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Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an emerging treatment modality in dermatology with increasing office and home-based use. PBM is the use of various light sources in the red light (620-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1440 nm) spectrum as a form of light therapy. PBM is often administered through low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes. Studies show that PBM can be used effectively to treat conditions secondary to cancer therapies, alopecia, ulcers, herpes simplex virus, acne, skin rejuvenation, wounds, and scars. PBM offers patients many benefits compared to other treatments. It is noninvasive, cost-effective, convenient for patients, and offers a favorable safety profile. PBM can be used as an alternative or adjuvant to other treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy. It is important for dermatologists to gain a better clinical understanding of PBM for in-office administration and to counsel patients on proper application for home-use devices to best manage safety and expectations as this technology develops. PBM wavelengths can induce varied biological effects in diverse skin types, races, and ethnicities; therefore, it is also important for dermatologists to properly counsel their skin of color patients who undergo PBM treatments. Future clinical trials are necessary to produce standardized recommendations across conditions and skin types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional printing compositions for stereolithography (SLA), a vat photopolymerization technology, rely on light-sensitive photoinitiators (PIs) to initiate cross-linking reactions. Here, we propose a new approach for printing in which the polymerisation occurs locally with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which function as photothermal converters combined with low-cost thermal initiators (TIs). The irradiation is performed at near-infrared (NIR), which enables deep light penetration, and polymerisation in black compositions, thus increasing the printing throughput. We demonstrate the control over polymerisation kinetics, printing resolution and cure depth, achieving very large printable layer thickness. The CNT photoconvertors can be used in both nonaqueous and aqueous systems, while the latter addresses the limited availability of water-soluble PIs for printing in water. The CNT enables dual use, initiating polymerisation and printing composite materials. This approach presents an advancement in SLA-based technologies, avoiding the use of conventional PIs and thus broadening the scope of 3D printing applications.

Modified polystyrenes having tertiary ether linkages or carbonate linkages were degrade by irradiation of near‐infrared light (NIR) and subsequent heating. The polymer films containing a photoacid generator and commercially available photon upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) were decomposed to form isobutene and/or carbon dioxide by irradiation of NIR and subsequent heating. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the polymers were investigated and discussed in terms of the chemical structures of degradable units. The thermal stability of the polymers was found to be in the order: tertiary ester > tertiary carbonate. We believe that the degradation of NIR and subsequent heating contributes easy recycling of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess outcomes associated with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for hearing loss in human and animal studies. Design: Systematic review and narrative synthesis in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Setting: Data bases searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science. No limits were placed on language or year of publication. Review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. Participants: All human and animal subjects treated with PBMT for hearing loss. Main outcome measures: Pre‐ and post‐PBMT audio metric outcomes. Results: Searches identified 122 abstracts and 49 full text articles. Of these, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes in 327 animals (11 studies), 30 humans (1 study), and 40 animal specimens (5 studies). PBMT parameters included 6 different wavelengths: 908 nm (1 study), 810 nm (1 study), 532 & 635 nm (1 study), 830 nm (3 studies), 808 nm (11 studies). The duration ranged from 4 to 60 minutes in a session, and the follow‐up ranged from 5–28 days. Outcomes improved significantly when wavelengths within the range of 800–830 nm were used, and with greater duration of PBMT exposure. Included studies predominantly consisted of non‐randomized controlled trials (10 studies). Conclusions: Hearing outcomes following PBMT appear to be superior to no PBMT for subjects with hearing loss, although higher level evidence is required to verify this. PBMT enables concentrated, focused delivery of light therapy to the inner ear through a non‐invasive manner with minimal side effects. As a result of heterogeneity in reporting PBMT parameters and outcomes across the included studies, direct comparison is challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains one of the most drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation which leads to loss of synaptic proteins and neuronal death appear to represent a pathogen that characterizes the neurobiology of TLE. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing therapy for the attenuation of neuronal degeneration harboring non-invasiveness benefits. However, the detailed effects of PBM on excitotoxicity or neuroinflammation remain unclear. We investigated whether tPBM exerts neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mouse model by regulating synapse and synapse-related genes. Methods In an in vitro study, we performed imaging analysis and western blot in primary hippocampal neurons from embryonic (E17) rat pups. In an in vivo study, RNA sequencing was performed to identify the gene regulatory by PBM. Histological stain and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to assess synaptic connections, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the effects of PBM on cognitive functions. Results PBM was upregulated synaptic connections in an in vitro. In addition, it was confirmed that transcranial PBM reduced synaptic degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in an in vivo. These effects of PBM were supported by RNA sequencing results showing the relation of PBM with gene regulatory networks of neuronal functions. Specifically, Nlgn3 showed increase after PBM and silencing the Nlgn3 reversed the positive effect of PBM in in vitro. Lastly, behavioral alterations including hypoactivity, anxiety and impaired memory were recovered along with the reduction of seizure score in PBM-treated mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that PBM attenuates epileptic excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline induced by TLE through inhibition of the Nlgn3 gene decrease induced by excitotoxicity. Graphical Abstract

Photobiomodulation, also known as low-level light therapy, has gained popularity in treating a variety of dermatologic and non-dermatologic conditions. The near-infrared (NIR) portion ranging from 700 to 1440 nm has a broad spectrum but most current research focuses on relatively shorter wavelengths. To date, clinical research regarding the application of 1072 NIR is limited to treatments for infections and photorejuvenation treatment in females. However, 1072 NIR light therapy may benefit male patients. This theoretical application is based on the biological properties of this subgroup having increased cutaneous density and thickness and the physical properties of 1072 NIR allowing it to penetrate increased depth. 1072 NIR can reach more cells throughout the epidermis and dermis compared to other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum traditionally used in phototherapy to provide unique and targeted benefits. 1072 NIR light-emitting diodes are commercially available and therefore hold tremendous potential to become accessible, affordable treatment options. Given the increased demand and market size for aesthetics for men that remains untapped, there is opportunity for future research to elucidate the potential for this wavelength as a safe and effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a solution method derived dual‐band photodetector (PD) based on silicon nanowires /PbS nanocrystalline film n–n heterojunction, which exhibits typical bias‐selectable spectral response in both near‐infrared (NIR) and short‐wave infrared (SWIR) bands, is presented. It is found that by adjusting the polarity of the bias voltage, the photoresponse of the device can be switched between three operation modes. The device exhibits high responsivities of 2100 mA W−1 at −0.15 V and 31 mA W−1 at 0 V, respectively, in the NIR region. Remarkably, the maximum responsivity and detectivity under 2000 nm illumination are determined as 290 mA W−1 and 2.4 × 1010 Jones, comparable to or even better than some PbS commercial PDs. The enhanced performance comes from the improved optical absorption and higher efficiency of charge separation and collection owing to the heterojunction geometry. It's also revealed that the bias‐controllable spectral response is attributed to the selectively transportation of photocarriers across the junction barrier. The study demonstrates the capability of detecting two distinct IR regions with the same pixel, which has great potential in future optoelectronic systems for IR imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM), the application of red to near infrared light on body tissues, on the neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. The research question and search protocol were prospectively registered on the PROSPERO database. Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming ever more prevalent in the ageing populations across the Western world, with no disease-modifying or neuroprotective treatment options being available. Hence there is a real need for the development of effective treatment options for patients. Inflammatory responses and oxidative stress within the central nervous system have a strong correlation with neuronal cell death. PBM is a non-invasive therapeutic option that has shown efficacy and promising effects in animal models of neurodegenerative disease; many studies have reported neuroprotection and improved behavioural outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous study that has reviewed the anti-inflammatory and the antioxidant effect of PBM in the context of neurodegeneration. This review has examined this relationship in animal models of a range of neurodegenerative diseases. We found that PBM can effectively reduce glial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and oxidative stress, whilst increasing anti-inflammatory glial responses and cytokines, and antioxidant capacity. These positive outcomes accompanied the neuroprotection evident after PBM treatment. Our review provides further indication that PBM can be developed into an effective non-pharmacological intervention for neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections and deficient osteogenic activity are the primary factors contributing to the failure of orthopedic implants. In recent years, light- and sound-based external stimulus-responsive therapies have emerged as highly effective in killing drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we successfully synthesized tellurium nanorods coated with bovine serum albumin (Te@BSA). This novel nanomaterial exhibits excellent biocompatibility and possesses near-infrared light (NIR) and ultrasound (US) synergistic response properties. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, Te@BSA nanorods, under combined NIR and US treatment, achieved 94 % bacterial eradication against drug-resistant strains, while maintaining cell viability above 90 % in osteoblast cultures. This dual-modality approach minimizes the risk of local thermal damage associated with conventional photothermal therapy, enhancing osteogenic activity by up to 150 % upon NIR exposure. By combining photothermal therapy and sonodynamic therapy, we achieved a remarkable antibacterial effect and enhanced osteogenic capacities in a mild and controlled manner. This study successfully balances antibacterial and osteogenic capabilities. These light- and sound-based external stimulus-responsive strategies aslo offer new perspectives and valuable insights for the surface modification of orthopedic implants. [Display omitted] • Te@BSA nanorods achieved synergistic PTT/SDT upon NIR and ultrasound exposure. • Te@BSA nanorods show high photothermal efficiency and ROS generation under US. • Te@BSA nanorods eradicate bacteria under mild conditions and promote osteogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite nanoparticles consisting upconversion nanoparticles (β-NaYF 4 :Yb/Er) and nitrogen doped TiO 2 nanoparticles were constructed via a chemical assembly method. Efficient energy transfer was enabled since the upconverted energy matched up with the band gap of N-TiO 2. This enables the resulting composite nanoparticles to possess excellent Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation activity under near infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Composite β-NaYF 4 : Yb/Er-N-TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a chemical assembly method. They exhibited excellent Rhodamine B degradation activity under NIR light irradiation due to their high upconversion efficiency and high energy transfer efficiency. [Display omitted] • β-NaYF 4 :Yb/Er exhibits high UC efficiency after optimizing the synthetic process. • Nitrogen doping narrows the band gap of TiO 2. • β-NaYF 4 :Yb/Er is assembled with N-doped TiO 2 via an esterification reaction. • Energy transfer between β-NaYF 4 :Yb/Er and N-doped TiO 2 is permitted. • Composite β-NaYF 4 :Yb/Er and TiO 2 nanoparticles show high photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains one of the most drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation which leads to loss of synaptic proteins and neuronal death appear to represent a pathogen that characterizes the neurobiology of TLE. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing therapy for the attenuation of neuronal degeneration harboring non-invasiveness benefits. However, the detailed effects of PBM on excitotoxicity or neuroinflammation remain unclear. We investigated whether tPBM exerts neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mouse model by regulating synapse and synapse-related genes. Methods: In an in vitro study, we performed imaging analysis and western blot in primary hippocampal neurons from embryonic (E17) rat pups. In an in vivo study, RNA sequencing was performed to identify the gene regulatory by PBM. Histological stain and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to assess synaptic connections, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the effects of PBM on cognitive functions. Results: PBM was upregulated synaptic connections in an in vitro. In addition, it was confirmed that transcranial PBM reduced synaptic degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in an in vivo. These effects of PBM were supported by RNA sequencing results showing the relation of PBM with gene regulatory networks of neuronal functions. Specifically, Nlgn3 showed increase after PBM and silencing the Nlgn3 reversed the positive effect of PBM in in vitro. Lastly, behavioral alterations including hypoactivity, anxiety and impaired memory were recovered along with the reduction of seizure score in PBM-treated mice. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that PBM attenuates epileptic excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline induced by TLE through inhibition of the Nlgn3 gene decrease induced by excitotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) with folate-targeted NIR tracers has been shown to improve lesion localization in more than 80% of lung adenocarcinomas. However, mucinous adenocarcinomas (MAs) and invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (IMAs) of the lung, which are variants of adenocarcinoma, appear to have decreased fluorescence despite appropriate folate receptor expression on the tumor surface. We hypothesized that the etiology may be related to light excitation and emission through non-Newtonian fluid (mucin) produced by goblet and columnar cancer cells. Methods: Intraoperative data for 311 subjects were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively collected 6-year database. For standardization, all patients underwent infusion of the same targeted molecular optical contrast agent (pafolacianine, folate receptor-targeted NIR fluorochrome) for lung cancer resections. Then, the ratio of the mean fluorescence intensity of the tumors and background tissues (TBR) was calculated. Tumors were examined for mucin, FRa, FRb, and immunofluorescent tracer uptake by a board-certified pathologist. The optical properties of mucin analyzed by imaging software were used to create in vitro gel models to explore the effects on NIR tracer fluorescence intensity. Results: A large proportion (192, 62%) of the patients were female, with an average of 62.8 years and a 34-year mean pack smoking history. There were no severe (Clavien–Dindo > III) complications related to pafolacianine infusion. A total of 195 lesions in the study were adenocarcinomas, of which 19 (6.1%) were of the mucinous subtype. A total of 14/19 of the patients had a smoking history, and more than 74% of the IMA lesions were in the lower lobes. IMA lesions had a lower in situ TBR than nonmucinous adenocarcinomas (2.64 SD 0.23) vs (3.45 SD 0.11), respectively (p < 0.05). Only 9/19 (47%) were localized in situ. Tumor bisection and removal of mucin from IMAs significantly increased pafolacianine fluorescence, with resultant TBR not being significantly different from the control group (4.67 vs 4.89) (p = 0.19). Of the 16 lesions that underwent FR expression analysis, 15/16 had FR presence on cancer cells or tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. There was no statistically significant difference in fluorescence intensity during immunofluorescence analysis (4.99 vs 5.08) (p = 0.16). Physical removal of mucin from IMAs improved the TBR from 3.11 to 4.67 (p < 0.05). In vitro analysis of the impact of synthetic non-Newtonian fluid (agarose 0.5%) on NIR tracer fluorescence showed a decrease in MFI by a factor of 0.25 regardless of the concentration for each 5 mm thickness of mucin. Conclusion: The mucinous subtype of lung adenocarcinomas presents a unique challenge in pafolacianine-targeted IMI-guided resections. The presence of non-Newtonian fluids presents a physical barrier that dampens the excitation of the tracer and fluorescence emission detected by the camera. Knowledge of this phenomenon can allow the surgeon to critically analyze lesion fluorescence parameters during IMI-guided lung cancer resections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and new method for tumor therapy but limited by the poor penetration depth of tissue of ultraviolet or visible light as irradiation source. Herein a near-infrared light-responsive W18O49 nanoprobe was synthesized by the solvothermal method for PDT. The structure, morphology, infrared absorption property and the photodynamic performance were analyzed. The results showed that the samples had high crystallinity, uniform and dispersed spindle morphology and an obvious absorption of NIR light. Under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared light, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) was used as a capture agent for singlet oxygen, and the samples showed excellent photodynamic performance. Then in vitro cell experiments further indicated that the samples good biocompatibility and an evident inhibition effect on tumor cell growth under near-infrared irradiation. The nanoprobe will have a wide application prospect in photodynamic cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are optically responsive organelles producing energy for cell function via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). But ATP production appears to vary over the day. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster to reveal daily shifts in whole animal ATP production in a tight 24 hours' time series. We show a marked production peak in the morning that declines around midday and remains low through afternoon and night. ATP production can be improved with long wavelengths (>660 nm), but apparently not at all times. Hence, we treated flies with 670 nm light to reveal optimum times. Exposures at 670 nm resulted in a significant ATP increases and a shift in the ATP/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio at 8.00 and 11.00, whilst application at other time points had no effect. Hence, light‐induced ATP increases appear limited to periods when natural production is high. In summary, long wavelength influences on mitochondria are conserved across species from fly to human. Determining times for their administration to improve function in ageing and disease are of key importance. This study progresses this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the preparation process and properties of photosensitive ROS (Reactive oxygen species) responsive rapamycin liposome, and to develop a stable and efficient stimulus-responsive liposome carrier. Methods Rapamycin liposomes were prepared by thin film dispersion method. The particle size and Zeta potential were determined by Malvern laser particle size analyzer. An assay method for rapamycin was established by HPLC. In vitro release characteristics of rapamycin liposomes were investigated by reverse dialysis after irradiation with near-infrared light. Results The particle size of rapamycin liposome was less than 200 nm and the PDI value was less than 0.200. Rapamycin showed a good linear relationship with peak area in the range of 0.2-40 μg/ml, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9995. Encapsulation rate of rapamycin liposomes was > 94.20%. The release efficiency of rapamycin liposomes reached 60% within 12 h after irradiation with 730 nm near infrared light for 5 min. Conclusion Photosensitive ROS-responsive rapamycin liposomes were successfully prepared, which had high encapsulation rate and stimulation response efficiency in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare efficacy of near infrared light (NIR) versus naked eye (NE) visualization for intravenous access in the neonates. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial carried out in a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India from 2015 to 2017. A total of 480 admitted neonates, who required placement of intravenous catheter were randomized to receive intravenous access attempt with NE group or using NIR source group. Primary outcome was first attempt success rate of establishing intravenous access. Secondary outcomes were to compare the time to establish intravenous access, number of pricks taken, and cost of consumables used. Results: Of 240 neonates in each group the mean birth weight of neonates in NE group and NIR group being 1665 ± 820 grams and 1600 ± 778 grams, respectively (p-value = 0.363). Mean gestational age of neonates were 31.78 ± 3.9 weeks in NE group and 31.79 ± 3.9 weeks in NIR group (p-value= 0.972). First-attempt success rate in NE group and NIR group was 122 (50.8%) and 124 (51.7%) respectively. The median(IQR) of time taken to establish intravenous access was 37.5 (13- 134.7) sec and 43 (17-221.2) sec in the NE group and NIR group, respectively (pvalue = 0.307). There was no significant difference between the groups for secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Use of NIR source as compared to NE visualization, for establishment of intravenous access in neonates, does not improve first attempt success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare efficacy of near infrared light (NIR) versus naked eye (NE) visualization for intravenous access in the neonates. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial carried out in a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India from 2015 to 2017. A total of 480 admitted neonates, who required placement of intravenous catheter were randomized to receive intravenous access attempt with NE group or using NIR source group. Primary outcome was first attempt success rate of establishing intravenous access. Secondary outcomes were to compare the time to establish intravenous access, number of pricks taken, and cost of consumables used. Results: Of 240 neonates in each group the mean birth weight of neonates in NE group and NIR group being 1665 ± 820 grams and 1600 ± 778 grams, respectively (p-value = 0.363). Mean gestational age of neonates were 31.78 ± 3.9 weeks in NE group and 31.79 ± 3.9 weeks in NIR group (p-value= 0.972). First-attempt success rate in NE group and NIR group was 122 (50.8%) and 124 (51.7%) respectively. The median(IQR) of time taken to establish intravenous access was 37.5 (13- 134.7) sec and 43 (17-221.2) sec in the NE group and NIR group, respectively (p-value = 0.307). There was no significant difference between the groups for secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Use of NIR source as compared to NE visualization, for establishment of intravenous access in neonates, does not improve first attempt success rate. Keywords: Near Infrared Light, Neonate, Vein Viewer. Clinical Trial Registry #: CTRI/2017/01/007693

Abstract Background We investigated the therapeutic effect of targeting extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) and paclitaxel (PTX) on glioma. Methods Raw264.7 cells were harvested to extract EVs for the preparation of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV by electroporation and click chemistry. We evaluated the success of modifying Neuropilin-1 targeting peptide (RGE) on the EV membrane of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were implemented for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ICG and PTX loaded in EVs. Photothermal properties of the vesicles were evaluated by exposing to 808-nm laser light. Western blot analysis, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester/propidium iodide (Calcein-AM/PI) staining, and flow cytometry were utilized for assessing effects of vesicle treatment on cellular behaviors. A nude mouse model bearing glioma was established to test the targeting ability and anti-tumor action of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV in vivo. Results Under exposure to 808-nm laser light, ICG/PTX@RGE-EV showed good photothermal properties and promotion of PTX release from EVs. ICG/PTX@RGE-EV effectively targeted U251 cells, with activation of the Caspase-3 pathway and elevated apoptosis in U251 cells through chemotherapy combined with hyperthermia. The anti-tumor function of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV was confirmed in the glioma mice via increased accumulation of PTX in the ICG/PTX@RGE-EV group and an increased median survival of 48 days in the ICG/PTX@RGE-EV group as compared to 25 days in the PBS group. Conclusion ICG/PTX@RGE-EV might actively target glioma to repress tumor growth by accelerating glioma cell apoptosis through combined chemotherapy-hyperthermia. Graphic Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) problem is a challenging task in cancer treatments. Among various types of cancers, lung cancer is considered incurable, as it is diagnosed very often at the advanced metastatic stage, where surgical operations and radiation treatments become highly ineffective. In addition, lung cancers are multidrug resistant either intrinsically or upon continuous administration and stimulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. To conquer the difficult MDR problem, in this study, we developed a simple and effective therapeutic strategy to achieve complete destruction of multidrug resistant lung cancer by an unprecedented upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with effective (~70%) superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene silencing using ultra‐low doses (320 mW/cm2) of NIR light (980 nm) excitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful literature example in achieving complete destruction of multidrug resistant cancers. Overall, the current work points out a new direction to the clinicians for the therapeutic design and effective treatments of multidrug resistant cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal therapy is becoming one subject of intense investigation for cancer treatment. However, due to the light absorption and light scattering of skin tissues, it is challenging to directly transport light energy into subcutaneous tissues with a depth over 1.0 cm. This research puts forward a technique termed as Injectable Optical System (IOS) for guiding near‐infrared light (NIR) into deep tissues by optical fibers, which is unattainable by regular NIR photothermal therapy, despite that NIR light is testified as the preferred light window with deepest tissue penetration. Meanwhile, the technique of IOS also possesses the abilities of drug delivery and synchronous sampling the diseased tissues during the treatment of photothermal therapy. According to in vitro and in vivo studies, IOS exhibits distinct advantages in transporting light energy into deeper subcutaneous tissues in contrast with traditional light irradiation on skins. Light would directly transport through the pathway to tumor tissues to realize hyperthermia effect without causing energy loss. Since IOS owns the benefits of clinical biopsy and radiofrequency ablation, it would be a powerful supplement to therapeutic methodologies for treating subcutaneous diseases. The easy modification of IOS offers great promise to combine other analytical techniques to achieve the in situ detection and deep‐sited tumors treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of nanotheranostic agents with near-infrared (NIR) absorption offers an effective tool for fighting malignant diseases. Lanthanide ion neodymium (Nd3+)-based nanomaterials, due to the maximum absorption at around 800 nm and unique optical properties, have caught great attention as potential agents for simultaneous cancer diagnosis and therapy. Herein, we employed an active nanoplatform based on gadolinium-ion-doped NdVO4 nanoplates (NdVO4:Gd3+ NPs) for multiple-imaging-assisted photothermal therapy. These NPs exhibited enhanced NIR absorption and excellent biocompatibility after being grafted with polydopamine (pDA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) layers on their surface. Upon expose to an 808 nm laser, these resulting NPs were able to trigger hyperthermia rapidly and cause photo-destruction of cancer cells. In a xenograft tumor model, tumor growth was also significantly inhibited by these photothermal agents under NIR laser irradiation. Owing to the multicomponent nanostructures, we demonstrated these nanoagents as being novel contrast agents for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and second biological window fluorescent imaging of tumor models. Thus, we believe that this new kind of nanotherapeutic will benefit the development of emerging nanosystems for biological imaging and cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giora Z Feuerstein,1 Michael A Mansfield,2 Peter I Lelkes,3 Salvatore Alesci,1 Cezary Marcinkiewicz,1,3 Nathan Butlin,4 Mark Sternberg1 1Debina Diagnostics Inc., Newtown Square, PA, USA; 2MilliporeSigma, Bedford, MA, USA; 3Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 4Axxin Pty Ltd, Fairfield, VIC, AustraliaCorrespondence: Giora Z FeuersteinDebina Diagnostics Inc., Newtown Square, PA, USATel +1 4842221575Email cmarcik@temple.eduBackground: There is a dire need for rapid diagnostic tests of high sensitivity, efficiency, and point-of-test reporting capability to mitigate lethal viral epidemic outbreaks.Purpose: To develop a new operating system within the lateral flow assay (LFA) format for Ebola virus (EBOV), based on fluorescent nanodiamond particles (FNDP) nitrogen vacancy (NV) emitting near-infrared (NIR) light. Specifically, we aimed to detail technical issues and the feasibility of mobilizing FNDP-NV on nitrocellulose membranes (NCM) and capturing them at test and control lines.Methods: FNDP-NV-200nm, 400nm or 800nm were linked to anti-EBOV glycoprotein (GP) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and tested for LFA performance by monitoring NIR emissions using an in vivo imaging system or optoelectronic device (OED). Anti-EBOV recombinant glycoprotein (GP) humanized mAb c13C6 was linked to FNDP-NV-200nm for the mobile phase; and a second anti-GP mouse mAb, 6D8, was printed on NCM at the test line. Goat anti-human IgG (GAH-IgG) served as a nonspecific antibody for conjugated FNDP-NV-200nm at the control line.Results: FNDP-NV-200nm-c13C6 specifically and dose-dependently bound to recombinant EBOV GP in vitro and was effectively captured in a sandwich configuration at the test line by mAb 6D8. FNDP-NV-200nm-c13C6 was captured on the control line by GAH-IgG. The OED quantitative analysis of NIR (obtained in less than 1 minute) was further validated by an in vivo imaging system.Conclusion: FNDP-NV-200nm performance as a reporter for EBOV GP rapid diagnostic tests suggests an opportunity to replace contemporary visual tests for EBOV GP and other highly lethal viral pathogens. Mobile, battery-operated OED adds portability, quantitative data, rapid data collection, and point-of-test reporting capability. Further development of FNDP-NV-200nm within a LFA format is justified.Keywords: Ebola virus, diagnostic lateral flow test, LFA, opto-electronic reader, OER, anti-EBOV antibodies, nitrocellulose membranes, fluidics technology

Background: Infiltration and extravasation are common complications during peripheral intravenous infusion in the neonatal intensive care unit, and diagnosis is usually clinical, by inspection and palpation. Delay in diagnosis due to poor surveillance or misinterpretation of clinical signs may carry serious damage to the tissues of the neonate. Recently, a novel technology based on optical detection of infiltration has become available., Methods: We have studied two groups of term and preterm infants receiving non-vesicant intravenous infusions by the peripheral route (24G short peripheral cannulas), and we evaluated the incidence of infiltration. In the first group, we have compared the clinical detection of infiltration versus the detection obtained by a novel optical device, blinding the alarms of the device. In the second group, the comparison was carried out without blinding the alarms., Results: Of the neonates included in this study, 60% were female, 86% had a gestational age <37 weeks (34 ± 2.5 weeks) and a mean birth weight of 2.08 ± 0.4 g. Total recorded monitoring time was 1318 h and average monitoring time for each short peripheral cannula was 26.4 h. The incidence of infiltration was 80%, most of them having a Millam score <2. The novel device showed an overall sensitivity of 88.9% in detecting infiltration. Specificity was 84.4%, as evaluated assuming as standard the clinical diagnosis. Interestingly, in cases of documented infiltration, the event was diagnosed by the optical device approximately 6 h before the clinical diagnosis., Conclusions: Continuous monitoring of the insertion site, as automatically ensured by this novel optical device, may play a complementary role in early detection of infiltration, even if the percentage of false positives and false negatives suggests that periodic clinical assessment by expert nurses cannot be omitted., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Rationale: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is one of the most promising agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, its use is limited by the excitation in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral ranges and, as a result, by a small penetration into biological tissue not exceeding a few millimeters. This problem could be solved by approaches ensuring excitation of riboflavin molecules within tumor tissues by infrared (IR) light. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be potentially considered as mediators able to effectively convert the exciting radiation of the near IR range, penetrating into biological tissue to a 3 cm depth, into the photoluminescence in the UV and visible spectral ranges.Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of UCNPs for IR-mediated riboflavin activation in the depth of tumor tissue during PDT. Materials and methods: The water-soluble riboflavin flavin mononucleotide (FMN, Pharmstandard-UfaVITA, Russia) was used as a photosensitizer in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The in vitro experiments were performed on human breast adenocarcinoma SK-BR-3, human glioblastoma U-87 MG, and rat glioma C6 cell lines. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) inoculated to hybrid BDF1 mice was used as a model to demonstrate the delivery of FMN to the tumor. UCNPs with a core/shell structure [NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+/NaYF4] were used for photoactivation of FMN in vivo. PDT based on FMN, UCNPs and laser radiation 975 nm (IR) was performed on mouse xenografts of human breast adenocarcinoma SKBR-3.Results: We were able to show that FMN could act as an effective in vitro photosensitizer for SK-BR-3, U-87 MG, and C6 cell lines. FMN IC50 values for glioma cells were ~30 μM, and for SK-BR-3 cell line ~50 μM (24 h incubation, irradiation 4.2 J/cm2). In the LLC model, the appropriate concentration of FMN (30 μM and above) can be achieved in the tumor as a result of systemic administration of FMN (at 2 and 24 hours after injection). The effect of PDT using near IR light for UCNP-mediated excitation of FMN was demonstrated in mouse xenografts SKBR-3, with the tumor growth inhibition of 90±5%.Conclusion: The study has demonstrated the possibility to use riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a photosensitizer for PDT. The photoexcitation of FMN via the anti-Stokes photoluminescence of UCNPs allows for implementation of the PDT technique with the near IR spectral range.

Junhui Shi,1 Zhengyan Zhao,2 Zongjun Liu,3 Ruozheng Wu,1 You Wang11School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of ChinaBackground: The design of novel nanoparticles with higher therapeutic efficacy and lower side effects, is still difficult but encouraging in cancer therapy. Specifically, for upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP)-based drug release, a high intensity of NIR light (1.4∼5.0 W/cm2,) above the maximum permissible exposure (0.33 W/cm2, for 980 nm) is commonly used and severely limits its practical application.Methods: The highly emissive UCNP is first synthesized and then coated with mesoporous silica (MS) shell (UCMS). Next, the surface of UCMS is modified with the thioether (-S-BP) linker, leading to UCMS-S-BP nanoparticles. Finally, after the drug doxorubicin (Dox) is loaded into the pore channels of UCMS, the pore openings are blocked by the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) gatekeeper through the association with the -S-BP linker (UCMS(Dox)-S-BP@β-CD).Results: Upon 980 nm NIR light irradiation with an ultralow intensity of 0.30 W/cm,2 it is found that the loaded Dox can be released through the cleavage of thioether linkers triggering dissociation of β-CD gatekeepers. The in vitro results exhibited significantly therapeutic efficacy with 85.2% of HeLa cells killed in this study.Conclusions: An ultralow-intensity NIR light triggered on-demand drug release system has been developed by employing highly emissive UCNP and photocleavable linker with low bond dissociation energy to avoid the potential photodamage on healthy neighbor cells.Keywords: drug release, ultralow intensity, density functional theory, near infrared light, upconversion nanoparticles

Background: We investigated the therapeutic effect of targeting extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) and paclitaxel (PTX) on glioma. Methods: Raw264.7 cells were harvested to extract EVs for the preparation of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV by electroporation and click chemistry. We evaluated the success of modifying Neuropilin-1 targeting peptide (RGE) on the EV membrane of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were implemented for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ICG and PTX loaded in EVs. Photothermal properties of the vesicles were evaluated by exposing to 808-nm laser light. Western blot analysis, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester/propidium iodide (Calcein-AM/PI) staining, and flow cytometry were utilized for assessing effects of vesicle treatment on cellular behaviors. A nude mouse model bearing glioma was established to test the targeting ability and anti-tumor action of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV in vivo. Results: Under exposure to 808-nm laser light, ICG/PTX@RGE-EV showed good photothermal properties and promotion of PTX release from EVs. ICG/PTX@RGE-EV effectively targeted U251 cells, with activation of the Caspase-3 pathway and elevated apoptosis in U251 cells through chemotherapy combined with hyperthermia. The anti-tumor function of ICG/PTX@RGE-EV was confirmed in the glioma mice via increased accumulation of PTX in the ICG/PTX@RGE-EV group and an increased median survival of 48 days in the ICG/PTX@RGE-EV group as compared to 25 days in the PBS group. Conclusion: ICG/PTX@RGE-EV might actively target glioma to repress tumor growth by accelerating glioma cell apoptosis through combined chemotherapy-hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, photocatalytic technology is considered as one of the most efficient methods to solve the problem of the global energy shortage and the pollution of the environment. Among these outstanding photocatalysts, metal sulfide‐based semiconductors have attracted wide attention because of their good chemical stability, simple synthesis method, and relatively narrow bandgaps. ZnIn2S4 (ZIS), as a layered structure ternary metal chalcogenide and a rising material star, has made exciting breakthroughs in the past decades. Recently, studies have shown that a rich variety of ZIS composite nanostructures are developed. This review summarizes the recent advances and development in the design and improvement of ZIS and ZIS‐based photocatalysts in full‐spectrum photocatalytic applications. Furthermore, the applications of ZIS‐based photocatalysts are discussed, such as in photocatalytic hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, degradation of pollutants, and photocatalytic selective organic transformations under ultraviolett (UV), visible (Vis), and near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation. In the end, a brief summary and perspectives on the challenges and future directions in the area of ZIS and ZIS‐based photocatalysts are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal therapy is an efficient cancer treatment method. The development of nanoagents with high biocompatibility and a near-infrared (NIR) photoabsorption band is a prerequisite to the success of this method. However, the therapeutic efficiency of photothermal therapy is rather limited because most nanoagents have a low photothermal conversion efficiency. In this study, we aimed to develop CuFeS2 nanoassemblies with an excellent photothermal effect using the liquid-solid-solution method. The CuFeS2 nanoassemblies we developed are composed of ultrasmall CuFeS2 nanoparticles with an average size of 5 nm, which have strong NIR photoabsorption. Under NIR laser illumination at 808 nm at the output power intensity of 1.0 W cm–2, the CuFeS2 nanoassemblies could rapidly convert NIR light into heat, achieving a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 46.8%. When K7M2 cells were incubated with the CuFeS2 nanoassemblies and then exposed to irradiation, their viability decreased progressively as the concentration of the CuFeS2 nanoassemblies increased. Furthermore, a concentration of 40 ppm of CuFeS2 nanoassemblies was lethal to the cells. Importantly, after an intratumoral injection of 40 ppm of CuFeS2 nanoassemblies, the tumor showed a high contrast in the thermal image after laser irradiation, and tumor cells with condensed nuclei and a loss of cell morphology could be thermally ablated. Therefore, the CuFeS2 nanoassemblies we synthesized have a high biocompatibility and robust photothermal effect and can, thus, be utilized as a novel and efficient photothermal agent for tumor therapy.

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is accompanied by a reduction of cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Different approaches have been applied to prevent noise induced apoptosis / necrosis. Physical intervention is one technique currently under investigation. Specific wavelengths within the near-infrared light (NIR)-spectrum are known to influence cytochrome-c-oxidase activity, which leads in turn to a decrease in apoptotic mechanisms. It has been shown recently that NIR can significantly decrease the cochlear hair cell loss if applied daily for 12 days after a noise exposure. However, it is still unclear if a single NIR-treatment, just before a noise exposure, could induce similar protective effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a single NIR-pre-treatment aimed at preventing or limiting NIHL. The cochleae of adult NMRI-mice were pre-treated with NIR-light (808 nm, 120 mW) for 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 minutes via the external ear canal. All animals were noised exposed immediately after the pre-treatment by broad band noise (5–20 kHz) for 30 minutes at 115 dB SPL. Frequency specific ABR-recordings to determine auditory threshold shift were carried out before the pre-treatment and two weeks after the noise exposure. The amplitude increase for wave IV and cochlear hair cell loss were determined. A further group of similar mice was noise exposed only and served as a control for the NIR pre-exposed groups. Two weeks after noise exposure, the ABR threshold shifts of NIR-treated animals were significantly lower (p

Nanomaterials-based phototherapies, mainly including photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoimmunotherapy (PIT), present high efficacy, minimal invasion and negligible adverse effects in cancer treatment. The integrated phototherapeutic modalities can enhance the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy for clinical application transformation. The near-infrared (NIR) light source enables phototherapies with the high penetration depth in the biological tissues, less toxic to normal cells and tissues and a low dose of light irradiation. Mediated via the novel NIR-responsive nanomaterials, PTT and PDT are able to provoke cancer cells apoptosis from the generated heat and reactive oxygen species, respectively. The released cancer-specific antigens and membrane damage danger signals from the damaged cancer cells trigger immune responses, which would enhance the antitumor efficacy via a variety of immunotherapy. This review summarized the recent advances in NIR-triggered photo-/immune-therapeutic modalities and their synergistic mechanisms and applications toward cancers. Furthermore, the challenges, potential solutions and future directions of NIR-triggered photo-/immunotherapy were briefly discussed.

This study presents the integration of UV-active semiconductor with plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles for enhanced solar energy photocatalysis. Nanocubes strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process. Then palladium (Pd) nanoparticles will be deposited onto the surface of SrTiO3 by simple photochemical deposition route. The deposition of plasmonic Pd nanoparticles significantly increased the light absorption, especially in visible and near-infrared region and enhanced charge separation efficiency. The photocatalytic performance of Pd-deposited SrTiO3 is assessed by photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-chlorophenol (4CP) under solar light. The results confirm that the existence of Pd nanoparticles in SrTiO3 has improved the photocatalysis efficiency compared to pure SrTiO3. The higher weight percentage of Pd loading achieved better photocatalytic performance compared to lower weight percentage of Pd loading. This improvement can be deduced from the dual localized surface plasmon resonance effects that led to higher photoresponse and generation of free electrons. Moreover, the existence of Pd nanoparticles further retards the recombination rate of electron and hole pairs. This leads to the excess presence of electrons that contributed to the formation of active radicals that enhanced the oxidation of BPA and 4CP. Thus, this study will provide a new mechanism insight and approach to modify visible and near-infrared light-driven photocatalysts in degrading various organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed the method of measuring glucose level in solution using near infrared light (NIR) and photodiode sensor. We studied noises that occurred on the output signal of NIR sensor in three different room conditions in order to know the effects on this sensor output voltage stability. The sensor's circuit consisted of a 1450 nm NIR light emitting diode, a photodiode as the receiver, transimpedance amplifier, a notch filter, and a 4th order low pass filter. The results indicated that sunlight passing through windows was the most influencing factor caused the unstable sensor output voltage. Filters removed the effective voltages and the average sensor output voltages from the three rooms were 4.6825 V for air media, 2.2809 V for water media and 2.3368 V for glucose solution media. The output voltages tended to increase for one-hour measurement about 10 to 40 mV for air media, 40 to 90 mV for water media and 30 to 80 mV for glucose solution media. This sensor could only be used in a short time and suitable in a room without sunlight. Based on the voltage difference of the average sensor output voltage with water and glucose solution media, the sensor had the potential to be a blood glucose level meter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is accompanied by a reduction of cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Different approaches have been applied to prevent noise induced apoptosis / necrosis. Physical intervention is one technique currently under investigation. Specific wavelengths within the near-infrared light (NIR)-spectrum are known to influence cytochrome-c-oxidase activity, which leads in turn to a decrease in apoptotic mechanisms. It has been shown recently that NIR can significantly decrease the cochlear hair cell loss if applied daily for 12 days after a noise exposure. However, it is still unclear if a single NIR-treatment, just before a noise exposure, could induce similar protective effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a single NIR-pre-treatment aimed at preventing or limiting NIHL. The cochleae of adult NMRI-mice were pre-treated with NIR-light (808 nm, 120 mW) for 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 minutes via the external ear canal. All animals were noised exposed immediately after the pre-treatment by broad band noise (5-20 kHz) for 30 minutes at 115 dB SPL. Frequency specific ABR-recordings to determine auditory threshold shift were carried out before the pre-treatment and two weeks after the noise exposure. The amplitude increase for wave IV and cochlear hair cell loss were determined. A further group of similar mice was noise exposed only and served as a control for the NIR pre-exposed groups. Two weeks after noise exposure, the ABR threshold shifts of NIR-treated animals were significantly lower (p < 0:05) than those of the control animals. The significance was at three frequencies for the 5-minute pre-treatment group and across the entire frequency range for all other treatment groups. Due to NIR light, the amplitude of wave four deteriorates significantly less after noise exposure than in controls. The NIR pre-treatment had no effect on the loss of outer hair cells, which was just as high with or without NIR-light pre-exposure. Relative to the entire number of outer hair cells across the whole cochlea, outer hair cell loss was rather negligible. No inner hair cell loss whatever was detected. Our results suggest that a single NIR pre-treatment induces a very effective protection of cochlear structures from noise exposure. Pre-exposure of 10 min seems to emerge as the optimal dosage for our experimental setup. A saturated effect occurred with higher dosage-treatments. These results are relevant for protection of residual hearing in otoneurosurgery such as cochlear implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recently it was reported that the parathyroid glands (PGs) emit autofluorescence when exposed to near infrared light, and a technique using fluorescence to detect the PGs intraoperatively was found to be useful. In some cases, however, it was difficult to detect the PGs. We sought to clarify the situation regarding such undetectable cases. Methods: The study comprised 45 patients (50 sides) who underwent thyroid or parathyroid surgery at Kushiro city general hospital between November 2018 and June 2019. We searched for the PGs intraoperatively using a fluorescence spectroscopy system. We statistically considered the factors related to the fluorescence patterns of background in cases in which two PGs could not be confirmed using Fisher's exact test. Factors included age, gender, body-mass index, laterality, disease state, renal function, and comorbidity. Results: In 41 sides (82%) fluorescence from at least one PG was determined. There was no significant difference in the detection rates among the other clinical factors. A "White out" pattern in which the background was too bright to detect PGs was observed in 11 sides (22%), and a "Black out" pattern in which the background and PGs were dark was observed in 18 sides (36%). Malignant disease was statistically associated with a "White out" pattern. No factors were found to be related to the "Black out" pattern. Conclusion: In malignant disease, we should use this novel approach carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease that causes significant brain injury. While restoration of blood flow is critical to salvage the ischemic brain, reperfusion can exacerbate damage by inducing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies by our group found that non-invasive mitochondrial modulation with near-infrared (NIR) light limits ROS generation following global brain ischemia. NIR interacts with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) to transiently reduce COX activity, attenuate mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization, and thus reduce ROS production. We evaluated a specific combination of COX-inhibitory NIR (750 nm and 950 nm) in a rat stroke model with longitudinal analysis of brain injury using magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment with NIR for 2 h resulted in a 21% reduction in brain injury at 24 h of reperfusion measured by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and a 25% reduction in infarct volume measured by T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) at 7 and 14 days of reperfusion, respectively. Additionally, extended treatment reduced brain injury in the acute phase of brain injury, and 7 and 14 days of reperfusion, demonstrating a >50% reduction in infarction. Our data suggest that mitochondrial modulation with NIR attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury and evokes a sustained reduction in infarct volume following ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared (NIR) light offers high transparency in biological tissue. Recent advances in NIR fluorophores including organic dyes and lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles have realized the effective use of the NIR optical window for in vivo bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. The narrow energy level intervals used for electronic transition that involves NIR light, however, give rise to a need for guidelines for reducing heat emission in luminescence systems, especially in the development of organic/inorganic hybrid structures. This review presents an approach for employing the polarity and vibrational energy of ions and molecules that surround the luminescence centers for the development of such hybrid nanostructures. Multiphonon relaxation theory, formulated for dealing with heat release in ionic solids, is applied to describe the vibrational energy in organic or molecular systems, referred to as phonon in this review, and we conclude that surrounding the luminescence centers either with ions with low vibrational energy or molecules with small chemical polarity is the key to bright luminescence. NIR photoexcited phosphors and nanostructures in organic/inorganic mixed systems, designed based on the guidelines, for photodynamic therapy are reviewed.

Bo Wu,1,* Bing Wan,2,* Shu-Ting Lu,1 Kai Deng,3 Xiao-Qi Li,1 Bao-Lin Wu,1 Yu-Shuang Li,1 Ru-Fang Liao,1 Shi-Wen Huang,3 Hai-Bo Xu1,2 1Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 2Department of Radiology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 3Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: The major challenge in current clinic contrast agents (CAs) and chemotherapy is the poor tumor selectivity and response. Based on the self-quench property of IR820 at high concentrations, and different contrast effect ability of Gd-DOTA between inner and outer of liposome, we developed “bomb-like” light-triggered CAs (LTCAs) for enhanced CT/MRI/FI multimodal imaging, which can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of tumor tissue specifically. IR820, Iohexol and Gd-chelates were firstly encapsulated into the thermal-sensitive nanocarrier with a high concentration. This will result in protection and fluorescence quenching. Then, the release of CAs was triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light laser irradiation, which will lead to fluorescence and MRI activation and enable imaging of inflammation. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that LTCAs with 808 nm laser irradiation have shorter T1 relaxation time in MRI and stronger intensity in FI compared to those without irradiation. Additionally, due to the high photothermal conversion efficiency of IR820, the injection of LTCAs was demonstrated to completely inhibit C6 tumor growth in nude mice up to 17 days after NIR laser irradiation. The results indicate that the LTCAs can serve as a promising platform for NIR-activated multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy. Keywords: light triggered, near-infrared light, tumor-specific, multimodal imaging, photothermal therapy, contrast agents

Solid wastes, such as polystyrene foam waste and silica gel waste which are ubiquitous products have caused serious environmental issues, such as "white pollution", threatening the health of humans and animals. As such, the need to recycle and re-use of solid wastes has attracted increasing attention in the last few years. In this work, a self-healing superhydrophobic coating is successfully fabricated by blending polystyrene foam waste with fluorinated silica gel waste (F-silica gel waste), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) modified silica particles (OTMS-silica particles), and near-infrared (NIR) light responsive microcapsules. The F-silica gel waste and OTMS-silica nanoparticles act as hydrophobic fillers meanwhile the polystyrene foam waste acts as a coating binder. The NIR-responsive microcapsules are obtained by the electrostatic adsorption of carbon nanoparticles onto the surface of microcapsules loaded with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The superhydrophobic property of the coating can be healed after 10 min of NIR irradiation. Additionally, the as-prepared coating can be coated on several different substrates, similar to commercial coatings, and it is seen that its excellent superhydrophobic property is durable and is maintained even when the coating is subjected to a sand-drop test. The self-healing mechanism of the superhydrophobic coatings is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green (ICG-FA) is frequently used in colorectal surgery to assess the blood perfusion in the region of an anastomosis. Previous studies with ICG-FA in both open and laparoscopic surgery could show a low rate of anastomotic leakage, e.g. the PILLAR II study with a leakage rate of 1.4%. This article presents own results, the current status of ICG-FA and the fields of application. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze whether the results obtained so far with ICG-FA are sufficient to recommend an extended use of this relatively new method in colorectal surgery. Material and methods: From July 2009 to June 2019 a total of 378 colorectal resections (280 colon resections and 98 rectal resections) with intraoperative examination of the anastomosis using ICG-FA were performed. In 13 patients (3.4%) there was reduced intraoperative perfusion, which led to a change in the operative procedure (resection of the anastomosis and new anastomosis, colostomy). Results: The total anastomotic leakage rate was 3.7% with 8 leaks in the colon (2.9%) and 6 in the rectum (6.1%). Without the intraoperative change in 13 patients the rate of leakages could have increased to 7.1% (27/378). The use of ICG-FA in the group of patients studied potentially led to a reduction of the leakage rate by 48%. Current publications show similar results with a potential decrease in the rate of anastomotic leaks in colorectal surgery. Conclusion: The results show a very low rate of anastomotic leakage when using ICG-FA. These results are promising in colorectal surgery but controlled randomized studies are lacking and should be carried out before final recommendations can be given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 77-Year-old female patient with the diagnosis of pancreatic head insulinoma. • We used near infrared light to detect synchronous pancreatic tumors. • Near infrared light was used to detect secondary lymph node, liver metastasis. • Was perform cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy. • Evolution was favorable. We report the case of a 77-year-old female patient with the diagnosis of pancreatic head insulinoma, in whom we used near infrared light (NIR) to detect synchronous pancreatic tumors and potential secondary lymph node or liver involvement. The patient presented with hypoglycemia manifesting by lipothymia. With the diagnosis of secretory neuroendocrine tumor (insulinoma) of the pancreatic head, cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy with the preservation of the pylorus was performed after NIR visualization of the pancreatic tumor mass. At 6, 12, 18 months postoperatively, the patient no longer had hypoglycemia and her general state was good. NIR with indocyanine green (ICG) evidences pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, as well as possible synchronous tumors and secondary lymph node or liver involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct efficient employing of solar energy for environmental treatment is obtaining considerable attention at present, where the efficient utilizing the visible (Vis) and near‐infrared (NIR) light is of utmost importance. Herein, the plasmonic MoO2 has been firstly employed to enhance photocatalytic activity in visible and near‐infrared light. By loading MoO2 on BiOBr nanosheets, the plasmonic MoO2/BiOBr photocatalysts have been designed and synthesized through simple hydrothermal method. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of MoO2 makes the light absorption range of MoO2/BiOBr extend near‐infrared light. The MoO2/BiOBr nanohybrids display higher photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation than that of individual MoO2 and BiOBr under Vis‐ and NIR‐light illumination. About 98 % and 60 % of RhB is degraded in 40 min under >420 nm and >780 nm light illumination. On the one hand, LSPR of MoO2 is beneficial for light absorption and utilization. On the other hand, the synergetic effect between MoO2 and BiOBr facilitates carrier generation, transportation in the interfaces of MoO2 and BiOBr, and reduce carrier recombination. Moreover, the catalytic activity of MoO2/BiOBr nanohybrid almost shows no significant weaken even after five consecutive runs. Our study may open avenues to design the efficient noble metal‐free plasmonic photocatalysts for taking advantage of solar energy efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tau oligomers are emerging as a key contributor to the synaptic dysfunction that drives cognitive decline associated with the clinical manifestation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, there is ample consensus that interventions that target tau oligomers may slow or halt the progression of AD. With this ultimate goal in mind, in the present study, we investigated tau oligomer accumulation and its synaptic and behavioral consequences after an in vivo treatment with near infrared (NIR) light (600–1000 nm) in two transgenic mouse models, overexpressing human tau either alone (hTau mice) or in combination with amyloid beta (3xTgAD mice). We found that a 4-week exposure to NIR light (90 s/day/5 days a week) significantly reduced levels of endogenous total and oligomeric tau in both synaptosomes and total protein extracts from the hippocampus and cortex of hTau mice and improved deteriorating memory function. Similar results were observed in the 3xTgAD mice, which further displayed reduced synaptic Aβ after NIR light treatment. On the other hand, ex vivo binding of tau oligomers in isolated synaptosomes as well as tau oligomer-induced depression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices from NIR light-treated wt mice were unaffected. Finally, levels of proteins critically involved in two mechanisms associated with clearance of misfolded tau, inducible HSP70 and autophagy, were upregulated in NIR light treated mice. Collectively, these results show that NIR light decreases levels of endogenous toxic tau oligomers and alleviate associated memory deficits, thus furthering the development of NIR light as a possible therapeutic for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]