphadenectomy. METHODS: In a historical cohort, data of patients with gastric carcinoma submitted to D2 lymphadenectomy were studied. The main variables analyzed were: age, tumor location, stage, surgical procedure complications, pattern of tumor recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were studied during the period between January 2000 and December 2004. Mean age of the patients was 57 years. Only one (2.9%) patient had early gastric cancer. The most common site was in the middle-third of the stomach. The number of resected nodes per patient ranged from 15 to 80 (mean of 28.8). Twenty-six (74.3%) patients had metastatic lymph nodes, with mean of 13.4 (±11.8) positive nodes per patient. Six (17.1%) patients had complications in the postoperative period, including two pneumonias, one pancreatic fistula, one duodenal stump fistula, and two esophagojejunal leakage. Only one (2.86%) patient died of operative complications. The meantime of follow-up was 26 months. Twenty-two patients were alive at the conclusion of the study, with a current actuarial survival of 62.9%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that, in specialized centers, gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is a procedure with acceptable levels of complications, and can be performed without increasing the postoperative mortality.

Objetivos: Revisar a historia do conhecimento sobre as afeccoes da tireoide, com enfase na evolucao do tratamento cirurgico das doencas dessa glândula, especialmente nos cirurgioes envolvidos no aperfeicoamento de uma operacao que inicialmente apresentava altas taxas de complicacoes e mortalidade. Metodos: Revisao da literatura utilizando as bases de dados PubMed e LILACS. Foram selecionados artigos relevantes sobre a historia da cirurgia da glândula tireoide. Resultados: A evolucao historica da cirurgia da tireoide e semelhante a evolucao da cirurgia em geral. Inicialmente cercada de supersticoes e resultados desastrosos, foi sendo aperfeicoada pela contribuicao de icones da cirurgia como Billroth, Kocher e Halsted, ate tornar-se um procedimento efetivo. Por se tratar de uma doenca com alta prevalencia, permitiu que centros de referencia atingissem enorme experiencia no procedimento, sendo inclusive o tipo de cirurgia que oportunizou o desenvolvimento das maiores clinicas de cirurgia nos Estados Unidos e na Europa. Conclusoes: Apesar de reconhecida desde a antiguidade atraves das afeccoes que a acometem, o tratamento cirurgico das doencas da tireoide somente se tornou seguro nos ultimos 120 anos. O desprendimento e a coragem de cirurgioes pioneiros permitiram a compreensao da anatomia e da fisiologia da glândula tireoide, o que possibilita a realizacao de uma operacao com altas taxas de seguranca e efetividade nos dias atuais.

Background: Hepatic steatosis is prevalent in obese patients. Although it requires histology for diagnosis, ultrasound may indicate its presence. We evaluated the importance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of steatosis in morbidly obese patients, and considered its clinical relevance for patients with BMI of 35-40 kg/m2 without co-morbidities. Methods: 187 morbidly obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery were prospectively studied. All patients had ultrasound before the operation, and hepatic biopsies during the operation, which were compared. Results: The prevalence of steatosis histologically was 91.4%. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing steatosis was 49.1% and 75%, respectively,with a positive predictive value of 95.4%. Conclusion: The biopsies found a very high prevalence of steatosis in the studied population. The ultrasound results yielded a high positive predictive value (95.4%), suggesting its use as a diagnostic tool for this co-morbidity in morbidly obese patients.The low sensitivity of the method could be related to the lack of objective criteria for the ultrasound diagnosis of steatosis, and probably, technical problems in performing ultrasound in such patients. We believe that in patients with a BMI of 35-40 kg/m2 without other comorbidities, the ultrasound finding of steatosis could be of value as an indication for bariatric surgery.

Background: Although non-alcoholic hepatitis usually is asymptomatic and benign, this condition may progress to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Some findings are similar to alcoholic hepatitis, but there is no history of excessive alcohol consumption. Among the factors associated with non-alcoholic hepatitis, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia are the most important. Methods: 77 consecutive patients undergoing bariatric surgery had their liver biopsy compared to the presence of co-morbidities and BMI. Results: 67 patients (87.1%) had an abnormal liver biopsy, mostly due to steatosis (83.1%), but also steatohepatitis (2.6%) and cirrhosis (1.3%). The degree of liver damage was related to higher BMI scores. Co-morbidities were present in 46.9% of the patients with hepatic steatosis. Conclusions: The authors suggest that a liver biopsy should be performed in all patients at bariatric surgery, in order to evaluate possible liver damage and to assist postoperative care.

Aims: To review the main historical aspects of the treatment evolution of pancreatic cancer. Data source: Literature review through PubMed. Selected articles on the history of pancreatic cancer treatment were included. Summary of findings: Complete surgical resection is the only therapeutic alternative that can offer a cure to patients with pancreatic cancer. However, pancreaticoduodenectomy is one of the most challenging surgical procedures, requiring surgeons with a high level of training for its safe implementation. Several researchers have been involved in the evolution of surgical techniques in pancreatic surgery to reach the levels of safety currently presented by the procedure. Conclusions: Despite the safety with which pancreaticoduodenectomy is currently performed, postoperative survival in pancreatic cancer is still insufficient, suggesting that operative technical issues are just one of the steps needed to improve the outcome. Better screening methods that enable earlier diagnosis of tumors, identification of high-risk patients and improvements in adjuvant treatment are required to increase the cure rate for this neoplasm.

The papiloduodenectomy is a procedure that, although accomplished rarely, has its validity in selected cases of papillary tumors. It is included in this group the patients with important diseases that doesn't have conditions of supporting the surgery of Whipple, the standard procedure for these pathologies. The authors review its experience with four patient carriers of malign neoplasia of the duodenal papila submitted to papiloduodenectomy. All the patients came jaundiced to the admission. The age varied of 62 to 82 years. The ultrassonography, the computed tomography and the endoscopy with biopsy were used for diagnosis and staging, and all the patients presented with initial stages (TI or T2). Two patients were classified as ASA3 and the other two as ASA4, according to the American Society of Anesthesiology. All the diagnoses were proven by the pathological exam of the surgical piece. It is ended that this procedure facilitates to obtain appropriate margins and satisfactory results when indicated of appropriate way.

Gallbladder triplication is an unusual congenital biliary malformation, and its laparoscopic management has not been described. We report the 11th case of gallbladder triplication and the first successfully treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We consider the procedure reliable and safe, after proper identification of the common biliary duct.