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In this paper, an analytical framework for evaluating the performance of scalable cell-free massive MIMO (SCF-mMIMO) systems in which all user equipments (UEs) and access points (APs) employ finite resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and operates under correlated Rician fading, is presented. By using maximal-ratio combining (MRC) detection, generic expressions for the uplink (UL) spectral efficiency (SE) for both distributed and centralized schemes are derived. In order to further reduce the computational complexity (CC) of the original local partial MMSE (LP-MMSE) and partial MMSE (P-MMSE) detectors, two novel scalable low complexity MMSE detectors are proposed for distributed and centralized schemes respectively, which achieves very similar SE performance. Furthermore, for the distributed scheme a novel partial large-scale fading decoding (P-LSFD) weighting vector is introduced and its analytical SE performance is very similar to the performance of an equivalent unscalable LSFD vector. Finally, a scalable algorithm jointly consisting of AP cluster formation, pilot assignment, and power control is proposed, which outperforms the conventional random pilot assignment and user-group based pilot assignment policies and, contrary to an equal power transmit strategy, it guarantees quality of service (QoS) fairness for all accessing UEs., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, regular paper

To better understand scene images in the field of remote sensing, multi-label annotation of scene images is necessary. Moreover, to enhance the performance of deep learning models for dealing with semantic scene understanding tasks, it is vital to train them on large-scale annotated data. However, most existing datasets are annotated by a single label, which cannot describe the complex remote sensing images well because scene images might have multiple land cover classes. Few multi-label high spatial resolution remote sensing datasets have been developed to train deep learning models for multi-label based tasks, such as scene classification and image retrieval. To address this issue, in this paper, we construct a multi-label high spatial resolution remote sensing dataset named MLRSNet for semantic scene understanding with deep learning from the overhead perspective. It is composed of high-resolution optical satellite or aerial images. MLRSNet contains a total of 109,161 samples within 46 scene categories, and each image has at least one of 60 predefined labels. We have designed visual recognition tasks, including multi-label based image classification and image retrieval, in which a wide variety of deep learning approaches are evaluated with MLRSNet. The experimental results demonstrate that MLRSNet is a significant benchmark for future research, and it complements the current widely used datasets such as ImageNet, which fills gaps in multi-label image research. Furthermore, we will continue to expand the MLRSNet. MLRSNet and all related materials have been made publicly available at https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/7j9bv9vwsx/2 and https://github.com/cugbrs/MLRSNet.git.

A secure downlink transmission system which is exposed to multiple eavesdroppers and is appropriate for Internet of Things (IoT) applications is considered. A worst case scenario is assumed, in the sense that, in order to enhance their interception ability all eavesdroppers are located close to each other, near the controller and collude to form joint receive beamforming. For such a system, a novel cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) secure transmission scheme for which an IoT device with a stronger channel condition acts as an energy harvesting relay in order to assist a second IoT device operating under weaker channel conditions, is proposed and its performance is analyzed and evaluated. A secrecy sum rate (SSR) maximization problem is formulated and solved under three constraints: i) Transmit power; ii) Successive interference cancellation; iii) Quality of Service. By considering both passive and active eavesdroppers scenarios, two optimization schemes are proposed to improve the overall system SSR. On the one hand, for the passive eavesdropper scenario, an artificial noise-aided secure beamforming scheme is proposed. Since this optimization problem is nonconvex, instead of using traditional but highly complex, bruteforce two-dimensional search, it is conveniently transformed into a convex one by using an epigraph reformulation. On the other hand, for the active multi-antennas eavesdroppers' scenario, the orthogonal-projection-based beamforming scheme is considered, and by employing the successive convex approximation method, a suboptimal solution is proposed. Furthermore, since for single antenna transmission the orthogonal-projection-based scheme may not be applicable a simple power control scheme is proposed., Comment: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Accepted

Massive connectivity and low latency are two important challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) to achieve the Quality of Service (QoS) provisions required by the numerous devices it is designed to service. Motivated by these challenges, in the paper we introduce a new millimeter-wave non-orthogonal multiple access (mmWave-NOMA) transmission scheme designed for cellular machine-to-machine (M2M) communication systems for IoT applications. It consists of one base station (BS) and numerous multiple machine type communication (MTC) devices operating in a cellular communication environment. We consider its down-link performance and assume that multiple MTC devices share the same communication resources offered by the proposed mmWave-NOMA transmission scheme, which can support massive connectivity. For this system, a novel MTC pairing scheme is introduced the design of which is based upon the distance between the BS and the MTC devices aiming at reducing the system overall overhead for massive connectivity and latency. In particular, we consider three different MTC device pairing schemes, namely i) the random near and the random far MTC devices (RNRF); ii) the nearest near and the nearest far MTC devices (NNNF); and iii) the nearest near and the farthest far MTC device (NNFF). For all three pairing schemes, their performance is analyzed by deriving closed-form expressions of the outage probability and the sum rate. Furthermore, performance comparison studies of the three MTC device pairing schemes have been carried out., Comment: Accepted by IEEE Internet of Things Journal

The effective capacity (EC) has been recently established as a rigorous alternative to the classical Shannon's ergodic capacity since it accounts for the delay constraints imposed by future wireless applications and their impact on the overall system performance. This paper presents a novel moment generating function (MGF)-based framework for the unified EC performance analysis of a generic Lp-norm diversity combining scheme operating over arbitrary and correlated generalized fading channels and a maximum delay constraint. The Lp-norm diversity is a generic diversity structure which includes as special cases various well-known diversity schemes such as equal gain combining (EGC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC). For MRC, the proposed methodology reduces to a previously published MGF-based approach for the evaluation of the EC, whereas, for EGC, analytical approach presented is novel and the associated performance evaluation results have not been published previously in the open technical literature. Based on this methodology, novel analytical closed-form expressions for the EC performance of dual branch Lp-norm diversity receivers operating over Gamma shadowed generalized Nakagami-m fading channels are deduced. For diversity order greater than two, a novel analytical approach for the asymptotic EC performance analysis is also developed and evaluated, revealing how basic system parameters affect the overall system performance. The overall mathematical formalism is validated with selected numerical and equivalent simulation performance evaluation results thus confirming the correctness of the proposed unified analytical methodology., Comment: This manuscript was submitted on Sept. 30, 2017, for possible publication in the IEEE TCOM as TCOM-TPS-17-1021

The performance of $L$-branch scan-and-wait combining (SWC) reception systems over arbitrarily correlated and not necessarily identically distributed Nakagami-$m$ fading channels is analyzed and evaluated. Firstly, a fast convergent infinite series representation for the SWC output signal-noise ratio (SNR) is presented. This expression is used to obtain analytical expressions in the form of infinite series for the average error probability performance of various modulation schemes for integer values of $m$ as well as the average number of paths estimation and average waiting time (AWT) of $L$-branch SWC receivers for arbitrary values of $m$. The numerically obtained results have shown that the performance expressions converge very fast to their exact analytical values. It was found that the convergence speed depends on the correlation and operating SNR values as well as the Nakagami $m$-parameter. In addition to the analytical results, complementary computer simulated performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of Monte Carlo error counting techniques. The match between these two sets of results has verified the accuracy of the proposed mathematical analysis. Furthermore, it is revealed that, at the expense of a negligible AWT, the average error probability performance of SWC receivers is always superior to that of switched-and-examine combining receivers and in certain cases to that of maximal-ratio combining receivers., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, accepted to IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

The use of optical spatial modulation (OSM), which has been recently emerged as a power and bandwidth efficient pulsed modulation technique for indoor optical wireless communication, is proposed as a simple, low-complexity means of achieving spatial diversity in coherent free space optical (FSO) communication systems. In doing so, this paper makes several novel contributions as follows. It presents a generic analytical framework for obtaining the Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) of uncoded OSM with coherent detection in the presence of turbulence-induced fading. Although the framework is general enough to accommodate any type of models based on turbulence scattering, the focus in this paper is the H-K distribution. Although this distribution represents a very general scattering model valid over a wide range of atmospheric conditions, it is has not been considered in the past in conjunction with FSO systems possibly because of its mathematical complexity. The proposed analytical framework yields exact performance evaluation results for MIMO systems with two transmit- and an arbitrary number of receive apertures. In addition, tight upper bounds are derived for the error probability for OSM systems with an arbitrary number of transmit apertures as well as for convolutionally encoded signals. The performance of OSM is compared to that of well established coherent FSO schemes, employing spatial diversity at the transmitter or the receiver only. Specifically, it is shown that OSM can offer comparable performance with conventional coherent FSO schemes while outperforming the latter in terms of spectral efficiency and hardware complexity. Various numerical performance evaluation results are also presented and compared with equivalent results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations which verify the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions.