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The study aimed to find competent coaches who work with young beginners in athletics in the specialty of middle distance races in terms of training content and competition. The researcher used the descriptive method of the survey method to verify the study's hypotheses. The study sample included (37) coaches from different teams affiliated with the Constantine Athletics League who had previously trained young beginners (10-14 years old). The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool, and the spss version 20 statistical package was used to analyze the results. After analysis and discussion, the researcher concluded that many coaches are far from controlling the training content of young beginners (10-14 years), and their sports career to reach the highest level. The researcher recommended that these trainers be retrained, guided and equipped with the necessary experience and that they use modern scientific references to reach the highest levels., L'étude visait à rechercher des entraîneurs compétents qui travaillent avec des jeunes débutants en athlétisme  (les courses de demi-fond)  en matiere de contenu d'entraînement et  de compétition. Le chercheur a utilisé pour vérifier les hypothèses de l'étude, la méthode descriptive de la méthode d'enquête. L'échantillon de l'étude comprenait (37) entraineurs  de différentes équipes affilies à la ligue d’athlétisme de Constantine qui avaient précédemment formé de jeunes débutants  de (10-14 ans). Le chercheur a utilisé le questionnaire comme un outil, et le package statistique spss /v20 .Après l'analyse statistique et la discussion, le chercheur a conclu que de nombreux entraineurs  sont loin de contrôler le contenu de  formation des jeunes débutants (10-14 ans), et leur carrières sportives pour atteindre le haut niveau. Le chercheur a recommandé que ces  formateurs soient recyclés ; guidés et dotés de l’expérience  nécessaire  pour atteindre les plus hauts niveaux.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on middle distance races in young athletes with moderate levels of performance. An organized work divided into different strength phases, also known as bloc periodization, was applied. Fifteen healthy and physically active university participants volunteered for the study. Individuals were randomly organized into two groups: resistance training group (RG: Age=21.3±2.3 years; Body Mass=66.8±1.9 kg; Height=172.0±2.3 cm; Fat Mass=10.8±1.1%) and strength training group (SG: Age=20.9±1.2 years; Body Mass=69.8±1.3 kg; Height=172.8±3.9 cm, Fat Mass=11.4±0.6%) who performed a strength protocol during 9 weeks (2 days/week). No significant differences were observed at the end of the nine weeks training. Both groups improved significantly their performance in the medium and long distance races, strength, resistance strength and their aerobic capacity (VO2max). Few changes were appreciable in the rest of the evaluated tests (60 and 300 meters). The greatest benefits were observed in the 2000 meters race. These improvements were detected from the first mesocycle and were especially evident at the end of the nine weeks. However, no significant differences were detected between groups (6.5±3.7 vs. 3.7±2.1 ml/kg/min; F=0.534; CI95%= -0.198, 5.932; p=0.65; ES=0.434). In conclusion, we can affirm that in this sample, incorporating strength training does not lead to greater benefits in comparison to just training the running performance El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento concurrente (fuerza y resistencia) sobre las carreras de media distancia en sujetos jóvenes de moderado nivel de rendimiento. Se aplicó un trabajo organizado en fases de diferente orientación de fuerza, lo que se conoce como periodización por bloques. Quin-ce universitarios sanos y físicamente activos participa-ron voluntariamente en el estudio. Fueron organizados aleatoriamente en dos grupos: uno que entrenaba solo resistencia (Grupo Resistencia: GR): Edad=21.3±2.3 años; Peso Corporal=66.8±1.9 kg; Estatura=172.0±2.3 cm; Gra-sa Corporal=10.8±1.1%) y otro (Grupo Fuerza-Resisten-cia: GFR): Edad=20.9±1.2 años; Peso Corporal=69.8±1.3 kg; Estatura=172.8±3.9 cm, Grasa Corporal=11.4±0.6%) al que se le añadió un protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza de 9 semanas (2 días/semana) de duración. No se detectaron grandes diferencias en los cambios observa-dos en ambos grupos al final de las nueve semanas. Los dos grupos mejoraron significativamente su rendimien-to en las carreras de media y larga duración, la fuerza, la resistencia de fuerza y su capacidad aeróbica (VO2max). Los cambios fueron poco apreciables en el resto de las pruebas evaluadas (60 y 300 metros). Los mayores be-neficios se encontraron en la carrera de 2000 metros. Dichas mejoras se detectaron desde el primer mesociclo de entrenamiento y fueron especialmente evidentes al final de las nueve semanas. No obstante, no se detecta-ron diferencias relevantes entre ambos grupos (6.5±3.7 vs. 3.7±2.1 ml/kg/min; F=0.534; IC95%= -0.198, 5.932; p=0.65; ES=0.434). En conclusión, podemos afirmar que en esta muestra incorporar un trabajo de fuerza no con-lleva mayores beneficios que entrenar solo la carrera Actividad Física y Deporte

The main purpose of this study was to identify whether a different protocol to achieve maximal heart rate should be used in sprinters when compared to middle-distance swimmers. As incorporating running training into swim training is gaining increased popularity, a secondary aim was to determine the difference in maximal heart rate between front crawl swimming and running among elite swimmers. Twelve elite swimmers (4 female and 8 male, 7 sprinters and 5 middle-distance, age 18.8 years and body mass index 22.9 kg/m2) swam three different maximal heart rate protocols using a 50 m, 100 m and 200 m step-test protocol followed by a maximal heart rate test in running. There were no differences in maximal heart rate between sprinters and middle-distance swimmers in each of the swimming protocols or between land and water (all p &ge, 0.05). There were no significant differences in maximal heart rate beats-per-minute (bpm) between the 200 m (mean &plusmn, SD, 192.0 &plusmn, 6.9 bpm), 100 m (190.8 &plusmn, 8.3 bpm) or 50 m protocol (191.9 &plusmn, 8.4 bpm). Maximal heart rate was 6.7 &plusmn, 5.3 bpm lower for swimming compared to running (199.9 &plusmn, 8.9 bpm for running, p = 0.015). We conclude that all reported step-test protocols were suitable for achieving maximal heart rate during front crawl swimming and suggest that no separate protocol is needed for swimmers specialized on sprint or middle-distance. Further, we suggest conducting sport-specific maximal heart rate tests for different sports that are targeted to improve the aerobic capacity among the elite swimmers of today.

The purpose of the present work was to present a case study on the influence of implementing a structured strength training intervention in adolescent middle distance athletes. An 8 wk strength training intervention was implemented concurrent to the group’s middle distance training. Prior to and following the intervention a testing battery was implemented and the following physical qualities were assessed: aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, economy, time trial performance, lower body power and vertical stiffness. The concurrent strength and endurance training intervention was an effective training paradigm for improving economy, running performance and strength phenotypes in elite adolescent middle distance athletes.

Running at an even pace is, in both physical and tactical aspect, an essential factor when achieving good results in middle and long distance races. Th e appropriate strategy for running a tactically eff ective race starts by selecting the optimal running speed. Two models of training lasting for six weeks were applied on the group of subjects (N=43) composed of students from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade. Th e aim of the study was to determine how the applied models of training would aff ect the deviations of running speed from the mean values in 2400m races when running for the best result and also, how the applied models of training would aff ect the improvement of aerobic capacities, showed through maximal oxygen uptake. Th e analysis of the obtained results showed that no statistically signifi cant diff erences in the average deviations of running speed from the mean values in 2400m races were recorded in any of the experimental groups either in the initial (G1=2.44±1.74 % and G2=1±0.75 %) or the fi nal measurements (G1=3.72±3.69 % and G2=4.57±3.63 %). Although there were no statistically signifi cant diff erences aft er training stimulus in either fi nal measurements, the subjects achieved better result, that is, they improved the running speed in the fi nal (G1=4.12±0.48 m/s and G2=4.23±0.31 m/s) as compared with the initial measurement (G1=3.7±0.36 m/s and G2=3.84±0.38 m/s). Th e results of the study showed that in both groups, there was a statistically signifi cant improvement in the fi nal measurement (G1=56.05±6.91 ml/kg/min and G2=59.55±6.95 ml/kg/min) as compared to the initial measurement (G1=53.71±7.23 ml/kg/min and G2=54.58±6.49 ml/kg/min) regarding the maximal oxygen uptake so that both training models have a signifi cant eff ect on this variable. Th e results obtained could have a signifi cant contribution when working with students and school population, assuming that in the lessons of theory and practical teaching they are fi rst educated and then, over a relatively extended period of time, are enabled to develop their own ‘sense of space and time’ with an aim to increase the effi ciency of running in middle and long distance races, which in the end manifests itself through achieving better results.

Predictors of performance in adult swimmers are constantly changing during youth especially because the training routine begins even before puberty in the modality. Therefore this study aimed to determine the group of parameters that best predict short and middle swimming distance performances of young swimmers of both genders. Thirty-three 10-to 16-years-old male and female competitive swimmers participated in the study. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used considering mean speed of maximum 100, 200 and 400 m efforts as dependent variables, and five parameters groups as possible predictors (anthropometry, body composition, physiological and biomechanical parameters, chronological age/pubic hair). The main results revealed explanatory powers of almost 100% for both genders and all performances, but with different predictors entered in MLR models of each parameter group or all variables. Thus, there are considerable differences in short and middle swimming distance, and males and females predictors that should be considered in training programs. Preditores de desempenho modificam-se constantemente na juventude devido ao início precoce das rotinas de treinamento sistematizado na natação. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar o grupo de parâmetros que melhor prediz performances de curta e média distância em nadadores jovens de ambos os gêneros. Trinta e três nadadores competitivos de ambos os gêneros (10 a 16 anos) participaram do estudo. Foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla (RLM) considerando as velocidades médias de 100, 200 e 400m como variáveis dependentes, e cinco grupos de parâmetros como possíveis preditores (antropometria, composição corporal, parâmetros fisiológicos e biomecânicos, idade cronológica/ pilosidade pubiana). Os principais resultados revelaram poder de explicação próximo a 100% para ambos os gêneros em todas as performances, entretanto com diferentes preditores nos modelos de RLM. Logo, há consideráveis diferenças que devem ser consideradas em programas de treinamento entre preditores de performances de curta e média distância, para meninos e meninas. Predictores de rendimiento en nadadores adultos cambian constantemente en la juventud, especialmente porque la rutina de entrenamiento comienza antes de la pubertad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue determinar el conjunto de parámetros que mejor predice el rendimiento de corta y media distancia de los nadadores de ambos sexos. Participaron 33 nadadores de ambos sexos (edad, 10-16 años). Regresión lineal múltiple fue usada considerando la velocidad promedio de 100, 200 y 400m como variables dependientes, y cinco grupos de parámetros como posibles predictores (antropometría, composición corporal, parámetros fisiológicos y biomecánicos, edad/vello púbico). Los principales resultados revelan explicación cercana al 100% para ambos sexos en todas las distancias, pero con diferentes modelos de predicción para cada grupo de parámetros o con todos los parámetros. Por tanto, existen diferencias considerables entre los predictores de cortas y media distancias en los niños y niñas que deben ser considerados en los programas de entrenamiento.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearing a triathlon wetsuit (WS) during warming-up swim on post-400m time trial with a swimsuit (SS). Five male triathletes performed prescribed warming-up swim, followed by a maximal 400m swim after about 15 min rest on land. The warming-up swim were conducted in a WS or a SS condition, and the post-400m swim were conducted in a SS condition using indoor 50m pool. Mean velocities for the post-400m swims (V400) were calculated, and blood lactate concentrations (La) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after the post-400m swims were measured. Furthermore, stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were measured for each 50m lap. These measurements obtained during the post-400m swims were compared between two suit conditions during the warming-up swims. No significant differences were found in V400, La and RPE between a WS and a SS conditions. For each 50m lap, SR was significantly lower and SL was tended to be greater in a WS condition. These results suggested that warming-up swim with a WS could modify the stroke patterns with little effect on exerting maximal effort and performance during the post-400m swim. To verify effective usage of wearing a WS as a training gear, further researches were required.

Pacing strategy is of great importance for physical education, especially for health and autonomy. Rather, few studies have attempted to propose metbods to develop this capacity . The aims of this thesis were to better understand pacing strategy and emotional regulation, to develop novel methods to improve it and to estimatc the level of motivation. Rating of perceived exertion (R.PE), but also pleasure, the desire to stop and the desire to continue the exercise were used in different self-paced and semi-controlled 3 to 15 min runs. Secondary students bave to reach maximal performance for each test. Results showed that the use of these novel emotional parameters was of importance in physical educarion. The strategy which correspond to the evolution of emotional reserve between high to low level with time have been used by school participants even if emotional reserve is still conserve at the end of exercise in all conditions. Wbat is surprising is that the investment is more important for long than during short duration exercises. Optimal strategics for short runs have been developed in school participants. Performance was improved when a minimal RPE was imposed (+14.2% and + 14,5% for 3 and 6 minute runs: RPE ≥ average value of the self-paccd run). 120% of the average RPE of the self-pace run seems to be the optimal during 3 and 6 min runs (+18,4% and 18,5% for 3 and 6 min runs). These improvements, obtained after only 1 session, are more important than what could be hoped when training consists in developing physiological adaptations. The determination of the ratio between the desire 10 continue and R PF. seems to be a good estimation of the level of intensity during exercise, Développer la capacité de régulation de l'allure est un enjeu important en Education Physique et Sportive (EPS), notamment dans un objectif d'autonomie et de santé. Peu d'études s'attachent pourtant à proposer des méthodes pour y parvenir. Les différentes travaux de cette thèse ont pour objectifs de mieux comprendre les fondements des capacités de régulation émotionnelle et de l'allure, de proposer une méthode visant à leur acquisition et un outil d'estimation du niveau de motivation. En plus de la perception de l'effort (RPE) et du plaisir (P), nous avons testé l'évolution de l'envie de continuer (EDC) et d'arrêter l'exercice (EDA) dans différentes conditions expérimentales lors de courses intermittentes de 3 à 15 minutes autorégulées et semi-contrôlées chez des étudiants et des lycéens. Une performance maximale était demandée pour chaque test. Les résultats de nos études montrent que l'utilisation de ces paramètres présente un intérêt en EPS. Les élèves font varier leur réserve émotionnelle d'un niveau élevé vers un niveau faible du début à la fin des différentes courses mais conservent un niveau de réserve trop important pour la réalisation d'une performance maximale car ils privilégient le but de maîtrise prioritairement au but de performance. De façon illogique, les élèves s'investissent plus pour les durées de courses élevées du fait d'une discordance entre la représentation des capacités et celle de la tâche. De ce fait, un travail visant à optimiser le niveau d'investissement est à privilégier chez les élèves en EPS. Ainsi, le fait d'imposer une perception de l'effort durant les courses semi-contrôlées au moins égale au niveau moyen consenti lors des tests autorégulés de durées équivalentes suffit pour améliorer la performance (+14,2% et + 14,5% pour les courses de 3 et 6 minutes respectivement). La consigne consistant à imposer une RPE minimale correspondant à 120% de la RPE moyenne observée lors des courses autorégulées semble être le compromis idéal durant des courses intermittentes de 3 et 6 minutes (+ 18,4% et 18,5% pour les courses de 3 et 6 minutes respectivement). Ces améliorations obtenues en une seule séance sont bien supérieures à celles espérées durant un cycle entier d'EPS consacré au développement des ressources physiologiques. La détermination du rapport entre l'envie de continuer et le niveau de perception de l'effort constitue une bonne estimation du niveau de motivation à poursuivre l'exercice fatiguant.

Purpose : To investigate the boost performance speed endurance runners who specialize in middle-distance running . Material and methods : The study involved team members Vinnytsia region in an amount of 44 people, whose average age was 20,2 ± 2,1 years. Classes are held during the 21-day mesocycle, 5 times a week, twice a day. Things were aimed at enhancing the development of indicators of special speed endurance. Results : The dynamics of the running speed of the model segments that characterize speed endurance athletes. Proved that the improved running 400 meter intervals helps reduce travel time competitive distance of 1500 meters. Conclusion : The use of the program contributes to higher speed endurance, which determines the result in the women's 1,500 meters.

На современном этапе в спорте высших достижений эффективное управление процессом спортивной подготовки бегуний на средние дистанции не может осуществляться без анализа и коррекции соревно¬ва-тельной деятельности бегуний, выявления особенностей пространственно-временных характеристик преодо-ления соревновательной дистанции. Задача исследования – определить пространственно-временные характе-ристики бегуний на средние дистанции высокой квалификации в предварительных забегах и финале соревно-ваний в беге на 800 м. Определены пространственно-временные характеристики бегуний на средние дистан¬ции высокой квалификации в процессе выполнения соревновательного упражнения, как в целом, так и по участкам дистанции 800 м: 0−200 м, 200−400 м, 400−600 м, 600−800 м. У большинства бегуний на средние дистанции максимальная скорость преодоления дистанции в предварительных забегах и в финале соревнований достигается в основном на первом 200-метровом отрезке, постепенно снижается на протяжении дистанции и минимального значения достигает на отрезке 400−600 м, незначительно возрастает на отрезке 600–800 м. On modern stage in sport of higher achievements effective management of the process of sport preparation of women-runners of high qualification on middle distances cannot come true without an analysis and correction of competition activity of runners, exposure of features of spatio-temporal characteristics of overcoming of competition distance. Research task − to define spatio-temporal descriptions of women-runners of high qualification in preliminary heats and finale of competitions at runs on 800 meters. Spatio-temporal characteristics of women-runners of high qualification on middle distances are certain in the process of implementation of competition exercise, both on the whole and on the areas of distance 800 meters: 0−200 m, 200−400 m, 400−600 m, 600−800 m. At majority of runners-women high speed of overcoming of distance in preliminary heats and in the finale of competitions is arrived at mainly on the first 200-meter segment, gradually goes down during distance and minimum value arrives at a 600 m on the segment of 400−600 m, increases on a segment of 600–800 m.