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In the context of global climatic changes, water stress, which causes drought, is one of the limiting factors affecting the environment and negatively affects the growth and development of cultivated plants. The stressful impact of dry conditions causes changes in the biochemical processes of plants. Herein, we studied the change in antioxidant activity, the amount of phenolic compounds and the peculiarities of the synthesis of some metabolites in Actinidia. argutа leaves, Taezhny Dar variety, under drought stress. All parameters were measured in leaves of control plants and after drought stress. Biennial plants were grown in separate pots and kept in an open area under a canopy to keep out the rain. Antioxidant activity and the amount of phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically. Under conditions of moisture deficiency, the antioxidant activity and the amount of phenolic compounds in the leaves are higher than in the control. The composition of metabolites in the leaf extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Under drought stress, changes in the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites occur. In the leaves of control plants, 14 substances were identified, of which 6 are organic acids and 8 are carbohydrate substances. In the leaves of plants under drought stress, 37 compounds were recorded, that is, more than 2 times more than in the leaves of control plants, 23 substances of a carbohydrate nature were identified, including Myo-Inositol, which has antioxidant properties. The main carbohydrates in the leaves of the control plants of actinidia were turanose and mannobiose; under drought conditions, sucrose; its content increased 15 times in comparison with the control plants. The phenolic compounds Quininic acid and Caffeic acid are synthesized in the leaves of Actinidia arguta plants subjected to drought.

The demand for natural products, which are rich in biologically active compositions, grows constantly. The choice and production of such products can minimize the deficit of importance for human organism components, which are contained only in plant food. The paper contains the laboratory studying results of the chemical composition of the fruits of two Actinidia Lindl. cultivars of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology, and Nursery (FSBSI FSC for Horticulture) genetic collection: Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. and Actinidia polygama (Siebold et Zucc.) Maxim. All the presented samples are grown in field conditions. The fruits were picked up in the phase of harvest maturity while ripening. The data on antioxidant activity of water and methanol extracts, the content of phenolic compounds sum, soluble solids, and titratable acids in the fruits, and on qualitative composition of secondary metabolites (organic acids, fatty acids, mono-, di- and polysaccharides) are given in the paper. The variation limits of the parameters under study depending on the sample are presented. As a result of the laboratory studies, it was stated that A. kolomikta fruits 10 times exceed A. polygama fruits on all the stated parameters. Only the results on the soluble solids content in the fruits of both cultivars are approximately at the same level (A. kolomikta > A. polygama on 1.16%). The positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the general content of polyphenols is confirmed at both cultivars. Actinidia kolomikta genotypes Chempion and Lakomka and Actinidia polygama ones Tselebnaya and Uzorchataya showed the best results. The correct individual choice of actinidia fruits that are the best ones at the biochemical composition and the content of micronutrients allows supplying the consumers with food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of seedling and clonal rootstocks of different spreads on Prunus domestica L. plum fruits quality and productivity of Yaichnaya Sinyaya and Utro varieties was studied. The significant change of productivity and the fruit weight of the varieties under study was to determine under the influence of the rootstock. Depending on the scion-stock combination the plum tree's productivity varied from 7.5 kg/tr. (Utro/140-1) to 15.1 kg/tr. (Yаichnaya Sinyaya /Novinka) at the mean value of 11.5 kg/tr. Medium-growing rootstocks Novinka and OPA-15-2 provided the maximum value of the varieties productivity The significant productivity decrease relatively to seedling rootstock was stated for the combinations with low-growing rootstock 140-1. Soluble solids content in the fruits of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety is higher than in the fruits of Utro variety, moreover, the highest values were determined on Novinka and OPA-15-2 rootstocks: on 4 – 4.5% higher in comparison with the fruits on the seeding rootstock at average. The rootstock causes less influence on titratable acids. The antioxidant activity of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety fruits is 30% higher than that of Utro variety fruits on average. The maximum values of antioxidant activity in Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety fruits were fixed on OPA-15-2 rootstock (16.37%), the minimal ones – on Skorospelka Krasnaya rootstocks (14.68%). In the fruits of Utro variety the highest values were stated on OP-23-23 rootstock (13.16%), and the lowest ones – on the seedling rootstock (10.93%). The content of phenolic compounds sum is 60% higher in the fruits of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety than in Utro variety ones on average. The decrease of the content of phenolic compounds sum was stated in the fruits of Utro variety on all the rootstocks in comparison with the combination Utro/seedling rootstock. The decreasing series of ash elements accumulation (K > P > Ca > Mg > Mo > S > Zn > Si) was determined. The strongest variety differences on total mineral element content were overvalued on medium-growing clonal rootstocks (Novinka, OP-23-23 and OPA-15-2). OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 rootstocks provided the highest fruit quality on the combination of economic and biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry is a stone fruit crop that is valued for its early fruiting, productivity, and high taste and diet properties. The researches in the sphere of compatible scion-stock combinations selection of cherry crops with high winter hardiness and fruits quality were held in Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery for these crops introduction in industrial gardening of the Central region of Russia. The mineral composition of four cherry cultivars of FHRCBAN selection (Apuсhtinskaya, Rusinka, Volochaevka, and Molodezhnaya) grown on rooted and grafted plants (stocks AVCH-2, Izmaylovskiy, and Moskoviya) was studied for the first time. The influence of scion-stock combinations on 11 elements (Na, P, K, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Co, Zn, Se, Mo) accumulation in the fruits was determined. The greatest proportion of mineral substances in cherry fruits belongs to K. Depending on the scion-stock combination its amount is varied from 13.89 mass % (Apuсhtinskaya/Moskoviya) to 30.52 mass % (Molodezhnaya/Izmaylovskiy). For all cultivars fruits, the amount of K is 1.1 – 1.3 times higher on stock Izmaylovskiy than on rooted plants. The variation coefficient of K is low (V %) 1.37 – 6.91 for the majority of scion-stock combinations that indicate the stable entry of this element inside the fruit. The most content of all the elements under study was found in the fruits ash of Rusinka, Molodezhnaya, and Volochaevka on stock Izmaylovskiy that indicates the stable physiological state of the plants on these stocks. Results show that the cherry fruits analyzed could be an alternative to the supplementing of a mineral diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of the seeds ash composition of the breed Rif (Brassica napus L.) rapeseeds grown in the Lipetskaya region was held. The plants were grown in the conditions of the agroecological experiment using mineral (NPK and zeolite) and organic (hen droppings) fertilizers. 6 variants of the experiment were studied - the plants are grown without fertilizers application (the control); the mineral fertilizer (N60:P60:K60) separately and together with zeolite (5 t.ha-1 ); the zeolite in pure form (5 t.ha-1 ); hen droppings (5 t.ha-1 ) separately and together with zeolite (5 t.ha-1 ). We studied the accumulation of 9 basic elements (in mass %) contained in Brassica napus. seeds ash using the method of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The accumulation order of the elements was determined: P ≈ K > Mg ≥ Ca > Mo > S > Zn > Mn > Fe. The proportion of P fluctuated from 10.852 to 11.855 mass %; the proportion of K - from 9.933 till 12.343 mass %. The rapeseeds contained Mg, Ca, and Mo in similar concentrations within the range of 4.0 -5.8 mass %. The combined application of zeolite with organic fertilizer ensured the accumulation of the minerals in the seeds. Correlations between the elements were established. High correlation between elements K and Mo was found (r = 0.96); P and Mg (0.86); P and Fe (r = 0.94); C and Mo (r = 0.86). The positive effect of the combined organic-mineral fertilizers with poultry farms wastes usage on the mineral elements accumulation in rapeseeds was stated. It is noted that the accumulation of P, Ca, Mo, and S in rape seeds leads to a decrease in Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral composition of Allium cepa L. leaves was measured by using the scanning electron microscope of Japanese company JEOL, model JSM600LA with EDS system. 11collection samples of FRC "All-Russian Institute of Plants Genetic Resources named after N. I. Vavilov" and 4 samples of FSBSI "Research Institute of Agriculture of the Crimea" were studied. 12 main elements (in mass., %) contained in onion leaves were evaluated. The samples with the maximum macro- and micronutrient elements accumulation in the leaves used for the sourthern subspecies breeds and hybrids selection were revealed. These samples can be used to prevent the elements deficiency in the human body. The following samples number with a high accumulation of the elements in the leaves was revealed: K - nine (from 20.0 to 3.3 max %: B12132B, trimontzium, Rouge pale, Red Wetherstfield, Blood red flat, Valensiya, Tavricheskiy, Yaltinskiy lux, Yaltinskiy rubin), P - five (from 1.8 to 2.8 mass., %:B12132B, Mestniy, Valensiya, Yaltinskiy lux, Yaltinskiy rubin), Mg - one (2.23 mass., %: Rouge pale), Ca - nine (from 5.4 to 8.3 mass., %: Mestniy, Rouge pale, Mestniy, Red Wetherstfield, Blood red flat, Valensiya, Brown Beauty, Yaltinskiy lux and Yaltinskiy rubin), Fe - two (from 0.5 to 0.8 mass., %: B12132B, Tavricheskiy), S - seven (from 2.2 to 2.5 mass., %: B12132B, Mestniy, Red Wetherstfield, Tavricheskiy, Yaltinskiy lux, Yaltinskiy rubin, Yaltinskiy model No. 3), Na - two (from 1.3 to 1.5 mass., %: B12132B, Mestniy), Cl - five (from 4.0 to 7.0 mass., %: Mestniy, B12132B, Trimontzium, Red Wetherstfield, Yaltinskiy model No. 3), Cu - one (1.9 mass., %: Yaltinskiy model No. 5), Mo - eight (from 5.2 to 7.0 mass., %: Tavricheskiy, Yaltinskiy lux, Yaltinskiy rubin, Yaltinskiy model No. 3, Mestniy, Trimontzium, Red Wetherstfield, and B12132B), Zn - seven (from 0.5 to 4.97 mass., %: Yaltinskii model No. 3, Mestniy, B12132B, Rouge pale, Blood red flat, Brown Beauty, Yaltinskiy rubin) and Si - one (0.5 mass.%,%: Yaltinskiy lux). The order of the elements accumulation variation in the onion samples was distributed as follows: Zn > Fe > Si > Na > P > Cl > Mo > Mg > S > Ca > Cu > K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the field observations and biochemical researches of plum (Prunus rossica Erem.) fruits grown in the garden of intensive type with agrogenic soil in row spacing are presented in the article. The fruits of plum breeds Kubanskaya kometa and Naidena were gathered from the trees grafted on different stocks. The influence of the stock on the trees productivity, the fruit weight and biochemical structure of the plum fruits were studied. Basic chemical analyses, ascorbic acid concentration, antioxidant activity and fruit ash content were determined. The variation limits of the parameters under study depending on the used stock were shown. The best degustation evaluation parameters were found at the combinations of Kubanskaya kometa on stocks OPA-15-2 and Novinka, Naidena on stocks OPA-15-2 (more than 4,5 points). The high positive correlation (r =0.92) was marked between soluble solids and sugars content. The researches about the stock influence on the plum fruits titratable acidity change we have not found. The correlation between AA and ascorbic acid content in the fruits was determined (r =0.7). The decreasing row of the elements content in the plum fruits ash is the following: K>P>Mg>Ca>Mo>Cu>S>Ni>Fe≈Si>Mn. The proportion of K is from 18.67 (Naidena/OPA-15-2) to 27.48 (Kubanskaya kometa/Novinka); P from 3.35 (Kubanskaya kometa/seedlings P. cerasifera Ehrh. to 6.39 (Kubanskaya kometa/Novinka), Mg from 1.11 (Naidena/OPA-15-2) to 2.43 (Naidena/seedlings P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and Ca from 0.39 (Naidena/13-113) to 1.85 (Naidena/OPA-15-2) mass % respectively. The proportion of the rest elements is not more than 1 mass %. Under the OPA-15-2 stock influence the trees productivity and the single fruit weight increased, soluble solids, sugars and ascorbic acid concentration in the fruit in comparison with standard stock by the seedling rootstock of alycha (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. seedlings). While ingrafting by Novinka stocks the parameters under study decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen collection samples of Allium cepa L. of different ecology-geographical origin grown in the Crimea conditions are given. Morphometric characteristics of the bulbs - the form index, the diameter, the height, the weight, the thickness and the quantity of rich skins are analyzed. The greatest output of standart production (90 - 95.6%) was observed for all breeds. The biochemical values of the Allium cepa L. samples under study were examined by the traditional methods. It is marked that the dry substances, the sugars sum, the mono- and disaccharides in the majority of the samples exceed the standart (Yaltinsky rubin) on 14 - 39%, 11 - 48% and 36 - 150% correspondently. The samples with the high concentration of essential oil are singled out: Yaltinsky rubin (Crimea), Tavrichesky (Crimea), Blood red flat (Netherlands) and Brown Beauty (USA) - 4.5, 6.2, 5.6 and 4.4% correspondently. The microsculpture of Allium cepa L. leaf was studied by the method of raster electron mi-croscopy and the essential breed differences of the stomata quantity and their arrangement towards the leaf level were distinguished. The results of electron-microscopic research indicate the different level of Allium cepa L. samples adaptability. Allium cepa L. samples under study of the southern subspecies are recommended for the development of the new breeds with the advanced nutritional qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the field and biochemical researches of sweet cherry Prunus avium L. scion Chermashnaya fruit grown on 8 clonal stocks (Kolt, Moskoviya, Izmaylovskiy, Stepnoy rodnik, AVCH-2, VSL-2, VTS-13, V-5-88) are presented. Trees productivity, the fruit average weight and the stone-fruit weight relation were studied, fruit degustation evaluation was fulfilled and the main biochemical parameters such as soluble solids, sugars sum, ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant activity were determined. The influence of the stock on the fruit biochemical composition, the trees productivity and the fruit weight was determined. The sweet cherries productivity was 12,5 kg/tree at average, and depending on the stock it varied from 8,3 kg/tree (V-5-88) to 18,6 kg/tree (Izmaylovskiy). The biggest fruit were found on the trees with stocks VSL-2, Izmaylovskiy and AVCH-2. At average the proportion of the stone in the fruit weight was 5.3% with the variation depending on the stock from 5.2% (Kolt) to 5.5% (V-5-88, Stepnoy rodnik). According to the degustation results the fruit of scion Chermashnaya were characterized by the sweet harmonized taste and smell (4.5 points), there were not found either taste deterioration or bitterness on any stock. The best results according to the degustation evaluation by the parameters complex were found at scion Chermashnaya combinations on stocks Izmaylovskiy, VSL-2 and Kolt. The soluble solids content also depended on the stock and varied from 13.9 (Chermashnaya on AVCH-2) to 17.2% (Chermashnaya on Izmaylovskiy) at average value 16.0%. The sugars content in the sweet cherry fruit was within the range from 9.0 to 12.4%. The sugars higher accumulation belonged to the combinations of Chermashmaya on Stepnoy rodnik (11.1%) and Chermashmaya on Izmaylovskiy (12.4%). The ascorbic acid content in the sweet cherry fruit did not exceed 8 mg.100 g-1. Depending on the stock this parameter varied from 5.9 to 9.3 mg.100 g-1. The highest vitamin C content was found in the fruit at the grafting on the stock Stepnoy rodnik, the lowest one – on the stock Moskoviya. The sweet cherry fruit antioxidant activity according to DPPH method was not high and was in the range from 11.8 to 13.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grain concentrate was developed for use in bread baking based on whole-ground fermented wheat grain, to enhance that the beneficial properties have fermented wholegrain buckwheat grains in an amount of 20% by weight of the fermented wheat. For the fermentation of grain used dry complex enzyme preparation comprising cellulose, β-glucanase and xylanase (producing Penicillin canescens), dissolved in a buffer based on succinic acid. Under the action of the drug, the micro structure surface of grain was changed. It is established that the character of the change in surface micro structure of wheat and buckwheat grain is the same. The results of the study of the content of vitamin E, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in wheat grains, buckwheat and grain concentrate are obtained by different technologies. The results show that grain concentrates from wheat grain with the addition of 20% buckwheat grains prepared using a solution of enzyme preparation of cellulolytic action in a buffer, based on succinic acid has a high antioxidant activity. As a biological model for studying changes oxidant-antioxidant status of the organism under stress when included in a diet designed grain concentrate, used pigs, that are under stress, caused by weaning them from sows and transportation. Investigated the following parameters oxidant-antioxidant status of the organism pigs: the level of malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin, vitamins A, E and C in the blood of animals. It is concluded that, to improve the oxidative status of the piglets after weaning period recommended addition of concentrate fodder ration of grain wheat and buckwheat prepared using a solution of an enzyme preparation buffered cellulolytic action on the basis of succinic acid. The developed grain concentrate can be used for making the manufacture of cereal products, including grain bread included in the diet of people who live in conditions of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochemical parameters alteration of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain in process of germination was studied. It was found that during germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain within 24 hours the content of ascorbic acid, thiamine, nicotinic acids, pantothenic acids and routine was increased. The peptide composition of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain was studied by gel electrophoresis. The most significant alteration of reserve globulins structure are observed during germination phase from 20 till 24 hours. New low-molecular polypeptides appear during above mentioned period, that indicates embryonic awakening and synthesis of new protein compounds, mainly hydrolases. The process of proteolysis during germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain promotes a content increase of soluble fractions and sum of albumins and globulins. There is a significant decrease of insoluble protein residue during germination phase change. Chromatographic method was used to determine the change of carbohydrate composition of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grains during germination. It was established that the content of total carbohydrates amount in grain extracts increases. Electron scanning microscopy revealed that after 12 hours germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain, swelling of starch grains and minor damage of their packaging in endosperm are observed. After 24 hours, endosperm of germinated grain significantly changed microstructure: starch grains and components of protein matrix had a vague outline, grain disintegration was observed. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcohol extract from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain germinated during 24 hours showed that percentage of DPPG free radicals inhibition increases with process prolongation. Thus, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain germinated within 24 hours is characterized by a high content of biologically active substances and can be used in food technologies for functional products development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to study the biochemical composition of apple fruits on the basis of the analysis and selection of adaptive varieties and hybrids, suitable for organic gardening of fruits, not inferior to the world's best ones as to the content of PAS. The biochemical composition of 13 apple varieties of different geographical origin was studied by representative methods. The order of the accumulation of elements in the fruit and their total content were established. The total amount of elements in hybrid No. 1 is the highest among all the studied varieties. Antioxidant activity of the apples grown in the conditions of Moscow is 3-5% higher the antioxidant activity of imported varieties. Such perspective varieties as hybrid No. 1, 'Mayak Zagorya' and 'Legenda' are suitable for the production of organic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is found that the pericarp tissue of grain have considerable strength and stiffness, that has an adverse effect on quality of whole-grain bread. Thereby, there exists the need for preliminary chemical and biochemical processing of durable cell walls before industrial use. Increasingly used in the production of bread finds an artificial hybrid of the traditional grain crops of wheat and rye - triticale, grain which has high nutritional value. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of cellulose complex (Penicillium canescens) enzymes on composition and microstructure alteration of triticale grain surface, for grain used in baking. Triticale grain was processed by cellulolytic enzyme preparations with different composition (producer is Penicillium canescens). During experiment it is found that triticale grain processing by enzymes of cellulase complex leads to an increase in the content of water-soluble pentosans by 36.3 - 39.2%. The total amount of low molecular sugars increased by 3.8 - 10.5%. Studies show that under the influence of enzymes the microstructure of the triticale grain surface is changing. Microphotographs characterizing grain surface structure alteration in dynamic (every 2 hours) during 10 hours of substrate hydrolysis are shown. It is found that the depth and direction of destruction process for non-starch polysaccharides of grain integument are determined by the composition of the enzyme complex preparation and duration of exposure. It is found, that xylanase involved in the modification of hemicelluloses fiber having both longitudinal and radial orientation. Hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides from grain shells led to increase of antioxidant activity. Ferulic acid was identified in alcoholic extract of triticale grain after enzymatic hydrolysis under the influence of complex preparation containing cellulase, xylanase and β-glucanase. Grain processing by independent enzymes containing in complex preparation (xylanase and β-glucanase) shows that more significant role in polysaccharide complex composition and grain surface microstructure alteration belongs to xylanase. Grain processing by independent of cellulolytic enzymes may decrease the strength of pericarp tissue of grain and improved sensory characteristics of the bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic minerals play an important role in the whole human nutrition, but they are included in the grain of the phytates that reduces their bioavailability. Whole wheat bread is generally considered a healthy food, but the presence of mineral elements in it is insignificant, because of weak phytate degradation. From all sources of exogenous phytase the most productive are microscopic fungi. To accelerate the process of transition hard mineral elements are mobilized to implement integrated cellulolytic enzyme preparation based on the actions of phytase (producer is Penicillium canescens). Phytase activity was assessed indirectly by the rate of release of phosphate from the substrate. It has been established that the release rate of the phosphoric acid substrate is dependent on the composition of the drug and the enzyme complex is determined by the presence of xylanase. The presented experimental data shows that a cellulase treatment of the grain in conjunction with the β-glucanase or xylanase leading to an increase in phytase activity could be 1.4 - 2.3 times as compared with the individual enzymes. As a result of concerted action of enzymes complex preparation varies topography grain, increase the pore sizes in seed and fruit shells that facilitate the penetration of the enzyme phytase in the aleurone layer to the site of phytin hydrolysis and leads to an increase in phytase activity. In terms of rational parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, the distribution of mineral elements in the anatomical parts of the grain after processing complex enzyme preparation with the help of X-ray detector EMF miniCup system in a scanning electron microscope JEOL JSM 6390 were investigated. When processing enzyme preparation wheat trend in the distribution of mineral elements, characteristic of grain - the proportion of these elements in the aleurone layer decreases, and in the endosperm increases. Because dietary fiber and phytate found together in the peripheral layers of fiber-rich grains, it is difficult to separate the effects of degradation processes nonstarch polysaccharides and fiberphytate redistribution of polyvalent metal ions. However, studies have shown that phytase - an effective mechanism for regulating mineral nutrient diet. Application of phytase in grain bakery technology will increase the biological value of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]