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The aim of this manuscript was to investigate the epidemiology and the factors related to the periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Several systemic and immunological disorders have shown a relationship with periodontal disease in this population and early diagnosis and treatment of gingivitis is important to prevent it from evolving into periodontitis. Two cases are reported showing the presencce of periodontal disease at a young age.

Although events such as tooth extraction and oral surgery were considered for a while the sole triggering factor for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), it is still unclear if trigger events may be precipitating factors that accelerate the onset of the disease that would have possibly occurred anyway. Therefore, this research aimed to retrospectively analyze MRONJ cases diagnosed in our tertiary referral hospital during the last 14 years, focusing on the onset of the disease, potential trigger events, and countermeasures to update the knowledge on their pathogenesis. An audit of patients diagnosed with MRONJ attending our department from 2008 to 2021was performed. χ2 test and Fisher exact test were employed to assess the relationship between the medications used and trigger events; χ2 test was also used to assess any relationship between MRONJ localization and drug, drug class, trigger, or trigger type. Seventy-six patients' records were identified. Fifty-two records were selected for analysis. Trigger events for the onset of the disease were found in 35 cases (67.3%). χ2 test showed a correlation between the drug used and trigger event occurrence (P=0.045) confirmed by Fisher exact test (P=0.34). Visual histogram analysis showed positive correlation when Alendronate (12 cases, 85.7%), Zoledronate (12 cases, 75%), and Risedronate (2 cases, 100%) were administered. Subgroup analysis per underlying disease, showed a significant correlation between the drug used and trigger event occurrence in the osteoporosis group (χ2 test, P=0.021; Fisher exact test, P=0.009).

Auto transplantation of immature donor teeth can be a strategic therapeutic solution in young patients. It is preferable to choose this approach instead of prosthetic restorations because it offers a unique and definitive solution. Orthodontic space closure is not always deemed desirable, especially in non-extraction cases (53,54). Successful auto transplantations allow alveolar growth through eruption of donor teeth together with the adjacent dentition when skeletal and dental development is not yet completed. Auto transplantation of third molars is less well-recognised and less documented. The available literature shows promising success rates. Immature donor teeth are reportedly associated with better outcomes than mature donor teeth. Aim of this case report was to analyse the short-term outcomes of auto transplantation of immature maxillary third molars to replace the missing mandibular second premolars in a 17-year-old healthy female with oligodontia. The surgical procedure was performed as a single step. Left and right lower second deciduous molars (7.5-8.5), close to exfoliation, were extracted. Donor upper third molars with developing root were extracted as a traumatically as possible and immediately placed into the surgically modified recipient sites. They were stabilized by a sectional wire. One year after surgery, the survival of both transplanted teeth was achieved. They showed periodontal health, normal mobility and continuation of root development during the follow-up period. The upper left third molar responded to all success criteria, no signs of ankylosis, root resorption (infection or inflammatory), and pulp necrosis. The upper right third molar had long-standing evidence of not progressive cervical external inflammatory root resorption without any clinical signs. Further research is needed to determine their long-term survival and success rates.

The aim of present study is to evaluate the greater risk of periodontal disease in subjects affected by cardiovascular disease. The statistical study includes 200 patients equally divided into a test and a control group. The test group is made up of hospitalized patients from the cardiology division of the S. Salvatore hospital of L'Aquila and the second made up of subjects that frequented a dental clinic. All patients were subject to anamnesis and clinical evaluation for periodontal disease. The index used for this clinical examination were CPTIN index (Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs), pocket depth index (PPD), probing bleeding index (PBI), and plaque index (Silness, Loe). All data were collected and a comparative analysis was done of the results obtained from the two groups. Analysing the data concerning the average of lost and present teeth in the oral cavity and the damage of periodontal attachment we notice that cardiopathic subjects had a loss of periodontal attachment 2 times greater than in the control group and major condition of edentulism. A frequency test called the "chi-square test" showed that cardiopathic patients had a greater frequency of periodontal disease. The development of periodontal disease in subject suffering from coronary heart disease is faster and more aggressive than in healthy subjects. Therefore, the prevention of periodontal disease is simple and effective way to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

The presence on the dorsal tongue of additional irregularities such as fissures, grooves and the distribution of papillae constitutes a retention area for harbouring bacteria, particularly those that produce sulphur compounds. A protocol to study the morphology of the tongue in a macroscopic way was developed, aimed at better investigating on the relationship between the dorsal surface of the tongue, considered as a microbial ecosystem, and the oral halitosis (1). A patient affected by oral malodour was chosen and included in the study. A picture of his lingual dorsum was taken to show the areas where the coating was visible. Then, an impression with alginate was taken obtaining a replication in plaster and, on the base of this one, a sort of impression tray was modelled utilizing an impression material made of silicone putty. After this, a second impression was taken combining the tray in silicone putty with a silicone material having a very low-light density (using the 2-step double-mix impression technique). The impression obtained was divided and cut with a blade in six parts, according to Winkel Tongue Coated Index (2), and their contour was observed with the stereo-microscope. The images were analysed with the Image J programme, and the parameter considered was the depth among the papillae. The mean measure of this parameter, in the parts where the coating was visible, resulted in a range between 0,25 + 0,019 mm and 0,55 + 0,11 mm. The same measures in the parts where the coating was not visible swung instead in a range between 0,14 + 0,08 mm and 0,23 + 0,07 mm. This new protocol can be considered clinically relevant for the suitable diagnosis and for the personalized treatment of halitosis., Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol 118, No 2 (Supplement) 2013