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In terms of technological approach to the definition of information society, an important aspect in the formation of human capital is the development of technological innovations and their impact on human capital. Level of human capital amenities is becoming a key factor in the economic growth of the country. In terms of information society, there is a fundamental change in human capital, as a result of the introduction of new technologies. Innovation can bring transformation in job skills, work organization and institutional relations between the company and the job. Aggregate studies on innovation and job skills deliver findings, which identify a weak trend towards greater skills in terms of human capital due to the introduction of innovations. Part of the studies confirm that an advent of innovations leads to depreciation of existing skills - reducing the level of human capital, while the latter points out that the impact of innovation is reflected also in raising the level of job skills - raising the level of human capital, as it assumes that the with uptake of new technologies, employees are exempt from routine work and can better manage the production process. Innovations liberate the employees and at the same time require the adoption of employees with new skills. This leads to the transfer of employees from one company to another and to increase competition among professions. It is widely recognized that innovation is not likely to be directly related to employment, and the decisive manner, in which subsequent technical, technological and organizational changes affect jobs. In terms of development of human capital, there are essential findings that innovative changes vastly increase the importance of human thought in the labor force - the stronger the penetration of information technology in companies, the greater the need for independence and education of employees, who are motivated, to decide on overall sequence of their work. Slovakia is lagging behind in the creation of new knowledge. Innovation implies a long-term downward trend and low investment in education and in research and development at government level as well as in the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the contribution is to examine the impact of employment policy instruments on the development of unemployment and employment in Slovakia and in selected EU countries, as well as the definition of employment policy instruments, suitable for application in SR. We are focused on explaining various interpretations and opinions on the origins, consequences and possibilities of eliminating the negative phenomena associated with unemployment. Attention is also paid to the mapping of the most important historical and political concepts of the perception of the labor market, employment and unemployment. In the paper, we are focusing on defining the object of our research and defining the methods we use. In addition to basic methods used in scientific works, such as economic analysis, the logical-historical approach also uses basic statistical methods. To assess the effectiveness of the employment policy instruments, a key is to exame the impact of employment policy instruments on employment and unemployment indicators. We first deal with the impacts of tools on selected indicators from a logical-historical approach, a theoretical analysis, as well as an analysis of the fulfillment of the set goals. Later, based on the use of statistical methods, we describe the impact of selected employment policy instruments on employment and unemployment indicators in selected countries. In the final part of the paper, we summarize the the results and facts. The results of the analysis about the impact of the employment policy instruments lead to the conclusion that the amount of funds allocated to active labor market measures successfully affects employment and unemployment indicators, but not all countries are also meeting the goals of the Europe 2020 economic strategy. At the same time, not all employment policy instruments are effective in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of young people into labour market is one of the biggest problems of the European Union member states labor markets. Young people are more often unemployed than older workers, they also are frequently employed in insecure temporary jobs or/and the jobs within the secondary labor market with lower wages and a lower level of social security. This integration of young people into the labor market became a significant agenda for EU member states. Unemployment among young people under 25 years in Slovakia belongs to one of the highest ones among the EU28 countries. One of the basic socio-demographic peculiarities of the young population aged between 15 and 24, respectively between 15 and 29 years, is the fact that the age range is associated with the end of school education (ie. the completion of a certain degree of educational attainment) and entering the labor market. Future career trajectory of young people depends on a successful mastering the transition from education system to the labor market. Labor market's ability to absorb increases in the labor force is also dependent on an extent of total and youth unemployment. Under conditions of high unemployment rate, the chances to find a first job among young people have declined due to strong competitive pressure from employers, who are preferring workforce that has practical skills and professional experience. According to OECD, if young people face the unemployment immediately after completing their preparation for professional life, it may result in so-called "scarecrow" effect of unemployment e.g. increased inclination towards unemployment also in the future. The graduate unemployment in the Slovak Republic is marked by a typical strong cyclical nature, which is characterized by a period / periods of massive influx of unemployed individuals after leaving the education system, and by a subsequent period of gradual integration into the workforce. This also applies to the unemployment of university graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify the problems associated with current trends in the development of new technologies that have been associated with irreversible loss of many jobs, the emergence of structural unemployment and the subsequent transfer of labor force between economic sectors. One way to mitigate the negative effects of these processes is to support the formation of human capital, strengthening the competent adaptability and mobility of labor, which will help to build social and emotional resilience to shocks in labor markets. At the same time, more demands are and will be placed on a man than in the past, not only at the level of knowledge, willingness to acquire professional knowledge, but also at the level of more commitment, perseverance, creativity, purposefulness, ability to get ahead and achieve something, ability to carry a certain amount of risk and responsibility for their personal progress as part of human capital of an individual. A close relationship to the creation and transfer of knowledge in the information society creates for everyone a challenge to sustain and enrich their competencies continuously. Since we are continuous learning, human capital is constantly forming and developing. In terms of development and formation of human capital, there is new trend of lifelong education within the school education system as well as trainings along the job in educational structures of enterprises and in all ranges of formal and informal education, within all methods of acquiring knowledge are applied, including a self-study. Today, most of the knowledge are aging and even outdated before the working life end - rapid economic and technological development causes the "acceleration" of time, and consequently individuals or groups do not come into contact with a permanently existing knowledge or traditional classification of knowledge. They are rather to meet variable flow of knowledge, which direction is difficult to predict. The risk of high flexibility in the labor market include the fact that the acquiring of skills required for success in the labor market is becoming more and more an individual responsibility, along with how flexible employment relationships helped to weaken corporate investments in trainings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment is a natural consequence of the development of market economies associated with the globalization of the world economy based on free choice and democracy, which is coupled with the need for labor mobility. It also reflects the cyclical development of the economy, but may grow into uncontrollable dimensions, which is reflected not only in economic but also in social consequences. Slovak economy, as well as other European Countries, was affected by the financial and economic crisis, not only by increasing unemployment, a loss of performance but also by a decrease of capability to create new jobs. Defining demand at a national level is problematic in terms of the total volume of the structure, as to the performance of transnational corporations. Reviving of unemployment can not only be assessed at the national level, but an important aspect affecting national labor market is the revival of global economy, which leads to the growth of the global labor needs. Currently, the focus of new jobs is shifting from partial professions towards cross-cutting and systemic professions, which must give a comprehensive response to developments in a particular industry. Slovakia is a small market economy significantly tied to major European economies, dominated by linkage to the German economy. Due to the high openness of the economy, the crisis has significantly affected the rate of growth of country's performance and caused a drop in demand and a decrease in both production and unemployment. High unemployment rate in this period was related to revenue shortfalls in the state budget and deepening of the budget deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]