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2. List of contributors

Author

Aizawa, Shin-Ichi, primary, Alberdi, Pilar, additional, Alexander, David C., additional, Alía, Alberto, additional, Allison, D.G., additional, Amyes, Sebastian G.B., additional, An, Haoran, additional, Andrade, María J., additional, Antelmann, Haike, additional, Arias, Cesar A., additional, Asensio, Miguel A., additional, Axell-House, Dierdre B., additional, Bae, Hee-Won, additional, Baena, Laura Muñoz, additional, Baig, Abdul Mannan, additional, Bailey, Spenser O., additional, Baize, Sylvain, additional, Baldi, Pablo C., additional, Barbosa, Angela Silva, additional, Barbuddhe, Sukhadeo B., additional, Bard, Emilie, additional, Barry, Eileen M., additional, Basarab, Gregory S., additional, Beloborodova, N.V, additional, Bermúdez, Elena, additional, Bidmos, Fadil A., additional, Bisgaard, Magne, additional, Blakely, Garry W., additional, Bloch, Evan, additional, Boesen, Thias Oberg, additional, Bose, Dipayan, additional, Botero, Javier Enrique, additional, Bouabe, Hicham, additional, Bouchard, Michael J., additional, Bozue, Joel A., additional, Bradbury, Richard S., additional, Brett Moreau, G., additional, Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro, additional, Cai, Rong-Jun, additional, Calderón, Enrique J., additional, Cao, Boyang, additional, Carmena, David, additional, Carvalho, Eneas, additional, Caulfield, Amanda D., additional, Cen, Shan, additional, Chai, Jong-Yil, additional, Chamberland, Robin R., additional, Champredon, David, additional, Chan, Edward D., additional, Charbon, Godefroid, additional, Chato, Connor, additional, Chelomina, G.N., additional, Chen, Jingyu, additional, Chen, Min, additional, Chen, Shuyu, additional, Chen, Suilin, additional, Chen, Yanfei, additional, Chen, Zhaoyuan, additional, Cheng, Aimin, additional, Cheng, Keding, additional, Chiu, Charles Y., additional, Cho, You-Hee, additional, Christensen, Henrik, additional, Chrtdernevskaya, E.A., additional, Contreras, Adolfo, additional, Contreras, Marinela, additional, Córdoba, Juan J., additional, Córdoba, María G., additional, Costa, Rita, additional, Cote, Christopher K., additional, Cui, Xiangling, additional, Cui, Yujun, additional, Dacal, Elena, additional, Dammann, Allison N., additional, Das, Shubhagata, additional, Dashti, Alejandro, additional, de la Fuente, José, additional, de la Garza, Mireya, additional, Delgado, Josué, additional, Delgado-Cuesta, Juan, additional, Deng, Haiteng, additional, Deng, Li, additional, Dey, Debajit, additional, Dhama, Kuldeep, additional, Diego, Juan García-Bernalt, additional, Ding, Hao, additional, Doern, Christopher D., additional, Dorman, Charles J., additional, Du, Zongmin, additional, Dunbar, Sherry A., additional, Duthie, Malcolm, additional, Dybvig, Kevin F., additional, Eakin, Ann E., additional, Eallonardo, Samuel J., additional, Eberly, Allison R., additional, Echeverry, Adriana Jaramillo, additional, Egland, Paul G., additional, El Zowalaty, Mohamed E., additional, Endsley, Janice Jones, additional, Eom, Keeseon S., additional, Evans, Benjamin A., additional, Falkinham, Joseph O., additional, Feng, Siwei, additional, Feng, Yaoyu, additional, Feng, Zongdi, additional, Fernández-Soto, Pedro, additional, Ferreira, Roux-Cil, additional, Flores-Huerta, Nadia, additional, Foster, Timothy J., additional, Fox-Moon, Sandra M., additional, Fraga, Tatiana Rodrigues, additional, Fredricks, David N., additional, Freitag, Nancy E., additional, Frimodt-Møller, Jakob, additional, Fuller, Risa, additional, Ganesh, Balasubramanian, additional, Gao, Ning, additional, García-Carnero, Laura C., additional, Garzetti, Debora, additional, Geoghegan, Joan A., additional, Ghenim, Raed, additional, Giambartolomei, Guillermo H., additional, Gilbert, Nicole M., additional, Gillis, Thomas Phillip, additional, Gladstone, Camilla A., additional, Gómez-Gaviria, Manuela, additional, Gómez-Marín, Jorge E., additional, Gong, Tengfang, additional, González, Ramón A., additional, Gray-Owen, Scott D., additional, Gu, Bing, additional, Guzmán-Téllez, Paula, additional, Hajal, Caroline, additional, Han, Yanping, additional, Hao, Yi, additional, Harrington, Amanda T., additional, Harris, Jason B., additional, Harvill, Eric T., additional, Hasan, S. Saif, additional, He, Guang-Jun, additional, He, Yongqun, additional, Heffron, Jared D., additional, Hidalgo, Paloma, additional, Hindiyeh, Musa Y., additional, Hreha, Teri N., additional, Hu, Xiaoyu, additional, Huang, Guanghua, additional, Huang, Jiangqing, additional, Huang, Liang, additional, Huang, Shifeng, additional, Huang, Xingxu, additional, Huang, Xueting, additional, Huang, Yilun, additional, Huffman, Anthony, additional, Humphreys, Tricia L., additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Inglis, Timothy J.J., additional, Isaac, Lourdes, additional, Jacobs, Samantha E., additional, Janowicz, Diane M., additional, Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu, additional, Ji, Quanjiang, additional, Jia, Qi, additional, Jia, Wei, additional, Jin, Shouguang, additional, Jneidi, Lama, additional, Jose, Shinsmon, additional, Jung, Bong-Kwang, additional, Kattan, Randa, additional, Kaushik, Rahul, additional, Khare, Reeti, additional, Kim, Eun Sook, additional, Kirn, Thomas J., additional, Koo, Hyun, additional, Köster, Pamela C., additional, Krause, Peter J., additional, Kumar, Sanjai, additional, Kupz, Andreas, additional, Lambert, P.A., additional, Lamont, Richard J., additional, Langford, Paul R., additional, Lebeaux, David, additional, Legname, Giuseppe, additional, Li, Bin, additional, Li, Chunhao, additional, Li, Fen, additional, Li, Jun, additional, Li, Lanjuan, additional, Li, Ruofan, additional, Li, Ruoyu, additional, Li, Ting, additional, Li, Yang-Yang, additional, Li, Yanhua, additional, Li, Zhuorong, additional, Liang, Xiaomeng, additional, Liao, Guojian, additional, Lin, Ping, additional, Ling, Yun, additional, Liu, Bo, additional, Liu, Dongyou, additional, Liu, Guohua, additional, Liu, Huidi, additional, Liu, Jiafeng, additional, Liu, Jintao, additional, Liu, Qi, additional, Liu, Shu-Lin, additional, Liu, Taiping, additional, Liu, Tongbao, additional, Liu, Wei, additional, Liu, Yan, additional, Liu, Yanni, additional, Liu, Yisong, additional, Liu, Yuan, additional, Løbner-Olesen, Anders, additional, Loeffelholz, Michael, additional, Lu, Hongzhou, additional, Luna, Brian, additional, Ma, Bingting, additional, Ma, Chengying, additional, Ma, Shuang, additional, Ma, TianLi, additional, Madan, Rajat, additional, Mahle, Rachael E., additional, Mahlen, Steven D., additional, Malik, Satya Veer Singh, additional, Malik, Yashpal Singh, additional, Malvy, Denis, additional, Mann, Barbara J., additional, Marasini, Daya, additional, Maris, Alexander S., additional, Marjomäki, Varpu, additional, Marjuki, Henju, additional, Martín, Alberto, additional, Martín, Irene, additional, Martínez-Castillo, Moisés, additional, Martínez-Pabón, María Cecilia, additional, Mathison, Blaine A., additional, Ma’ayeh, Showgy, additional, McDowell, Andrew, additional, McLaughlin, Stephanie E., additional, McSheffrey, Gordon G., additional, Medrano, Francisco J., additional, Meehan, Conor J., additional, Mehta, Dhwani, additional, Mejía-Oquendo, Manuela, additional, Melo-Cristino, José, additional, Mendoza-Barberá, Elena, additional, Meng, Xinan, additional, Merino, Susana, additional, Merritt, Adam J., additional, Miller, Steve, additional, Miller, William R., additional, Minamino, Tohru, additional, Mirzaei, Mohammadali Khan, additional, Mora-Montes, Héctor M., additional, Mortensen, Joel, additional, Mostafa, Heba H., additional, Muhsen, Khitam, additional, Mujahed, Ahlam, additional, Muro, Antonio, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Newton, Hayley J., additional, Nguyen, April H., additional, Nichols, Wright W., additional, Niu, Siqiang, additional, Núñez, Félix, additional, Obregon, Dasiel, additional, Okamoto, Akira, additional, Okutani, Akiko, additional, Olabode, Abayomi, additional, Omar, Muna, additional, Ong, Edison, additional, Ouyang, Zhiming, additional, Pacak, Christina A., additional, Pacheco-Yépez, Judith, additional, Palmer, John, additional, Pang, Xiaoli, additional, Paredes-Sabja, Daniel, additional, Peng, Zhong, additional, Peng, Zonggen, additional, Pérez-Nevado, Francisco, additional, Poon, Art, additional, Pospíšilová, Petra, additional, Potts, Caelin C., additional, Pu, Qinqin, additional, Pujic, Petar, additional, Qi, Rui, additional, Qian, Chenyun, additional, Qian, Liu, additional, Qin, Aiping, additional, Qu, Fen, additional, Rakin, Alexander, additional, Ramesh, Ashwin, additional, Ramirez, Mario, additional, Rao, Yu, additional, Ratner, Adam J., additional, Rawool, Deepak B., additional, Rehman, Asma, additional, Ren, Jie, additional, Ren, Ping, additional, Retchless, Adam C., additional, Robertson, Erle S., additional, Rodríguez, Alicia, additional, Rodriguez, Azucena, additional, Rodríguez-Medina, Carolina, additional, Rodriguez-Nava, Veronica, additional, Rohde, Manfred, additional, Romero-Rodríguez, Alba, additional, Rosales-Morgan, Gabriela, additional, Rosenkranz, Andrea L., additional, Ruiz-Moyano, Santiago, additional, Ruokolainen, Visa, additional, Sabateen, Ali, additional, Sahu, Radhakrishna, additional, Sails, Andrew, additional, Sang, Yu, additional, Santana, Clarissa H., additional, Santos, Jesus A., additional, Santos, Renato L., additional, Schmitz, Jonathan E., additional, Serrano-Luna, Jesús, additional, Shen, Jianzhong, additional, Shen, Zhangqi, additional, Shibayama, Mineko, additional, Shirtliff, Mark E., additional, Silva-Costa, Catarina, additional, Silva-Olivares, Angélica, additional, Singh, Niraj Kumar, additional, Šmajs, David, additional, Smith, Robert P., additional, Smith, Sophie, additional, Snyder, Lori A.S., additional, Song, Yinggai, additional, Soro, Aurea Simon, additional, Spearman, Paul, additional, Spellberg, Brad, additional, Sprague, Lisa D., additional, Stratton, Charles W., additional, Strenk, Susan M., additional, Strugnell, Richard A., additional, Sun, Keer, additional, Suo, Xun, additional, Suzuki-Hatano, Silveli, additional, Svärd, Staffan, additional, Talbot, Elizabeth A., additional, Tamez-Castrellón, Alma K., additional, Tan, Nie, additional, Tang, Cynthia Y., additional, Tang, Yi-Wei, additional, Tao, Jia, additional, Tao, Lili, additional, Terrero-Salcedo, David, additional, Tharmalingam, Jayaraman, additional, Thwe, Phyu M., additional, Tiamani, Kawtar, additional, Tomás, Juan M., additional, Topaz, Nadav, additional, Tsai, Ang-Chen, additional, Tsalik, Ephraim L., additional, Tuomanen, Elaine I., additional, Turenne, Christine Y., additional, Tyagi, Anuj, additional, Uprety, Priyanka, additional, Valour, Florent, additional, van Hensbergen, Vincent P., additional, Venkatesan, Arun, additional, Vergis, Jess, additional, Villar, Margarita, additional, Vollmer, Waldemar, additional, Waites, Ken B., additional, Wan, Xiu-Feng, additional, Wang, Guiqing, additional, Wang, Lijun, additional, Wang, Lin, additional, Wang, Linqi, additional, Wang, Xiangru, additional, Wang, Xin, additional, Wang, Xinjie, additional, Wang, Ya-Ting, additional, Wang, Yang, additional, Wang, Yating, additional, Weil, Ana A., additional, Welkos, Susan L., additional, Wengenack, Nancy L., additional, Westblade, Lars F., additional, Whitfield, Chris, additional, Wu, Hui, additional, Wu, Lijuan, additional, Wu, Min, additional, Wu, Yarong, additional, Wu, Zhaowei, additional, Xiang, Ye, additional, Xiao, Di, additional, Xiao, Li, additional, Xiao, Lihua, additional, Xu, Tao, additional, Xu, Wenyue, additional, Xu, Xinping, additional, Xue, Jinling, additional, Yadav, Jay Prakash, additional, Yan, Junxiang, additional, Yan, Yixin, additional, Yang, Changmei, additional, Yang, Ruifu, additional, Yang, Ying, additional, Yao, Kaihu, additional, Yao, Yu-Feng, additional, Yeakle, Kyle C., additional, Yu, Demin, additional, Yu, Hao, additional, Yu, Xue-Jie, additional, Yuan, Zhenghong, additional, Zai, Wenjing, additional, Zhang, Jianzhong, additional, Zhang, Jing-Ren, additional, Zhang, Lanyue, additional, Zhang, Lijie, additional, Zhang, Qiwei, additional, Zhang, Wenbao, additional, Zhang, Wenhong, additional, Zhang, Xinxin, additional, Zhao, Youbao, additional, Zhou, Chuanmin, additional, Zhu, Feng, additional, Zhu, Jingting, additional, and Zhu, Yongqun, additional

Published
2024
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3. Cerebellum and Oculomotor Deficits

Author

Murphy, Olwen, Kheradmand, Amir, Gruol, Donna L., editor, Koibuchi, Noriyuki, editor, Manto, Mario, editor, Molinari, Marco, editor, Schmahmann, Jeremy D., editor, and Shen, Ying, editor

Published
2023
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5. Acute flaccid myelitis: cause, diagnosis, and management

Author

Murphy, Olwen C, Messacar, Kevin, Benson, Leslie, Bove, Riley, Carpenter, Jessica L, Crawford, Thomas, Dean, Janet, DeBiasi, Roberta, Desai, Jay, Elrick, Matthew J, Farias-Moeller, Raquel, Gombolay, Grace Y, Greenberg, Benjamin, Harmelink, Matthew, Hong, Sue, Hopkins, Sarah E, Oleszek, Joyce, Otten, Catherine, Sadowsky, Cristina L, Schreiner, Teri L, Thakur, Kiran T, Van Haren, Keith, Carballo, Carolina M, Chong, Pin Fee, Fall, Amary, Gowda, Vykuntaraju K, Helfferich, Jelte, Kira, Ryutaro, Lim, Ming, Lopez, Eduardo L, Wells, Elizabeth M, Yeh, E Ann, Pardo, Carlos A, group, AFM working, Salazar-Camelo, Andrea, Mithal, Divakar, Wilson-Murphy, Molly, Bauer, Andrea, Watkins, Colyn, Abzug, Mark, Dominguez, Samuel, Press, Craig, Yang, Michele, Ahsan, Nusrat, Ramos-Platt, Leigh, Tiongson, Emmanuelle, Seruya, Mitchel, Tilton, Ann, Katz, Elana, Kirschen, Matthew, Shah, Apurva, Ulloa, Erlinda, Yum, Sabrina, Mondok, Lileth, Blaufuss, Megan, Rosenfeld, Amy, Vargas, Wendy, Zucker, Jason, Yeshokumar, Anusha, Navis, Allison, Chao, Kristen, Hagen, Kaitlin, Melicosta, Michelle, Porter, Courtney, Tunney, Margaret, Scheuermann, Richard, Duggal, Priya, Pekosz, Andrew, Bayliss, Amy, Moore, Meghan, Belzberg, Allan, Bembea, Melania, O'Brien, Caitlin, Riggs, Rebecca, Nance, Jessica, Milstone, Aaron, Rice, Jessica, Garcia-Dominguez, Maria A, Flanagan, Eoin, Tillema, Jan-Mendelt, Bosques, Glendaliz, Bhatia, Sonal, Gordon-Lipkin, Eliza, Deike, Dawn, Revivo, Gadi, Zlotolow, Dan, deFiebre, Gabrielle, Lazerow, Peggy, Lotze, Timothy, Bitnun, Ari, Davidge, Kristen, Vajsar, Jiri, Moore, Amy, Konersman, Chamindra, Nash, Kendall, Strober, Jonathan, Gupta, Nalin, Chiu, Charles, Sweeney, Michael, and Jackson, William

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Rehabilitation, Rare Diseases, Neurosciences, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases, Child, Enterovirus Infections, Global Health, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Muscle Hypotonia, Muscle Weakness, Myelitis, Neuromuscular Diseases, Patient Outcome Assessment, AFM working group, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a disabling, polio-like illness mainly affecting children. Outbreaks of AFM have occurred across multiple global regions since 2012, and the disease appears to be caused by non-polio enterovirus infection, posing a major public health challenge. The clinical presentation of flaccid and often profound muscle weakness (which can invoke respiratory failure and other critical complications) can mimic several other acute neurological illnesses. There is no single sensitive and specific test for AFM, and the diagnosis relies on identification of several important clinical, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics. Following the acute phase of AFM, patients typically have substantial residual disability and unique long-term rehabilitation needs. In this Review we describe the epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcomes of AFM to help to guide diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation. Future research directions include further studies evaluating host and pathogen factors, including investigations into genetic, viral, and immunological features of affected patients, host-virus interactions, and investigations of targeted therapeutic approaches to improve the long-term outcomes in this population.

Published
2021

10. Nonvestibular Dizziness

Author

Jiam, Nicole T., Murphy, Olwen C., Gold, Daniel R., Isanhart, Erin, Sinn, Dong-In, Steenerson, Kristen K., and Sharon, Jeffrey D.

Published
2021
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14. Contributors

Author

Abrams, Gary M., primary, Albers, Gregory W., additional, Amans, Matthew R., additional, Aminoff, Michael J., additional, Batla, Amit, additional, Betjemann, John P., additional, Camilleri, Michael, additional, Chen, Robert, additional, Christine, Chadwick W., additional, Coleman, Kyle J., additional, Davies-Jones, G.A.B., additional, DeAngelis, Lisa M., additional, Dhand, Amar, additional, Dillon, William P., additional, Douglas, Vanja C., additional, Fox, Christine, additional, Furman, Joseph M., additional, Gelb, Douglas J., additional, Gladstone, David J., additional, Glynn, Simon M., additional, Goodin, Douglas S., additional, Goodman, Brent P., additional, Greenlee, John E., additional, Guterman, Elan, additional, Halabi, Cathra, additional, Hallett, Mark, additional, Halperin, John J., additional, Harris, Shelby, additional, Hemphill, J. Claude, additional, Hurko, Orest, additional, Irani, Sarosh R., additional, Jo, Jasmin, additional, Josephson, S. Andrew, additional, Kaley, Thomas J., additional, Kim, Anthony S., additional, Ko, Nerissa U., additional, Koshy, Anita A., additional, Kraler, Lironn, additional, Krumholz, Allan, additional, Leonard, John M., additional, Levin, Morris, additional, Manno, Edward M., additional, Mastaglia, Frank L., additional, Maurer, Carine W., additional, McCall, Andrew A., additional, Messing, Robert O., additional, Miravalle, Augusto, additional, Monderer, Renee, additional, Morren, John A., additional, Muccilli, Alexandra D., additional, Muir, Ryan T., additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Nash, Kendall, additional, Ooi, Winnie W., additional, Pal, Pramod K., additional, Panicker, Jalesh N., additional, Parent, Jack M., additional, Peluso, Michael J., additional, Perfect, John R., additional, Peyvandi, Shabnam, additional, Pfeiffer, Ronald F., additional, Phillips, Steven M., additional, Poncelet, Ann Noelle, additional, Prasad, Sashank, additional, Prasad, Shweta, additional, Probasco, John C., additional, Purdy, Kaylynn, additional, Rabinstein, Alejandro A., additional, Ralph, Jeffrey W., additional, Ramachandran, Prashanth S., additional, Roos, Karen L., additional, Rose-Innes, Andrew P., additional, Safarpour, Delaram, additional, Schiff, David, additional, Schipper, Hyman M., additional, Shah, Maulik P., additional, Sharzehi, Kaveh, additional, Shaw, Pamela J., additional, Spudich, Serena, additional, Srinivasan, Jayashri, additional, Stern, Barney J., additional, Sun, Chung-Huan Johnny, additional, Sussman, Jon D., additional, Thorpy, Michael, additional, Verber, Nick S., additional, VoduŠek, David B., additional, Weissenborn, Karin, additional, Williams, Linda S., additional, Wilson, Michael R., additional, and Zochodne, Douglas W., additional

Published
2021
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16. Effects of Ibudilast on Retinal Atrophy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Subtypes

Author

Ehrhardt, Henrik, primary, Lambe, Jeffrey, additional, Moussa, Hussein, additional, Vasileiou, Eleni S., additional, Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Filippatou, Angeliki G., additional, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Douglas, Morgan, additional, Davis, Simidele, additional, Nagy, Natalia, additional, Quiroga, Agustina, additional, Hu, Chen, additional, Zambriczki Lee, Alexandra, additional, Duval, Anna, additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Prince, Jerry L., additional, Calabresi, Peter A., additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Bermel, Robert, additional, and Saidha, Shiv, additional

Published
2023
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17. Brain MRI Abnormalities in Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Author

Caceres, J. Alfredo, primary, Saucier, Laura, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Gordon-Lipkin, Eliza M., additional, Santoro, Jonathan D., additional, Van Haren, Keith, additional, Pardo, Carlos A., additional, and Hopkins, Sarah, additional

Published
2023
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19. Vitreomacular Interface Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis; A Novel Signature of Disability (P10-3.013)

Author

Moussa, Hussein, primary, Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Murphy, Olwen, additional, Vasileiou, Eleni, additional, Ahmadi, Gelareh, additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn, additional, Wuppukondur, Sahi, additional, Rijal, Sujata, additional, Newsome, Scott, additional, Sotirchos, Elias, additional, Calabresi, Peter, additional, Kashani, Amir, additional, and Saidha, Shiv, additional

Published
2023
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23. Spotlight on Trans-Synaptic Degeneration in the Visual Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Filippatou,Angeliki G, Calabresi,Peter A, Saidha,Shiv, Murphy,Olwen C, Filippatou,Angeliki G, Calabresi,Peter A, Saidha,Shiv, and Murphy,Olwen C

Abstract

Angeliki G Filippatou, Peter A Calabresi, Shiv Saidha, Olwen C Murphy Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USACorrespondence: Olwen C Murphy, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA, Tel +1 410-614-1522, Fax +1410-502-6736, Email omurphy2@jhmi.eduAbstract: A putative mechanism of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is trans-synaptic degeneration (TSD), whereby injury to a neuron leads to degeneration of synaptically connected neurons. The visual system is commonly involved in MS and provides an ideal model to study TSD given its well-defined structure. TSD may occur in an anterograde direction (optic neuropathy causing degeneration in the posterior visual pathway including the optic radiations and occipital gray matter) and/or retrograde direction (posterior visual pathway lesions causing retinal degeneration). In the current review, we discuss evidence supporting the presence of anterograde and retrograde TSD in the visual system in MS.Keywords: multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, transsynaptic degeneration, neurodegeneration, optical coherence tomography

Published
2023

24. Spotlight on Trans-Synaptic Degeneration in the Visual Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis.

Author

Filippatou, Angeliki G, Calabresi, Peter A, Saidha, Shiv, and Murphy, Olwen C

Subjects
VISUAL pathways, MULTIPLE sclerosis, RETINAL degeneration, NEURODEGENERATION, GRAY matter (Nerve tissue)
Abstract

A putative mechanism of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is trans-synaptic degeneration (TSD), whereby injury to a neuron leads to degeneration of synaptically connected neurons. The visual system is commonly involved in MS and provides an ideal model to study TSD given its well-defined structure. TSD may occur in an anterograde direction (optic neuropathy causing degeneration in the posterior visual pathway including the optic radiations and occipital gray matter) and/or retrograde direction (posterior visual pathway lesions causing retinal degeneration). In the current review, we discuss evidence supporting the presence of anterograde and retrograde TSD in the visual system in MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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29. Effects of Myopia on Rates of Change in Optical Coherence Tomography Measured Retinal Layer Thicknesses in People with Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls

Author

Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, primary, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Nagy, Natalia, additional, Vasileiou, Eleni, additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Reppen, Abbey, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Moussa, Hussein, additional, Filippatou, Angeliki, additional, Lambe, Jeffrey, additional, DuVal, Anna, additional, Fioravante, Nicholas, additional, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, additional, Nguyen, James, additional, Davis, Simidele, additional, Douglas, Morgan, additional, Ramirez, Alexandra, additional, Ecoff, Katie, additional, Valenzuela, Alyssandra, additional, Reyes-Mantilla, Maria, additional, Hu, Chen, additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Saidha, Shiv, additional, and Calabresi, Peter A., additional

Published
2022
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31. Trans‐Synaptic Degeneration Following Acute Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Murphy, Olwen C., primary, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, additional, Vasileiou, Elena, additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Lambe, Jeffrey, additional, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, additional, Nguyen, James, additional, Zambriczki Lee, Alexandra, additional, Button, Julia, additional, Dewey, Blake E., additional, Newsome, Scott D., additional, Mowry, Ellen M., additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Prince, Jerry L., additional, Calabresi, Peter A., additional, and Saidha, Shiv, additional

Published
2022
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33. Visual Pathway Involvement in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Clinical, Optical Coherence Tomography, and 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Approach

Author

Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, primary, Filippatou, Angeliki, additional, Fioravante, Nicholas, additional, Rothman, Alissa, additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Vasileiou, Eleni, additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Quiroga, Agustina, additional, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Moussa, Hussein, additional, Ladakis, Dimitrios C., additional, Lambe, Jeffrey, additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Solnes, Lilja, additional, Venkatesan, Arun, additional, Calabresi, Peter A., additional, Saidha, Shiv, additional, and Probasco, John C., additional

Published
2022
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36. Visual Pathway Involvement in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Clinical, Optical Coherence Tomography, and 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Approach.

Author

Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, Filippatou, Angeliki, Fioravante, Nicholas, Rothman, Alissa, Sotirchos, Elias S., Vasileiou, Eleni, Ehrhardt, Henrik, Quiroga, Agustina, Pellegrini, Nicole, Murphy, Olwen C., Moussa, Hussein, Ladakis, Dimitrios C., Lambe, Jeffrey, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., Solnes, Lilja, Venkatesan, Arun, Calabresi, Peter A., Saidha, Shiv, and Probasco, John C.

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis patients have been reported to exhibit visual dysfunction without retinal thinning. The objective of our study was to examine the involvement of the visual pathway structure and function in anti-NMDAR encephalitis by assessing postrecovery visual function and retinal structure, and acute-phase occipital cortex function. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis per consensus criteria underwent postrecovery visual acuity (VA) testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with automated retinal layer segmentation. Clinical data and acute-phase brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT (performed within 90 days of symptom onset, assessed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively) were retrospectively analyzed. VA and OCT measures were compared between anti-NMDAR and age, sex, and race-matched healthy controls (HC). When available, FDG-PET/CT metabolism patterns were analyzed for correlations with VA, and OCT measures. Results: A total of 16 anti-NMDAR (32 eyes) and 32 HC (64 eyes) were included in the study. Anti-NMDAR exhibited lower low-contrast VA (2.5% contrast: −4.4 letters [95% CI; −8.5 to −0.3]; P = 0.04, 1.25% contrast: −6.8 letters [95%CI; −12 to −1.7]; P = 0.01) compared with HC, but no differences were found on OCT-derived retinal layer thicknesses. Acute-phase FDG-PET/CT medial occipital cortex metabolism did not correlate with follow-up low-contrast VA or ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL) (n = 7, 2.5% contrast: r = −0.31; P = 0.50, 1.25% contrast: r = −0.34; P = 0.45, GCIPL: r = −0.04; P = 0.94). Conclusions: Although the visual system seems to be involved in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, no retinal structural or occipital cortex functional abnormalities seem to be responsible for the visual dysfunction. When detected acutely, occipital lobe hypometabolism in anti-NMDAR encephalitis does not seem to associate with subsequent retrograde trans-synaptic degenerative phenomena, potentially reflecting reversible neuronal/synaptic dysfunction in the acute phase of the illness rather than neuronal degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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38. Effects of Myopia on Rates of Change in Optical Coherence Tomography Measured Retinal Layer Thicknesses in People with Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls.

Author

Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, Pellegrini, Nicole, Nagy, Natalia, Vasileiou, Eleni, Ehrhardt, Henrik, Reppen, Abbey, Murphy, Olwen C., Moussa, Hussein, Filippatou, Angeliki, Lambe, Jeffrey, DuVal, Anna, Fioravante, Nicholas, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, Nguyen, James, Davis, Simidele, Douglas, Morgan, Ramirez, Alexandra, Ecoff, Katie, Valenzuela, Alyssandra, and Reyes-Mantilla, Maria

Subjects
OPTICAL coherence tomography, MYOPIA, MULTIPLE sclerosis, REFRACTIVE errors, RETINAL artery, NERVE fibers, CHOROID
Abstract

To quantify the associations of myopia with longitudinal changes in retinal layer thicknesses in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and healthy controls (HC). A cohort of PwMS and HC with recorded refractive error (RE) prospectively scanned on Cirrus HD-OCT at the Johns Hopkins MS Center was assessed for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included OCT follow-up < 6 months, ocular comorbidities, incidental OCT pathologies, and inadequate scan quality. Eyes were classified as having high myopia (HM) (RE≤ −6 diopters), low myopia (LM) (RE> −6 and ≤ −3 diopters), or no myopia (NM) (RE> −3 and ≤ +2.75). Linear mixed-effects regression models were used in analyses. A total of 213 PwMS (eyes: 67 HM, 98 LM, 207 NM) and 80 HC (eyes: 26 HM, 37 LM, 93 NM) were included. Baseline average ganglion cell/inner plexiform (GCIPL) and peri-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses were lower in MS HM compared with MS NM (diff: −3.2 µm, 95% CI: −5.5 to −0.8, p = 0.008 and −5.3 µm, 95% CI: −9.0 to −1.7, p = 0.004, respectively), and similarly in HC HM, as compared with HC NM. Baseline superior, inferior, and nasal pRNFL thicknesses were lower in HM compared with NM, while temporal pRNFL thickness was higher, both in MS and HC (MS: 7.1 µm, 95% CI: 2.7–11.6, p = 0.002; HC: 4.7 µm, 95% CI: −0.3 to 9.7, p = 0.07). No longitudinal differences in rates of GCIPL change were noted between HM and LM vs. NM, either in MS or HC. Cross-sectional differences in average GCIPL and pRNFL thicknesses are commonly seen in people with HM as compared to reference normative values from people with NM and can lead to false attribution of pathology if RE is not taken into account. However, our study suggests that longitudinal changes in average GCIPL thickness in PwMS with myopia are similar in magnitude to PwMS with NM, and therefore are appropriate for monitoring disease-related pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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39. Trans‐Synaptic Degeneration Following Acute Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis.

Author

Murphy, Olwen C., Sotirchos, Elias S., Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, Vasileiou, Elena, Ehrhardt, Henrik, Lambe, Jeffrey, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, Nguyen, James, Zambriczki Lee, Alexandra, Button, Julia, Dewey, Blake E., Newsome, Scott D., Mowry, Ellen M., Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., Prince, Jerry L., Calabresi, Peter A., and Saidha, Shiv

Subjects
*OPTIC neuritis, *MULTIPLE sclerosis, *GRAY matter (Nerve tissue), *CEREBRAL atrophy, *WHITE matter (Nerve tissue), *MAGNETIC resonance imaging
Abstract

Objective: To explore longitudinal changes in brain volumetric measures and retinal layer thicknesses following acute optic neuritis (AON) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), to investigate the process of trans‐synaptic degeneration, and determine its clinical relevance. Methods: PwMS were recruited within 40 days of AON onset (n = 49), and underwent baseline retinal optical coherence tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging followed by longitudinal tracking for up to 5 years. A comparator cohort of PwMS without a recent episode of AON were similarly tracked (n = 73). Mixed‐effects linear regression models were used. Results: Accelerated atrophy of the occipital gray matter (GM), calcarine GM, and thalamus was seen in the AON cohort, as compared with the non‐AON cohort (−0.76% vs −0.22% per year [p = 0.01] for occipital GM, −1.83% vs −0.32% per year [p = 0.008] for calcarine GM, −1.17% vs −0.67% per year [p = 0.02] for thalamus), whereas rates of whole‐brain, cortical GM, non‐occipital cortical GM atrophy, and T2 lesion accumulation did not differ significantly between the cohorts. In the AON cohort, greater AON‐induced reduction in ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer thickness over the first year was associated with faster rates of whole‐brain (r = 0.32, p = 0.04), white matter (r = 0.32, p = 0.04), and thalamic (r = 0.36, p = 0.02) atrophy over the study period. Significant relationships were identified between faster atrophy of the subcortical GM and thalamus, with worse visual function outcomes after AON. Interpretation: These results provide in‐vivo evidence for anterograde trans‐synaptic degeneration following AON in PwMS, and suggest that trans‐synaptic degeneration may be related to clinically‐relevant visual outcomes. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:76–87 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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43. Modulation of Retinal Atrophy With Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Lambe, Jeffrey, primary, Risher, Hunter, additional, Filippatou, Angeliki G., additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Ogbuokiri, Esther, additional, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Toliver, Brandon, additional, Luciano, Nicholas J., additional, Davis, Simidele, additional, Fioravante, Nicholas, additional, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, additional, Prince, Jerry L., additional, Calabresi, Peter A., additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, and Saidha, Shiv, additional

Published
2021
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45. Association of Spectral-Domain OCT With Long-term Disability Worsening in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Lambe, Jeffrey, primary, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Filippatou, Angeliki G., additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, additional, Vasileiou, Elena, additional, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Ogbuokiri, Esther, additional, Toliver, Brandon, additional, Luciano, Nicholas J., additional, Davis, Simidele, additional, Fioravante, Nicholas, additional, Kwakyi, Ohemaa, additional, Risher, Hunter, additional, Crainiceanu, Ciprian M., additional, Prince, Jerry L., additional, Newsome, Scott D., additional, Mowry, Ellen M., additional, Saidha, Shiv, additional, and Calabresi, Peter A., additional

Published
2021
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47. MSJ900942_Supplementary_table_2 – Supplemental material for Association of body mass index with longitudinal rates of retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis

Author

Filippatou, Angeliki G, Lambe, Jeffrey, Sotirchos, Elias S, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C, Aston, Andrew, Murphy, Olwen C, Pellegrini, Nicole, Fioravante, Nicholas, Risher, Hunter, Ogbuokiri, Esther, Ohemaa Kwakyi, Toliver, Brandon, Simidele Davis, Luciano, Nicholas, Crainiceanu, Ciprian, Prince, Jerry L, Mowry, Ellen M, Calabresi, Peter A, and Saidha, Shiv

Subjects
FOS: Clinical medicine, 111702 Aged Health Care, FOS: Health sciences, 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Abstract

Supplemental material, MSJ900942_Supplementary_table_2 for Association of body mass index with longitudinal rates of retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis by Angeliki G Filippatou, Jeffrey Lambe, Elias S Sotirchos, Kathryn C Fitzgerald, Andrew Aston, Olwen C Murphy, Nicole Pellegrini, Nicholas Fioravante, Hunter Risher, Esther Ogbuokiri, Ohemaa Kwakyi, Brandon Toliver, Simidele Davis, Nicholas Luciano, Ciprian Crainiceanu, Jerry L Prince, Ellen M Mowry, Peter A Calabresi and Shiv Saidha in Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Published
2020
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48. Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings After Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Murphy, Olwen C., primary, Kalaitzidis, Grigorios, additional, Vasileiou, Eleni, additional, Filippatou, Angeliki G., additional, Lambe, Jeffrey, additional, Ehrhardt, Henrik, additional, Pellegrini, Nicole, additional, Sotirchos, Elias S., additional, Luciano, Nicholas J., additional, Liu, Yihao, additional, Fitzgerald, Kathryn C., additional, Prince, Jerry L., additional, Calabresi, Peter A., additional, and Saidha, Shiv, additional

Published
2020
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49. The “round the houses” sign and “zig-zag” sign in progressive supranuclear palsy and other conditions

Author

Fearon, Conor, primary, Field, Robert, additional, Donlon, Eoghan, additional, Murphy, Olwen C., additional, Cronin, Simon, additional, Buckley, Cliona, additional, Williams, Laura, additional, Llamas, Yudy, additional, O'Dowd, Sean, additional, O'Sullivan, Sean S., additional, Gold, Daniel R., additional, Walsh, Richard, additional, Healy, Daniel G., additional, Quinn, Niall, additional, and Lynch, Timothy, additional

Published
2020
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