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Two veterinary personnel in Japan were infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) while handling a sick cat. Whole-genome sequences of SFTSV isolated from the personnel and the cat were 100% identical. These results identified a nosocomial outbreak of SFTSV infection in an animal hospital without a tick as a vector.

Objective.We investigated the association of airway comorbidities with the clinical phenotypes and outcomes of myeloperoxidase (MPO)–antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)–positive ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).Methods.An AAV patient multicenter cohort trial was established in 13 hospitals in western Japan between 2012 and 2018. We examined 143 of the new-onset MPO-ANCA–positive AAV patients. Their clinical characteristics and comorbidities at disease onset were compared based on clinical phenotypes. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of remission and death.Results.Twenty-seven cases with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 10 with eosinophilic GPA (EGPA), 81 with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and 25 with unclassified AAV were identified. The average age of MPO-ANCA–positive patients was 71.4 years. Comorbidity (87.4%) and airway comorbidity (70.6%) were frequently observed in these patients. Examination of the clinical phenotypes revealed that the cases of GPA were frequently accompanied by infectious airway comorbidity (upper airway disease, bronchiectasis, pulmonary infections), and most of the cases of MPA and unclassified AAV were accompanied by fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD) or emphysema. Among MPO-ANCA–positive patients, infectious airway comorbidity was predictive of both remission (HR 1.58, P = 0.03) and mortality (HR 2.64, P = 0.04), and fILD was predictive of mortality (HR 7.55, P = 0.008). The combination of infectious airway comorbidities and fILD caused the worst survival outcomes in patients.Conclusion.MPO-ANCA–positive AAV was frequently accompanied by airway comorbidities. In addition to fILD, infectious airway comorbidities were closely associated with those clinical phenotypes and outcomes.

Background To analyse the subsequent clinical course of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who either continued or discontinued biologic agents after hospitalization for infections. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 230 RA patients with 307 hospitalizations for infections under biologic therapy between September 2008 and May 2014 in 15 institutions for up to 18 months after discharge. The risks of RA flares and subsequent hospitalizations for infections from 61 days to 18 months after discharge were evaluated. Results Survival analyses indicated that patients who continued biologic therapy had a significantly lower risk of RA flares (31.4% vs. 60.6%, P P = 0.37). Multivariate analysis showed that discontinuation of biologic therapy, diabetes, and a history of hospitalization for infection under biologic therapy were associated with RA flares. Oral steroid therapy equivalent to prednisolone 5 mg/day or more and chronic renal dysfunction were independent risk factors for subsequent hospitalizations for infections. Conclusions Discontinuation of biologic therapy after hospitalization for infections may result in RA flares. Continuation of biologic therapy is preferable, particularly in patients without immunodeficiency.

Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic medication for refractory schizophrenia, but it has many possible serious side effects, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). However, the rare case reports available have not presented sufficient characteristic features of drug-induced AAV. Herein, we report a case of a 48-year-old Japanese woman with schizophrenia who presented with fever, arthralgia, myalgia and skin rash after 2 years of clozapine treatment. Her C-reactive protein (CRP) level increased, myeloperoxidase ANCA was positive and skin biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Initially, steroid administration achieved remission, but her symptoms and high CRP levels relapsed every time the steroid dosage was tapered down. Upon discontinuation of clozapine, her symptoms and elevated CRP level immediately improved and the steroid was successfully tapered and discontinued. This outcome suggested that clozapine was the main cause of AAV.

We examined the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) maintenance therapy for patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) in Japan.We conducted a retrospective study using a multi-center cohort database of vasculitis patients. All maintenance treatment courses were divided into three groups: a RTX group, a group treated with other immunosuppressant drugs (IS) and a group receiving glucocorticoid monotherapy (GC). The primary endpoint was the comparison of relapse-free survival after 1 year. We also analyzed the occurrence of severe adverse events (SAEs) to assess safety.We included 123 courses of 107 patients (RTXRTX maintenance therapy could be effective and safe in Japanese GPA patients.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent pro-inflammatory and pathological cytokines in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Anti-TNF-α therapy has been established as an efficacious therapeutic strategy in these diseases. In clinical settings, three monoclonal anti-TNF-α full IgG1 antibodies infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab, PEGylated Fab' fragment of anti-TNF-α antibody certolizumab pegol, extracellular domain of TNF receptor 2/IgG1-Fc fusion protein etanercept, are almost equally effective for rheumatoid arthritis. Although monoclonal full IgG1 antibodies are able to induce clinical and endoscopic remission in inflammatory bowel diseases, certolizumab pegol without Fc portion has been shown to be less effective for inflammatory bowel diseases compared to full IgG1 antibodies. In addition, there are no evidences that etanercept leads clinical remission in inflammatory bowel diseases. Besides the common effect of anti-TNF-α agents on neutralization of soluble TNF-α, each anti-TNF-α agent has its own distinctive pharmacological properties which cause the difference in clinical efficacies. Here we focus on the distinctions of action of anti-TNF-α agents especially in following points; (1) blocking ability against ligands, transmembrane TNF-α and lymphotoxin, (2) effects toward transmembrane TNF-α-expressing cells, (3) effects toward Fcγ receptor-expressing cells, (4) degradation and distribution in inflamed tissue. Accumulating evidence will give us the idea how to modify anti-TNF-α agents to enhance the clinical efficacy in inflammatory diseases.

As previous reports regarding rituximab usage for refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD) are limited, it is essential to clarify the clinical effect of early rituximab administration for refractory TTP with CTD in clinical practice. We retrospectively analysed three refractory TTP patients with CTD (plasma exchange [PE]-refractory case (case 2) or cases (case 1 and case 3) with high titers of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease [ADAMTS13] inhibitor) in a single institution during 2012–2015. The patients were treated with PE/plasma infusion, steroids, and off-label use of rituximab treatment as early administration, at a dosage of 375 mg/m2 weekly with four or eight repeats. Owing to the early diagnosis of refractory TTP with ADAMTS13 activity-deficiency and presence of ADAMTS13 inhibitors (case 1: 2.5, case 2: 1.0, case 3: 6.6), and the subsequent early rituximab treatment combined with PE (case 1: day 1, case 2: day 12, case 3: day ...

A previously healthy 44-year-old male presented with fever, abdominal pain, liver dysfunction and lymphadenopathy. He was diagnosed as having acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with elevated CMV-IgG and IgM, and observed with supportive therapy. He was admitted to our hospital with prolonged fever lasting for a month. Enhanced CT revealed multiple thromboses in the right pulmonary artery and superior mesenteric vein. Follow-up CT after one week revealed new-onset thromboses in the left pulmonary artery and common iliac vein. Screening tests for thrombophilia were negative. His symptoms were improved with anticoagulant therapy with intravenous heparin, followed by oral warfarin. He was discharged on admission day 28 with good condition. Follow-up CT after 6 months revealed complete resolution of the thromboses. Anticoagulant therapy was stopped after 9 months, and he has been well without recurrence. Though vascular thrombosis is a rare complication, we must be alert to the signs and symptoms of thrombosis in patients with acute CMV infection.

Objective To elucidate the clinical and genetic features of patients with TNFRSF1A variants in Japan using data obtained from a nationwide survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan study group for tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). Methods Inquiries were sent to 2,900 departments of internal medicine and pediatrics in all hospitals with more than 200 beds in Japan, asking whether they had patients in whom TRAPS was suspected. Genetic tests for TNFRSF1A, MEFV, and MVK were performed on 169 patients. Cell surface expression of TNFRSF1A variants was assessed using 293T cells. Results Ten patients from 10 independent families were found to have TNFRSF1A variants. We collected clinical and genetic information on 41 additional patients with TNFRSF1A variants and symptoms of inflammation from 23 independent families; 17 of these patients had not been described in the literature. The common clinical features of Japanese patients were fever of >38°C (100% of patients), arthralgia (59%), and rash (55%). The prevalence of abdominal pain (36%), myalgia (43%), and amyloidosis (0%) was significantly lower in Japanese patients than in Caucasian patients. The most common variant was T61I (appearing in 49% of patients), and it was identified in 7 of 363 healthy controls. Defects in cysteine residues and the T50M variant were associated with decreased cell surface expression, while other variants, including T61I, were not. Conclusion Patients with TNFRSF1A variants are very rare in Japan, as in other countries, but there are a number of clinical and genetic differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. The pathogenic significance of the T61I variant remains unclear.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is a representative of autoinflammatory diseases. We conducted a nationwide survey for patients with TNFRSF1A variants in Japan. We obtained clinical and genetic features of 51 patients from 33 independent families. The most common variant was T61I (appearing in 49% of patients), and it was identified in 7 of 363 healthy controls. The common clinical features of Japanese patients were fever of >38 °C (100% of patients), arthralgia (59%), and rash (55%). The prevalence of abdominal pain (36%), myalgia (43%), and amyloidosis (0%) was significantly lower in Japanese patients than in Caucasian patients. Patients with TNFRSF1A variants are very rare in Japan, as in other countries, but there are a number of clinical and genetic differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients.

Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen. It has recently been recognized as an emerging zoonosis that causes mainly meningitis and sepsis in human. In particular, toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) caused by this pathogen has a high mortality rate. However, misidentification of S. suis by conventional biochemical and commercial identification tests is not rare. The patient was a 71-year-old man who worked as a pig farmer who was admitted for fever, oliguria and subcutaneous hemorrhage. He was diagnosed as having septic shock and blood culture was positive for Gram-positive cocci, mainly diplococcus. This pathogen was identified with S. suis with using MALDI-TOF MS analysis, though a commercial Gram-Positive bacteria identification kit revealed viridans streptococci. His clinical features met the diagnostic criteria of TSLS, and ceftriaxone and clindamycin were administered. On admission day 28, he was discharged in good condition.

Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen. It has recently been recognized as an emerging zoonosis that causes mainly meningitis and sepsis in human. In particular, toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) caused by this pathogen has a high mortality rate. However, misidentification of S. suis by conventional biochemical and commercial identification tests is not rare. The patient was a 71-year-old man who worked as a pig farmer who was admitted for fever, oliguria and subcutaneous hemorrhage. He was diagnosed as having septic shock and blood culture was positive for Gram-positive cocci, mainly diplococcus. This pathogen was identified with S. suis with using MALDI-TOF MS analysis, though a commercial Gram-Positive bacteria identification kit revealed viridans streptococci. His clinical features met the diagnostic criteria of TSLS, and ceftriaxone and clindamycin were administered. On admission day 28, he was discharged in good condition.

To elucidate the clinical and genetic features of patients with TNFRSF1A variants in Japan using data obtained from a nationwide survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan study group for tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).Inquiries were sent to 2,900 departments of internal medicine and pediatrics in all hospitals with more than 200 beds in Japan, asking whether they had patients in whom TRAPS was suspected. Genetic tests for TNFRSF1A, MEFV, and MVK were performed on 169 patients. Cell surface expression of TNFRSF1A variants was assessed using 293T cells.Ten patients from 10 independent families were found to have TNFRSF1A variants. We collected clinical and genetic information on 41 additional patients with TNFRSF1A variants and symptoms of inflammation from 23 independent families; 17 of these patients had not been described in the literature. The common clinical features of Japanese patients were fever of38°C (100% of patients), arthralgia (59%), and rash (55%). The prevalence of abdominal pain (36%), myalgia (43%), and amyloidosis (0%) was significantly lower in Japanese patients than in Caucasian patients. The most common variant was T61I (appearing in 49% of patients), and it was identified in 7 of 363 healthy controls. Defects in cysteine residues and the T50M variant were associated with decreased cell surface expression, while other variants, including T61I, were not.Patients with TNFRSF1A variants are very rare in Japan, as in other countries, but there are a number of clinical and genetic differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. The pathogenic significance of the T61I variant remains unclear.

Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotropic growth factor, has emerged as an immunoregulatory molecule. Because the roles of PGRN in dermatomyositis (DM) are still unknown, we investigated whether serum PGRN levels are associated with disease activity and prognosis in DM patients, particularly in those with DM complicated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The serum levels of PGRN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with DM (n =57; acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia (A/SIP): n =17, chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP): n =24, without ILD: n =16), polymyositis (PM, n =21; including 6 with ILD) and normal healthy controls (NHCs, n =60). We assessed the correlation between the serum PGRN levels and the activity indexes of ILD or prognosis in DM patients with ILD. Serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in DM patients than in PM patients (P =0.0025) and in NHCs (P

Moisture migration in deep-fried food was investigated during frozen storage with regular temperature cycling for defrosting. The increase in moisture content of the coating and the change in water vapor weight in the package suggest that moisture from the filling migrated directly to the coating during frozen storage. Classification of the water in the filling by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that free water formed by the temperature cycling was transferred mainly from the filling to the coating. It was found that this decrease in the free water of the filling helped maintain the quality of frozen deep-fried food.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular damage and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Because activated and oligoclonally expanded CD8+ T cells can be detected in peripheral blood and lungs of SSc patients, effector memory CD8+ T cells may play a critical role for organ involvement in SSc; however, the pathogenic functions of effector memory CD8+ T cells remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed DNA microarray analysis of the sort-purified effector memory CD8+ T cells from SSc patients and healthy controls, and showed that the expression of genes related to immune response and cell adhesion, including CD226 (also known as DNAX accessory molecule-1 [DNAM-1]), was significantly altered. Moreover, detailed analysis of CD226 revealed that CD226highCD8+ T cells were increased in SSc patients (mean, 50.7%) compared with healthy controls (32.9%) and were appreciably associated with the severity of skin sclerosis and interstitial lung disease. Furthermore, CD226+CD8+ T cells produced higher amount of various cytokines than CD226− ones, and CD226highCD8+ T cells from SSc patients showed upregulated IL-13 production and positive correlation with the cytotoxic capacity of CD8+ T cells against HUVECs. Finally, the neutralization of CD226 in CD8+ T cells impaired costimulation, cytokine productions, and cytolysis against HUVECs. These findings indicate that upregulated CD226 expression on CD8+ T cells reflects disease severity and is involved in SSc pathogenesis via the production of various cytokines, including profibrotic IL-13 and endothelial cell injury, and that CD226 may be a useful target in the treatment of SSc.

Fuzzy neural network (FNN) was applied to construct a simulation model for estimating the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of an activated sludge process in a “U” plant, in which most of process variables were measured once an hour. The constructed FNN model could simulate periodic changes in COD with high accuracy. Comparing the simulation result obtained using the FNN model with that obtained using the multiple regression analysis (MRA) model, it was found that the FNN model had 3.7 times higher accuracy than the MRA model. The FNN models corresponding to each of the four seasons were also constructed. Analyzing the fuzzy rules acquired from the FNN models after learning, the operational characteristic of this plant could be elucidated. Construction of the simulation model for another plant “A”, in which process variables were measured once a day, was also carried out. This FNN model also had a relatively high accuracy.

BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) agents have been successfully applied for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Not only the neutralization of soluble TNF-α but also the effect on transmembrane TNF-α is important mechanisms of action of anti-TNF-α agents. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of new anti-TNF-α agents, certolizumab pegol and golimumab, which are mediated by transmembrane TNF-α. METHODS Transmembrane TNF-α-expressing Jurkat T cells that did not express TNF receptors were used. The binding ability of each anti-TNF-α agent to transmembrane TNF-α, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and the apoptotic effect were examined. RESULTS Certolizumab pegol and golimumab bound to transmembrane TNF-α. Golimumab induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, which was comparable to infliximab and adalimumab. However, certolizumab pegol did not induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Certolizumab pegol directly induced nonapoptotic cell death in transmembrane TNF-α-expressing cells. Golimumab induced a weaker apoptotic effect than infliximab and adalimumab. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxic effects of anti-TNF-α agents on TNF-α-expressing cells are considered to be associated with the clinical effect of these agents on granulomatous diseases. The direct cytotoxic effect of certolizumab pegol on TNF-α-producing cells may contribute to its clinical efficacy in Crohn's disease. Golimumab may be less effective for granulomatous diseases.

Introduction Progranulin (PGRN) is the precursor of granulin (GRN), a soluble cofactor for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling evoked by oligonucleotide (CpG)-DNA. Because TLR9 signaling plays an important role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated whether PGRN is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Methods We measured concentrations of serum PGRN and interleukin-6 (IL-6) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with SLE (n = 68) and in healthy controls (n = 60). We assessed the correlation between the serum PGRN levels and established disease-activity indexes. The sera from the patients with high PGRN titers (>80 ng/ml) at the initial evaluation were reevaluated after the disease was ameliorated by treatment. We also measured the IL-6 concentration secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) incubated with (a) oligonucleotide (CpG-B) in the presence or absence of recombinant human PGRN (rhPGRN); and (b) lupus sera in the presence or absence of a neutralizing anti-PGRN antibody. Results Serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in SLE patients than healthy controls. Their levels were significantly associated with activity of clinical symptoms. They also significantly correlated with values of clinical parameters, including the SLE Disease Activity Index and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody titers, and inversely with CH50, C3, and C4 levels. Moreover, serum PGRN levels significantly decreased after successful treatment of SLE. The rhPGRN significantly upregulated the production of IL-6 by PBMCs stimulated with CpG-B. Patients' sera stimulated production of IL-6 from PBMCs, which was significantly impaired by neutralization of PGRN. The serum PGRN levels significantly correlated with the serum IL-6 levels. Conclusions Serum PGRN could be a useful biomarker for disease activity of SLE. PGRN may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE partly by enhancing the TLR9 signaling.

TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent febrile attacks. TRAPS is associated with mutation in the gene encoding TNF Receptor I (TNFRI) and seven mutations have been reported in Japan. Molecular modeling experiments indicate that the mutant TNFRI accumulates intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum due to misfolding and activates MAP kinase (MAPK) through induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. MAPK activation is further enhanced by the stimulation through toll-like receptor, resulting in the enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. Febrile attacks last 21 days on average and occur every one to several months. Myalgia, erythematous macular rash, abdominal pain, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, chest pain and arthralgia are commonly seen during the attacks. Glucocorticoid is effective in decreasing the severity and duration of the febrile attacks. Soluble TNF receptor etanercept, IL-1 receptor antagonist Anakinra(TM) and IL-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab are effective in some patients. Japanese study group of TRAPS conducted national survey to make new diagnostic criteria in 2010.

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis, although this disease shows only atypical symptoms in the primary stage. This report describes a patient suspected of having a malignancy based on integrated 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), which showed increased uptake in pulmonary nodules and nasopharyngeal mucosa. Integrated PET/CT is therefore considered to be useful to confirm the distribution and determine the optimal site for biopsy.

Background Anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) agents have been successfully applied for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn’s disease (CD) and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Not only the neutralization of soluble TNFα but also the effect on transmembrane TNFα is important mechanisms of action of anti-TNFα agents. Objectives This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of new anti-TNFα agents, certolizumab pegol and golimumab, that are mediated by transmembrane TNFα. Methods Transmembrane TNFα-expressing Jurkat T cells that did not express TNF receptors were used. The binding ability of each anti-TNFα agent to transmembrane TNFα, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and the apoptotic effect were examined. Results Certolizumab pegol and golimumab bound to transmembrane TNFα. Golimumab induced ADCC and CDC, which was comparable to infliximab and adalimumab. However, certolizumab pegol did not induce ADCC or CDC. Certolizumab pegol directly induced nonapoptotic cell death in transmembrane TNFα-expressing cells. Golimumab induced a weaker apoptotic effect than infliximab and adalimumab. Conclusions The cytotoxic effects of anti-TNFα agents on TNFα-expressing cells are considered to be associated with the clinical effect of these agents on granulomatous diseases. The direct cytotoxic effect of certolizumab pegol on TNFα-producing cells may contribute to its clinical efficacy in CD. Golimumab may be less effective for granulomatous diseases. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background Recent phase II study demonstrated that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) is more effective than conventional intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of severe systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the long-term results of CD34-selectiod or unmanipulated auto-HSCT for SSc has not been investigated. Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term results of auto-HSCT for severe SSc and to compare efficacy of CD34-selected auto-HSCT with that of unmanipulated auto-HSCT. Methods Nineteen patients (4 male and 15 female) with severe SSc were enrolled. Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were mobilized with cyclophosphamide (CY, 4 g/m 2 ) and G-CSF. After collecting PBSCs more than 2×10 6 CD34+cells/kg by apheresis, CD34+ cells were immunologically selected in 11 patients. All of the patients were treated with high-dose CY (200 mg/kg) and received CD34-selected (n=11; a group with CD34-selection) or unmanipulated (n=8; a group without CD34-selection) auto-HSCT. Immune reconstitution was evaluated serially by analyzing lymphocyte subpopulations for 36 months after HSCT. Results There was no treatment-related mortality. As toxicity, there were a variety of post-transplant infections such as adenoviral hemorrhagic cystitis, herpes zoster and cytomegaloviral antigenemia. Sclerosis of the skin was markedly improved in all of the patients within 6 months and the improvement was sustained for 60 months after auto-HSCT. Vital capacity was significantly increased at 48 months after HSCT and KL-6, a marker for interstitial pneumonia (IP), was significantly decreased in patients with IP during 12-60 months after HSCT. A titer of anti-Scl-70 was significantly decreased during 1-60 months after HSCT. Progression-free and overall 5-year survivals were 68 and 95%, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction of the skin scores was significantly greater and viral infections were more frequent in the patients with CD34-selection than those without. Effect of auto-HSCT on interstitial pneumonia, and the recovery of lymphocyte subpopulations after auto-HSCT were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusions Auto-HSCT had long-term effects on skin sclerosis and IP, resulting in improved prognosis in patients with severe SSc. CD34-selected auto-HSCT had greater effect on skin sclerosis than unmanipulated auto-HSCT. References Tsukamoto H, Nagafuji K, Horiuchi T, et al. A Phase I-II Trial of Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 65: 508-14, 2006. Tsukamoto H, Nagafuji K, Horiuchi T, et al. Analysis of immune reconstitution after autologous CD34+ stem/progenitor cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: predominant reconstitution of Th1 CD4+ T cells. Rheumatology 2011; 50: 944-52. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background Autologous stem cell transplantation for international scleroderma (ASTIS) trial demonstrated that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) is more effective than conventional intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of severe systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, there is paucity of the study showing the long-term efficacy of auto-HSCT for severe SSc. Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate seven-year follow-up results of auto-HSCT for severe SSc. Methods Nineteen patients (4 male and 15 female) with severe SSc were enrolled. Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were mobilized with cyclophosphamide (CY, 4 g/m 2 ) and G-CSF. After collecting PBSCs more than 2x 10 6 CD34+cells/kg by apheresis, CD34+ cells were immunologically selected in 11 patients. All of the patients were treated with high-dose CY (200 mg/kg) and received CD34-selected (n=11; a group with CD34-selection) or unmanipulated (n=8; a group without CD34-selection) auto-HSCT. Immune reconstitution was evaluated serially by analyzing lymphocyte subpopulations for 36 months after HSCT. Results There was no treatment-related mortality. As toxicity, there were a variety of post-transplant infections such as adenoviral hemorrhagic cystitis, herpes zoster and cytomegaloviral antigenemia. Sclerosis of the skin was markedly improved in all of the patients within 6 months and the improvement was sustained for 84 months after auto-HSCT. Vital capacity was significantly increased at 48 and 60 months after HSCT and KL-6, a marker for interstitial pneumonia (IP), was significantly decreased in patients with IP during 12-84 months after HSCT. A titer of anti-Scl-70 was significantly decreased during 1-84 months after HSCT. Five and seven years after auto-HSCT, the overall survival was 89 and 78%, and the progression-free survival was 65 and 57%, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction of the skin scores was significantly greater and viral infections were more frequent in the patients with CD34-selection than those without. Effect of auto-HSCT on interstitial pneumonia, and the recovery of lymphocyte subpopulations after auto-HSCT were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusions Auto-HSCT was effective in the treatment of SSc and the effect was sustained for 7 years. References Tsukamoto H, Nagafuji K, Horiuchi T, et al. A Phase I-II Trial of Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 65: 508-14, 2006. Tsukamoto H, Nagafuji K, Horiuchi T, et al. Analysis of immune reconstitution after autologous CD34+ stem/progenitor cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: predominant reconstitution of Th1 CD4+ T cells. Rheumatology 2011; 50: 944-52. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background Granulin (GRN) is a soluble cofactor for TLR9 signaling and enhances the interaction between TLR9 and CpG-DNA. TLR9 is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) via this DNA-containing immune complex. The roles of progranulin (PGRN) and GRN in SLE are still unknown. Objectives To determine if serum PGRN levels are elevated in patients with SLE and are correlated with disease activity and to investigate the role of PGRN in the pathogenesis of SLE. Methods The serum levels of PGRN and IL-6 were measured by ELISA in patients with SLE (n=68; active (SLEDAI score ≥6): n=46, inactive: n=22; female: n=58, male: n=10, median age=37 years), age- and sex-matched rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n=20) and normal healthy controls (NHCs, n=32). We assessed the correlation between the serum PGRN levels and an established disease activity index. The sera from the patients with high PGRN titers (>80 ng/ml) at the initial evaluation were reevaluated after the disease was ameliorated by treatment (n=15). We also measured the IL-6 secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors stimulated with 1) CpG-B in the presence or absence of recombinant human PGRN (rhPGRN) 2) lupus serum in the presence or absence of an anti-PGRN antibody. Results The serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in the SLE patients (median: 87.6 ng/ml) than in the RA patients (54.2 ng/ml, P=0.0082) and NHCs (44.5 ng/ml, P in vitro (respectively, P Conclusions These findings indicate that PGRN is associated with global activities of lupus. PGRN may play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE by affecting the TLR9 signaling elicited by immune complexes and could therefore be a therapeutic target for SLE. References Park B, Buti L, Lee S, et al. Granulin is a soluble cofactor for toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Immunity 2011;34:505-513. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background Recently, it has been reported that granulin (GRN) and/or progranulin (PGRN), precursor of GRN, is a soluble cofactor for TLR9 signaling [1]. We reported that serum PGRN levels are associated with SLE global activity and PGRN may have a role in the pathogenesis via increased cytokine production [2]. TLR9 is also involved in the pathological condition of dermatomyositis (DM). Moreover, DM is occasionally complicated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, the roles of PGRN and GRN in DM are still unknown. Objectives To determine if serum PGRN levels are elevated in DM patients, in particular, complicated with ILD and are associated with severity and prognosis. Methods The serum levels of PGRN were measured by ELISA in patients with DM (n=50; acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia (A/SIP), defined as a rapidly progressive ILD within 3 months from the onset of symptoms: n=13, chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP): n=20, without ILD: n=17), polymyositis (PM, n=21) and normal healthy controls (NHCs, n=60). We assessed the correlation between the serum PGRN levels and the activity indexes of ILD. The sera from some of the patients were reevaluated after the disease was ameliorated by treatment (n=6). Moreover, we calculated the cumulative survival rate for 6 months in DM patients with ILD, which is classified two groups, serum PGRN levels > or =200 ng/ml and Results The serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in the DM patients (median: 100 ng/ml) than in the PM patients (60.4 ng/ml, P=0.0028) and NHCs (48.3 ng/ml, P or =200 ng/ml (60%) than that in the group with serum PGRN levels Conclusions These findings indicate that PGRN is associated with severity and prognosis of DM with ILD. PGRN may play a role in the pathogenesis of DM by affecting the TLR9 signaling and could be a useful biomarker. References Park B, Buti L, Lee S, et al. Granulin is a soluble cofactor for toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Immunity 2011;34:505-513. Tanaka A, Tsukamoto H, Mitoma H, et al. Serum progranulin levels are elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, reflecting disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14(6):R244. Disclosure of Interest None Declared