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Summary: Objective: Children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) exhibit poor cardiometabolic health, yet mechanisms influencing brain health remain unclear. We examined the differences in neurological‐related circulating proteins in plasma among children with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) and the association with metabolic syndrome markers. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, we included 84 Caucasian children (39% girls), aged 10.1 ± 1.1 years, from the ActiveBrains project (NCT02295072). A ninety‐two‐protein targeted approach using Olink's® technology was used. Results: We identified distinct concentrations of CD38, LAIR2, MANF and NRP2 proteins in MHO compared with MUO. Moreover, individual metabolic syndrome (MS) markers were linked to nine proteins (CD38, CPM, EDA2R, IL12, JAMB, KYNU, LAYN, MSR1 and SMOC2) in children with OW/OB. These proteins play crucial roles in diverse biological processes (e.g., angiogenesis, cholesterol transport, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) catalysis and maintenance of blood–brain barrier) related to brain health. Conclusion: Our proteomics study suggests that cardiometabolic health (represented by MHO/MUO or individual MS markers) is associated with the concentration in plasma of several proteins involved in brain health. Larger‐scale studies are needed to contrast/confirm these findings, with CD38 standing out as a particularly noteworthy and robust discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a signaling system composed of endocannabinoids (eCBs), their receptors, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and metabolism. Alterations in the ECS are linked to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Objective Here, we investigated the relationship between plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods The study included 133 young adults (age 22.1 ± 2.2 years, 67% women). Fasting plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, glucose uptake, and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors were measured. Results Plasma levels of eCBs and several eCB analogues were positively correlated with adiposity and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, serum insulin and triacylglyceride levels, all r ≥ 0.17 and P ≤.045). Plasma levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and N-pentadecenoylethanolamine were negatively correlated with BAT volume and glucose uptake (all r ≤ −0.17 and P ≤.047). We observed that the plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues were higher in metabolically unhealthy overweight–obese participants than in metabolically healthy overweight–obese participants. Conclusion Our findings show that the plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues are related to higher levels of adiposity and worse cardiometabolic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise training programs on fasting plasma levels of oxylipins, endocannabinoids (eCBs), and eCBs-like molecules in middle-aged sedentary adults. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted using a parallel group design. Sixty-five middle-aged adults (40–65 years old) were randomly assigned to: (a) no exercise (control group), (b) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (c) high-intensity interval training (HIIT group), and (d) HIIT together with whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS group). Plasma levels of oxylipins, eCBs, and eCBs-like molecules were determined in plasma samples before and after the intervention using targeted lipidomics. Body composition was assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and dietary intake through a food frequency questionnaire and three nonconsecutive 24-hr recalls. The physical activity recommendations, HIIT, and HIIT-EMS groups showed decreased plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3-derived oxylipins, and eCBs and eCBs-like molecules after 12 weeks (all Δ ≤ −0.12; all p <.05). Importantly, after Bonferroni post hoc corrections, the differences in plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins were not statistically significant compared with the control group (all p >.05). However, after post hoc corrections, plasma levels of anandamide and oleoylethanolamide were increased in the physical activity recommendations group compared with the control group (anandamide: Δ = 0.05 vs. −0.09; oleoylethanolamide: Δ = −0.12 vs. 0.013, all p ≤.049). In conclusion, this study reports that a 12-week exercise training intervention, independent of the modality applied, does not modify fasting plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins, eCBs, and eCBs-like molecules in middle-aged sedentary adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsinoids may exert ergogenic effects on resistance exercises. However, the acute effects of capsinoids on neuromuscular performance in humans are unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of dihydrocapsiate on lower- and upper-body neuromuscular performance parameters in resistance-trained individuals. 25 young adults (n = 6 women; age = 26 ± 3 years; body mass index = 24.3 ± 2.8 kg/m²) with= 1-year resistance training experience were included in this triple-blind (participants, intervention researchers, and data analysts were blinded), placebo-controlled, crossover study. Lower- and upper-body ballistic strength (countermovement jump [CMJ] height and bench press throw [BPT] peak velocity), maximum dynamic strength (estimated 1 repetition maximum in squat and bench press [BP]), and strengthendurance (mean set velocity [squat] and number of repetitions to failure [bench press]) were assessed in 2 independent sessions (=7 days separation). Participants ingested 12 mg of dihydrocapsiate or placebo 30 min before each trial. We found no significant differences between dihydrocapsiate and placebo conditions in ballistic strength, (CMJ height 33.20 ± 8.07 vs 33.32 ± 7.85 cm; BPT peak velocity 2.82 ± 0.77 vs 2.82 ± 0.74 m/s) maximal dynamic strength (estimated squat 1RM: 123.76 ± 40.63 vs 122.66 ± 40.97 kg; estimated BP 1RM: 99.47 ± 43.09 vs 99.60 ± 43.34 kg), and strength-endurance (squat mean set velocity 0.66 ± 0.07 vs 0.66 ± 0.05 m/s; number BP repetitions to failure 13.00 ± 3.56 vs 13.00 ± 4.78) (all P = 0.703). We conclude that dihydrocapsiate does not acutely improve neuromuscular performance in trained young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rodents, exercise alters the plasma concentration of exerkines that regulate white adipose tissue (WAT) browning or brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism. This study aims to analyse the acute and chronic effect of exercise on the circulating concentrations of 16 of these exerkines in humans. Ten young sedentary adults (6 female) performed a maximum walking effort test and a resistance exercise session. The plasma concentration of 16 exerkines was assessed before, and 3, 30, 60, and 120 min after exercise. Those exerkines modified by exercise were additionally measured in another 28 subjects (22 women). We also measured the plasma concentrations of the exerkines before and after a 24-week exercise programme (endurance + resistance; 3-groups: control, moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity) in 110 subjects (75 women). Endurance exercise acutely increased the plasma concentration of lactate, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 6, and follistatin-like protein 1 (3 min after exercise), and musclin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (30 and 60 min after exercise), decreasing the plasma concentration of leptin (30 min after exercise). Adiponectin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), β-aminoisobutyric acid, meteorin-like, follistatin, pro-ANP, irisin and myostatin were not modified or not detectable. The resistance exercise session increased the plasma concentration of lactate 3 min after exercise. Chronic exercise did not alter the plasma concentration of these exerkines. In sedentary young adults, acute endurance exercise releases to the bloodstream exerkines that regulate BAT metabolism and WAT browning. In contrast, neither a low-volume resistance exercise session nor a 24-week training programme modified plasma levels of these molecules. Highlights Acute endurance exercise increases the plasma concentration of lactate, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 6, follistatin-like protein 1, musclin, and fibroblast growth factor 21, and decrease the plasma concentration of leptin. The exercise-induced change in lactate plasma concentration is positively associated with brown adipose tissue volume, glucose uptake and radiodensity. Neither acute resistance exercise nor chronic exercise significantly alter the plasma concentration of these exerkines. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02365129. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins are known to play a role in inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in preclinical models. The associations between plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipins and body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults were assessed.Methods: Body composition, brown adipose tissue, traditional serum cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers, and a panel of 83 oxylipins were analyzed in 133 young adults (age 22.1[SD 2.2] years, 67% women).Results: Plasma levels of four omega-6 oxylipins (15-HeTrE, 5-HETE, 14,15-EpETrE, and the oxidative stress-derived 8,12-iso-iPF2α -VI) correlated positively with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid parameters. By contrast, the plasma levels of three omega-3 oxylipins (14,15-DiHETE, 17,18-DiHETE, and 19,20-DiHDPA) were negatively correlated with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid parameters. The panel of seven oxylipins predicted adiposity better than traditional inflammatory markers such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Pathway analyses revealed that individuals with obesity had higher plasma levels of omega-6 and lower plasma levels of omega-3 oxylipins than normal-weight individuals.Conclusion: Plasma levels of seven omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins may have utility as early markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Bile acids (BA) are known for their role in intestinal lipid absorption and can also play a role as signaling molecules to control energy metabolism. Prior evidence suggests that alterations in circulating BA levels and in the pool of circulating BA are linked to an increased risk of obesity and a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in middleaged adults. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between plasma levels of BA with cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of well-phenotyped, relatively healthy young adults. Methods: Body composition, brown adipose tissue, serum classical cardiometabolic risk factors, and a set of 8 plasma BA (including glyco-conjugated forms) in 136 young adults (age 22.1 ± 2.2 years, 67% women) were measured. Results: Plasma levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) were higher in men than in women, although these differences disappeared after adjusting for body fat percentage. Furthermore, cholic acid (CA), CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) levels were positively, yet weakly associated, with lean body mass (LBM) levels, while GDCA and glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) levels were negatively associated with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by brown adipose tissue. Interestingly, glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and GUDCA were positively associated with glucose and insulin serum levels, HOMA index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-8 levels, but negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA1, and adiponectin levels, yet these significant correlations partially disappeared after the inclusion of LBM as a confounder. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that plasma levels of BA might be sex dependent and are associated with cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk factors in young and relatively healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Findings: What is the central question of this study?In some studies, biopsies have been performed of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen, and they failed to find browning markers. Is the abdomen the right place to take biopsies?What is the main finding and its importance?For first time, we observed that the glucose uptake in the dorsocervical subcutaneous adipose tissue is higher in comparison to other areas of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Neonates have subcutaneous brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the dorsocervical area, and it is thought that these depots gradually disappear with age. Here, we determined that young adults have high 18F‐flurodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) uptake in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of the dorsocervical area. A total of 133 young adults (age 22 ± 2 years; body mass index 25 ± 5 kg m2) were included in the study. We performed a shivering threshold test for every participant. Later, we performed 2 h of personalized cold exposure, immediately before a positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. We showed that 23 of 133 participants had 18F‐FDG uptake in the dorsocervical area that achieved the criteria to be considered BAT, mainly in women (96%, n = 22 of 23). In the whole sample, the glucose uptake in the SAT of the dorsocervical area was positively correlated with BAT volume and activity located in the supraclavicular area. We showed that the 18F‐FDG uptake of the SAT of the dorsocervical area in humans is different from that of other SAT areas. Future studies are warranted to confirm the brown signature of this tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]