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Design of low power and low noise amplifier for biomedical signal acquisition is quite challenging. In this paper, an inverter based chopper stabilized capacitively coupled amplifier is designed for biomedical applications using 14 nm FinFET technology. Single-stage inverter based amplifier which is used as a core amplifier in the proposed chopper stabilized circuit is designed and compared using different configurations of FinFET and CMOS. Gain and power dissipation is better with fully FinFET based single-stage amplifier when compared with fully CMOS based counterpart. When the FinFET based amplifier is used with capacitive feedback and chopper stabilization circuit, it provides a significant reduction of noise as shown by Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 3.66. The gain in chopper stabilized amplifier is 36.7 dB and bandwidth is in the range of 9.16 Hz–7.6 kHz. The CMRR and PSRR of the designed amplifier are 96.1 dB and 98.5 dB respectively. The power dissipation of the amplifier is 1.24 μW which is relatively better. In the end, spike reduction circuitry is also used successfully to minimize the spikes in the output signal.

We report an eight year female patient admitted to the department of pediatrics at Abbasia Pulmonary Hospital at Cairo, Egypt. The child was complaining of pain on the right lower chest and upper abdome. On evaluation by CT of the chest, there was a huge posterior mediastinal mass occupying more than three quarters of the right hemithorax. Preoperative histopathology using CT guided needle biopsy revealed ganglioneuroma. The tumor was resected completely via right standard postero-lateral thoracotomy without complications. Postoperative histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma. Keywords:Ganglioneuroma; Posterior mediastinum; Pediatrics

Harmonic scalpel is popular for use in a variety of surgical procedures including thyroid surgery. Proposed advantages of the harmonic scalpel include less lateral thermal tissue damage with no electrical energy transferred to the patient, no neuromuscular stimulation, less smoke formation as compared with electrocautery. Objectives: Our aim was to compare outcomes following thyroid surgery in terms of operative time, postoperative pain, drainage volume, recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland injury with the use of the Harmonic Scalpel compared to conventional methods of hemostasis. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Surgical Department Lahore General Hospital. Period: Twelve Months June 2016 to June 2017. Material & Methods: 60 patients, 30 in each group. Patients were randomized in each group by balloting method. Operative time, postoperative pain and drainage volume was assessed during hospital stay. Recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland injury was assessed during hospital stay and follow-up. Results: There was no significant difference in development of hoarseness of voice in both groups, p-value > 0.05. The mean operative time for group A was 69.47 ± 15.44 minutes and for group B it was 54.93 ± 11.56 minutes, p-value

Ballistic performance of Artillery projectiles are generally characterized by maximum range and dispersion. Launch angle at which maximum range is achieved by a projectile for a given combination of weapon and charge has been a long intriguing aspect for Ballisticians. Although in ideal conditions, vacuum, trajectory case maximum range of a projectile is achieved at an elevation of 450, below which the range decreases monotonically with decreasing elevation and beyond which the range reduces with increasing elevation. But in actual scenario, presence of air, which offers drag to projectile motion largely affects this value. A review of theoretical considerations and computational verification of the same with various projectiles have been carried out to establish the relationship between various factors that characterize and determine maximum ranges. This plays a vital role for computational purposes like Fire Prediction and Firing Tables compilation. Termination conditions of most of these Ballistic algorithms essentially built around these data. For the sake of brevity and want of completeness a few projectiles were only studied. Projectile classes considered have been varying in their sizes from 0.303cal Bullets to 305mm Artillery shells, masses from few grams to few 100s of Kgs, with L/D ratios from 3 to 25 and fineness varying from blunt noses to highly Ogival shells. Detailed trajectory computations based on Point mass trajectory model has been attempted to answer and to offer plausible explanations for the not so obvious problem.

Introduction: There is growing awareness of the heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and of the multiple systems involved in its pathogenesis. Identification of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) may have important implications in the management and prognosis of OCD, but there is a paucity of research in the domain of identification of OCSD in probands with OCD. There are few studies that have examined OCSD in the first-degree relatives (FDR) of OCD patients, some of these were not controlled, and these studies have no final agreements over outcomes, and therefore, this area needs to be further explored. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of OCSDs in OCD probands; and its relationship to sociodemographic and clinical variables, comparing each aspect by a control group of schizophrenia probands. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients each of OCD and schizophrenia, diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Text Revision,[1] above 18 years of age and giving informed consent, were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for OCSD, Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Results: In OCD group, 22 OCSDs were found in 11 subjects whereas in schizophrenia group, 2 OCSDs (self-injury) were found in two probands. When the two groups were compared in terms of individual OCSDs, there was no significant difference between them. However, when the comparison was made taking into account all OCSDs taken together, it was significantly higher (P = 0.016) in the OCD group compared to the schizophrenia group. Conclusion: OCSDs were significantly more in OCD probands as compared to schizophrenia probands. This suggests a familial aggregation of these disorders.

Soil erosion is a global phenomenon, which results in sedimentation and siltation of reservoirs of major rivers. Remote sensing data provide a synoptic view from which several surface parameters can be derived to assess the sedimentation yield in the reservoirs. Hence estimation of sediment yield has become one of the important tasks for planners, engineers and decision makers. The present study in Govindsagar catchment, Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh (India), has been carried out using IRS LISS III data to analyse land use/cover characteristics besides drainage basin characterstics. Subsequently, Sediment Yield Index (SYI) of Govindsagar catchment has been estimated using surface derivatives and morphometric parameters using empirical formulae. Integration of results obtained from satellite data and morphometric analysis suggests that the Govindsagar catchment has very low rate of sediment yield i.e. 0.07 ha·m/year indicating a gentle slope and sustainable land use practices in the catchment. Low sediment yield also suggests less erosion in the catchment areas and healthy land use/cover scenario.

Famotidine is an effective new H2 receptor antagonist. Famotidine is a specific, long acting H2 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, GERD and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Since its introduction for the treatment of acid related disorders in 1985, an estimated 18.8 million patients worldwide have been treated with famotidine. In this study 40 mg famotidine tablets were formulated and coated with two different coating materials i.e. HPMC and opadry white, to check the effect of these coating materials on the bioavailability of famotidine tablets. In vitro techniques like disintegration test and dissolution test were used to evaluate famotidine tablets. Disintegration test was performed on both the formulations. Mean disintegration time for formulation 1 was found to be 5 minutes and mean disintegration time for formulation 2 was 3 minutes. The results of dissolution after 120 minutes for formulation 1 showed release up to 100.01% and the formulation 2 was released up to 100.05%. For in vivo evaluation these two formulations were administered to eight normal human subjects with one week washout period. Blood samples were collected and plasma was obtained and analysized by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters of formulation 1 were Cmax 0.97±0.47 μg/ml, tmax was 1.68±0.37 hours, AUC 3.97±1.61 μg.h/ml, AUMC 13.35±5.97 μg.h2/ml, MRT 2.27±0.55 hours, Ke 0.394±0.052, T1/2 1.97 ±0.38 hours, Vd 5.78±4.45 L/Kg, Vss 1.92±0.68 L/Kg, Cl 2.08±0.08 ml/h/Kg and for formulation 2 these values were 1.64±1.02 μg/ml, 1.5±0.46 hours, 10.07±0.21 μg.h/ml, 11.06±0.64 μg.h2/ml, 2.38±0.99 hours, 0.394±0.07, 1.97±0.69 hours, 6.309±2.72 L/Kg, 1.61±0.118 L/Kg, 1.76±0.037 ml/h/Kg respectively. Statistical analysis was performed and it was found that the formulation 2 which was coated with opadry white was more bioavailable than formulation 1 which was coated with HPMC. It was also concluded that coating materials affect the bioavailability of Famotidine tablets. Özet Famotidin yeni, etkili, spesifik ve uzun etkili bir H2 reseptör antagonistidir. Zollinger-Ellison Sendromu, GERD, gastrik ülser ve duedonal ülser tedavisinde kullanilmaktadir. 1985 yilinda asitlerle ilgili rahatsizliklarin tedavisi için tanitildigindan beri Dünya’da tahminen 18.8 milyon hasta famotidin ile tedavi edilmistir. Bu çalismada, kaplama materyallerinin famotidin tabletlerinin biyoyararliligi üzerine olan etkilerinin arastirilmasi amaciyla, 40 mg lik famotidin tabletleri HPMC ve opadry white gibi 2 farkli kaplama materyalleri ile kaplanmis ve formule edilmistir. Famotidin tabletlerinin degerlendirilmesinde dagilma ve dissolusyon gibi in-vitro teknikler kullanilmistir. Dagilma testi her iki formulasyona da uygulanmistir. Birinci formulasyon için dagilma süresi 5 dakika, ikinci formulasyon için ise 3 dakika bulunmustur. Birinci formulasyon için 120 dakika sonrasindaki dissolusyon degeri % 100.01, ikinci formulasyon için ise % 100.05 olarak bulunmustur. In-vivo degerlendirme için bu iki formulasyon 6normal insana bir haftalik temizlenme (washout) süreleri dikkate alinarak verilmistir. Bu kisilerin kan ve plazma örnekleri HPLC de analiz edilmistir. Birinci formulasyonun farmakokinetik parametreleri sirasiyla; Cmax: 0.97±0.47 μg/ml, tmax: 1.68±0.37 saat, AUC: 3.97±1.61 μg.h/ml, AUMC: 13.35±5.97 μg.h2/ml, MRT: 2.27±0.55 saat, Ke: 0.394±0.052, T1/2: 1.97±0.38 saat, Vd: 5.78±4.45 L/Kg, Vss: 1.92±0.68 L/Kg, Cl: 2.08±0.08 ml/h/Kg olarak tespit edilmistir. Ikinci formulasyon için ise ayni parametreler sirasiyla; Cmax: 1.64±1.02 μg/ml, tmax: 1.5±0.46 saat, AUC: 10.07±0.21 μg.h/ml, AUMC: 11.06±0.64 μg.h2/ml, MRT: 2.38±0.99 saat, Ke: 0.394±0.07, T1/2: 1.97±0.69 saat, Vd: 6.309±2.72 L/Kg, Vss: 1.61±0.118 L/Kg, Cl: 1.76±0.037 ml/h/Kg seklinde tespit edilmistir. Uygulanan istatistiksel analizlere göre opadry white ile kaplanmis olan ikinci formulasyonun, HPMC ile kaplanmis olan birinci formulasyona göre biyoyararliliginin daha iyi oldugu anlasilmistir. Ayrica, kaplama materyallerinin famotidin tabletlerinin biyoyararliligini etkiledigi sonucuna varilmistir.

Ranitidine is an effective H2 receptor antagonist. Ranitidine is a specific, long acting H2 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, GERD and ZollingerEllison syndrome. In this study two formulations of Ranitidine 300 mg tablets were prepared and film coated. Starch and poly vinyl pyrolidone were used as binding agents to check the effect of the binding materials on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ranitidine tablets. Different in vitro tests were used to evaluate Ranitidine tablets like disintegration test and dissolution test. Then in vivo evaluation was performed on these two formulations. Tablets were administered to eight normal human subjects comprising of two groups, each group consisted of four normal human subjects one by one in a crossover manner after one week washout period. Blood samples were collected and plasma was obtained and analyzed by HPLC. Statistical analysis was performed and the values for Cmax for formulation 1 were found to be 4.63 ± 0.47 µg/ml, and for formulation 2 it was 4.76 ± 1.02 µg/ml. The value for Tmax for formulation 1 was found to be 2.0 ± 0.37 hours, and for formulation 2 it was 1.5 ± 0.46 hours. The value for AUC for formulation 1 was found to be 18.57 ± 6.122 µg/hr/ml and for formulation 2 it was 26.43 ±22.38 µg/hr/ml. It was also concluded that different binders affect the bioavailability of the tablets and Ranitidine tablets prepared by polyvinyl pyrolidine have better bioavailability than those tablets prepared by starch as binding agent.

Citation: Aleem M (2014) Journal of Lung, Pulmonary and Respiratory Research. A Newly Born Journal in the Medical Field. J Lung Pulm Respir Res 1(2): 00006. DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2014.01.00006 Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com The Journal of Lung, pulmonary and Respiratory research is a newly born in the wide world of medical journals. Its birth required a great effort by the publishing organization and its authorized team to declare its citation as a shining star in the sky of specialized medical journals as one that deals mainly with pulmonary and respiratory disorders and research work in the same field.

We present a novel design for a Sagnac loop filter (SLF) whose periodic output spectrum can be fully controlled by cascading a small-birefringence loop (SBL) with a high-birefringence loop (HBL). We develop a detailed theoretical analysis, using the Jones vector method, to calculate the transfer function of the tunable SLF. It has been quantitatively shown that both the transmission coefficient and the phase of the SLF can be controlled by adjusting the orientation angle of the birefringent axes of the SBL in the plane of polarization. The theory has been confirmed by experimental results where a stress-induced SBL was mechanically rotated to tune both the wavelength and the power of a periodic output spectrum. Such a tunable SLF is used in the design of a multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser in the C band.