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The main focus of this study was to create a stable and efficient nanoemulsion (NE) using Callistemon citrinus essential oil (EO). Various factors affecting the NE's stability were optimized including oil %, Tween 80%, time of sonication, and its accelerated stability was examined. The research also considered the antibacterial, antifungal, and larvicidal effects of the optimized NE (B10). The optimum NE stood out for its stability, featuring a particle size of 33.15 ± 0.32 nm. Analysis via IR spectroscopy confirmed successful EO encapsulation in B10. The formulation remained stable for six months, with B10 showing significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal potency compared to the pure oil. When samples were subjected to tests against Fusarium oxysporum, B10 exhibited a MIC value of 62.5 mg/mL, whereas the pure oil showed a MIC value of 250 mg/mL. This indicates that the B10 formulation was 50 times more effective than the EO. In terms of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, the MIC value was 0.256 mg/mL for B10 and 4 mg/mL for the EO. Also, pure oil and B10 displayed larvicidal effects against Chilo suppressalis (Walker) larvae, with B10 eliminating 95.2% of larvae in 48 h. Overall, stable and optimum C. citrinus NE with its strong antimicrobial qualities, shows promise as an effective fungicide and insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera subsp. Sylvestris, belonging to Vitis family and one of indigenous plants of Iran, was collected from Miankalleh. In this research, different plant extracts (methanol, water, chloroform, ethyl acetate) were obtained from leaves and fruits of wild grapes. The yield of extracts was determined. Also, total phenol and total flavonoid content of the extracts were analyzed and the antioxidant activity of the extracts were assessed using DPPH radical (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. Our investigation showed that the highest extraction yields was related to aqueous extract with values of 14.35% for leaves and 12.71% for plant fruits. The total phenolic content of the fruit was higher than the leaf. Also, the methanolic extracts had the higher total phenolic content than other extracts of leaf (2.9 ± 0.25 mg/g) and fruit (12.3 ± 0.1 mg/g). The total flavonoid content of the methanolic extract of the fruit was obtained: 9.7 ± 0.03 mgGAE/g dried plant, which showed the highest amount. Investigation of the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay revealed that the aqueous extract of leaf with IC50 of 26.74 ± 0.12 µg/mL had the best antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of the leaf was more potent than other extracts in FRAP assay. In conclusion, the phytochemical analysis of leaf and fruit of wild grapes showed that the methanolic extract had the best antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the biological properties of Cruciata taurica, a plant found in the Irano-Turanian region, which has not been extensively studied in terms of its phytochemical and biological activities. The methanolic extract of the plant was obtained and its cytotoxic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties were investigated. The antibacterial activity of the fractions was evaluated using broth microdilution method, while the antioxidant properties were assessed through the DPPH assay and the cytotoxic properties were determined using the RRA assay. This study revealed that the residual aqueous fraction exhibited the highest extraction yield and the most potent antioxidant activity. The EtOAc fraction showed strong antibacterial activity against certain bacteria, while the n-hexane fraction exhibited greater antidiabetic effects. Additionally, the EtOAc fraction was found to be the most cytotoxic. Overall, the study suggested that C. taurica has potential therapeutic applications due to its various biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDR) such as MDR Acinetobacter baumanii and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia have become a global concern in recent decades. In this study, S. rechingeri essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. After that, different nanoemulsions were produced and the optimum formulation was chosen. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the optimum formulation was evaluated against some strains of A. baumanii and K. pneumoniae. Results showed that carvacrol was the main compound of the essential oil (81.55%) and C3 nanoemulsion with a particle size of 93.14 ± 3.95 nm was the optimum and stable formulation. The antibacterial activity assessment revealed that the C3 nanoemulsion also had better antibacterial activity than essential oil. The herbal formulation had comparable antibacterial activity in comparison with six assessed antibiotics. Overall, nanoencapsulated essential oil of S. rechingeri is a candidate for producing a new generation of natural antibacterial compounds against MDR pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]