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1. Remember this : Age moderation of genetic and environmental contributions to verbal episodic memory from midlife through late adulthood

Author: Luczak, S. E., Beam, C. R., Pahlen, S., Lynch, M., Pilgrim, M., Reynolds, C. A., Panizzon, M. S., Catts, V. S., Christensen, K., Finkel, Deborah, Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lee, T., McGue, M., Nygaard, M., Plassman, B. L., Whitfield, K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Gatz, M., Luczak, S. E., Beam, C. R., Pahlen, S., Lynch, M., Pilgrim, M., Reynolds, C. A., Panizzon, M. S., Catts, V. S., Christensen, K., Finkel, Deborah, Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lee, T., McGue, M., Nygaard, M., Plassman, B. L., Whitfield, K. E., Pedersen, N. L., and Gatz, M.
Abstract: It is well documented that memory is heritable and that older adults tend to have poorer memory performance than younger adults. However, whether the magnitudes of genetic and environmental contributions to late-life verbal episodic memory ability differ from those at earlier ages remains unresolved. Twins from 12 studies participating in the Interplay of Genes and Environment in Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium constituted the analytic sample. Verbal episodic memory was assessed with immediate word list recall (N = 35,204 individuals; 21,792 twin pairs) and prose recall (N = 3805 individuals; 2028 twin pairs), with scores harmonized across studies. Average test performance was lower in successively older age groups for both measures. Twin models found significant age moderation for both measures, with total inter-individual variance increasing significantly with age, although it was not possible definitively to attribute the increase specifically to either genetic or environmental sources. Pooled results across all 12 studies were compared to results where we successively dropped each study (leave-one-out) to assure results were not due to an outlier. We conclude the models indicated an overall increase in variance for verbal episodic memory that was driven by a combination of increases in the genetic and nonshared environmental parameters that were not independently statistically significant. In contrast to reported results for other cognitive domains, differences in environmental exposures are comparatively important for verbal episodic memory, especially word list learning.
Published: 2023
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2. Financial strain moderates genetic influences on self-rated health: support for diathesis–stress model of gene–environment interplay

Author: Finkel, D, Zavala, C, Franz, CE, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Pedersen, NL, Finch, BK, Dahl Aslan, A, Catts, VS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-0547, Ericsson, M, Krueger, RF, Martin, NG, Mohan, A ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9613-6073, Mosing, MA, Prescott, CA, Whitfield, KE, Finkel, D, Zavala, C, Franz, CE, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Pedersen, NL, Finch, BK, Dahl Aslan, A, Catts, VS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-0547, Ericsson, M, Krueger, RF, Martin, NG, Mohan, A ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9613-6073, Mosing, MA, Prescott, CA, and Whitfield, KE
Abstract: Data from the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium were used to examine predictions of different models of gene-by-environment interaction to understand how genetic variance in self-rated health (SRH) varies at different levels of financial strain. A total of 11,359 individuals from 10 twin studies in Australia, Sweden, and the United States contributed relevant data, including 2,074 monozygotic and 2,623 dizygotic twin pairs. Age ranged from 22 to 98 years, with a mean age of 61.05 (SD = 13.24). A factor model was used to create a harmonized measure of financial strain across studies and items. Twin analyses of genetic and environmental variance for SRH incorporating age, age2, sex, and financial strain moderators indicated significant financial strain moderation of genetic influences on self-rated health. Moderation results did not differ across sex or country. Genetic variance for SRH increased as financial strain increased, matching the predictions of the diathesis–stress and social comparison models for components of variance. Under these models, environmental improvements would be expected to reduce genetically based health disparities.
Published: 2022

3. Changing genetic architecture of body mass index from infancy to early adulthood: an individual based pooled analysis of 25 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K, Li, W, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Saudino, KJ, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Li, W, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Saudino, KJ, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, and Kaprio, J
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) shows strong continuity over childhood and adolescence and high childhood BMI is the strongest predictor of adult obesity. Genetic factors strongly contribute to this continuity, but it is still poorly known how their contribution changes over childhood and adolescence. Thus, we used the genetic twin design to estimate the genetic correlations of BMI from infancy to adulthood and compared them to the genetic correlations of height. METHODS: We pooled individual level data from 25 longitudinal twin cohorts including 38,530 complete twin pairs and having 283,766 longitudinal height and weight measures. The data were analyzed using Cholesky decomposition offering genetic and environmental correlations of BMI and height between all age combinations from 1 to 19 years of age. RESULTS: The genetic correlations of BMI and height were stronger than the trait correlations. For BMI, we found that genetic correlations decreased as the age between the assessments increased, a trend that was especially visible from early to middle childhood. In contrast, for height, the genetic correlations were strong between all ages. Age-to-age correlations between environmental factors shared by co-twins were found for BMI in early childhood but disappeared altogether by middle childhood. For height, shared environmental correlations persisted from infancy to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the genes affecting BMI change over childhood and adolescence leading to decreasing age-to-age genetic correlations. This change is especially visible from early to middle childhood indicating that new genetic factors start to affect BMI in middle childhood. Identifying mediating pathways of these genetic factors can open possibilities for interventions, especially for those children with high genetic predisposition to adult obesity.
Published: 2022

4. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Semantic Verbal Fluency Across Midlife and Later Life

Author: Gustavson, DE, Panizzon, MS, Kremen, WS, Reynolds, CA, Pahlen, S, Nygaard, M, Wod, M, Catts, VS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-0547, Lee, T ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-6467, Gatz, M, Franz, CE, Gustavson, DE, Panizzon, MS, Kremen, WS, Reynolds, CA, Pahlen, S, Nygaard, M, Wod, M, Catts, VS ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-0547, Lee, T ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-6467, Gatz, M, and Franz, CE
Abstract: Despite the relevance of semantic fluency measures to risk for dementia and psychiatric disorders, little is known about their genetic and environmental architecture in mid-to-late life. Participants represent 21,684 middle-aged and older adult twins (M = 60.84 years, SD = 11.21; Range 40-89) from six studies from three countries participating in the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium. All completed the same measure of semantic fluency (naming animals in 60 seconds). Results revealed small-to-moderate phenotypic associations with age and education, with education more strongly and positively associated with fluency performance in females than males. Heritability and environmental influences did not vary by age. Environmental variance was smaller with higher levels of education, but this effect was observed only in males. This is the largest study to examine the genetic and environmental architecture of semantic fluency, and the first to demonstrate that environmental influences vary based on levels of education.
Published: 2021

5. Educational attainment of same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins : An individual-level pooled study of 19 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K., Bogl, L. H., Jelenkovic, A., Vuoksimaa, E., Latvala, A., Li, W., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Rebato, E., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Hopper, J. L., Tyler, J., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Kandler, C., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Medda, E., Nisticò, L., Toccaceli, V., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Heikkilä, K., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Siribaddana, S. H., Rose, R. J., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Bogl, L. H., Jelenkovic, A., Vuoksimaa, E., Latvala, A., Li, W., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Rebato, E., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Hopper, J. L., Tyler, J., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Kandler, C., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Medda, E., Nisticò, L., Toccaceli, V., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Heikkilä, K., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Siribaddana, S. H., Rose, R. J., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., and Kaprio, J.
Published: 2021
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6. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

7. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Latvala, A, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Kandler, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Yokoyama, Y, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, D, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Latvala, A, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Kandler, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Yokoyama, Y, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, D, and Kaprio, J
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020

8. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Latvala, A., Honda, C., Inui, F., Tomizawa, R., Watanabe, M., Sakai, N., Rebato, E., Busjahn, A., Tyler, J., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Calais-Ferreira, L., Oliveira, V. C., Ferreira, P. H., Medda, E., Nisticò, L., Toccaceli, V., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Tynelius, P., Rasmussen, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Harris, J. R., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Kandler, C., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Park, H. A., Lee, J., Lee, S. J., Sung, J., Yokoyama, Y., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Latvala, A., Honda, C., Inui, F., Tomizawa, R., Watanabe, M., Sakai, N., Rebato, E., Busjahn, A., Tyler, J., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Calais-Ferreira, L., Oliveira, V. C., Ferreira, P. H., Medda, E., Nisticò, L., Toccaceli, V., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Tynelius, P., Rasmussen, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Harris, J. R., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Kandler, C., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Park, H. A., Lee, J., Lee, S. J., Sung, J., Yokoyama, Y., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., and Kaprio, J.
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020
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9. The CODATwins Project: The Current Status and Recent Findings of COllaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins

Author: Silventoinen, K., primary, Jelenkovic, A., additional, Yokoyama, Y., additional, Sund, R., additional, Sugawara, M., additional, Tanaka, M., additional, Matsumoto, S., additional, Bogl, L. H., additional, Freitas, D. L., additional, Maia, J. A., additional, Hjelmborg, J. v. B., additional, Aaltonen, S., additional, Piirtola, M., additional, Latvala, A., additional, Calais-Ferreira, L., additional, Oliveira, V. C., additional, Ferreira, P. H., additional, Ji, F., additional, Ning, F., additional, Pang, Z., additional, Ordoñana, J. R., additional, Sánchez-Romera, J. F., additional, Colodro-Conde, L., additional, Burt, S. A., additional, Klump, K. L., additional, Martin, N. G., additional, Medland, S. E., additional, Montgomery, G. W., additional, Kandler, C., additional, McAdams, T. A., additional, Eley, T. C., additional, Gregory, A. M., additional, Saudino, K. J., additional, Dubois, L., additional, Boivin, M., additional, Brendgen, M., additional, Dionne, G., additional, Vitaro, F., additional, Tarnoki, A. D., additional, Tarnoki, D. L., additional, Haworth, C. M. A., additional, Plomin, R., additional, Öncel, S. Y., additional, Aliev, F., additional, Medda, E., additional, Nisticò, L., additional, Toccaceli, V., additional, Craig, J. M., additional, Saffery, R., additional, Siribaddana, S. H., additional, Hotopf, M., additional, Sumathipala, A., additional, Rijsdijk, F., additional, Jeong, H.-U., additional, Spector, T., additional, Mangino, M., additional, Lachance, G., additional, Gatz, M., additional, Butler, D. A., additional, Gao, W., additional, Yu, C., additional, Li, L., additional, Bayasgalan, G., additional, Narandalai, D., additional, Harden, K. P., additional, Tucker-Drob, E. M., additional, Christensen, K., additional, Skytthe, A., additional, Kyvik, K. O., additional, Derom, C. A., additional, Vlietinck, R. F., additional, Loos, R. J. F., additional, Cozen, W., additional, Hwang, A. E., additional, Mack, T. M., additional, He, M., additional, Ding, X., additional, Silberg, J. L., additional, Maes, H. H., additional, Cutler, T. L., additional, Hopper, J. L., additional, Magnusson, P. K. E., additional, Pedersen, N. L., additional, Dahl Aslan, A. K., additional, Baker, L. A., additional, Tuvblad, C., additional, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., additional, Beck-Nielsen, H., additional, Sodemann, M., additional, Ullemar, V., additional, Almqvist, C., additional, Tan, Q., additional, Zhang, D., additional, Swan, G. E., additional, Krasnow, R., additional, Jang, K. L., additional, Knafo-Noam, A., additional, Mankuta, D., additional, Abramson, L., additional, Lichtenstein, P., additional, Krueger, R. F., additional, McGue, M., additional, Pahlen, S., additional, Tynelius, P., additional, Rasmussen, F., additional, Duncan, G. E., additional, Buchwald, D., additional, Corley, R. P., additional, Huibregtse, B. M., additional, Nelson, T. L., additional, Whitfield, K. E., additional, Franz, C. E., additional, Kremen, W. S., additional, Lyons, M. J., additional, Ooki, S., additional, Brandt, I., additional, Nilsen, T. S., additional, Harris, J. R., additional, Sung, J., additional, Park, H. A., additional, Lee, J., additional, Lee, S. J., additional, Willemsen, G., additional, Bartels, M., additional, van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., additional, Llewellyn, C. H., additional, Fisher, A., additional, Rebato, E., additional, Busjahn, A., additional, Tomizawa, R., additional, Inui, F., additional, Watanabe, M., additional, Honda, C., additional, Sakai, N., additional, Hur, Y.-M., additional, Sørensen, T. I. A., additional, Boomsma, D. I., additional, and Kaprio, J., additional
Published: 2019
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10. The CODATwins Project: The Current Status and Recent Findings of COllaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins

Author: Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Yokoyama, Y., Sund, R., Sugawara, M., Tanaka, M., Matsumoto, S., Bogl, L. H., Freitas, D. L., Maia, J. A., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Aaltonen, S., Piirtola, M., Latvala, A., Calais-Ferreira, L., Oliveira, V. C., Ferreira, P. H., Ji, F., Ning, F., Pang, Z., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Kandler, C., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Saudino, K. J., Dubois, L., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Dionne, G., Vitaro, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Haworth, C. M. A., Plomin, R., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Medda, E., Nistico, L., Toccaceli, V., Craig, J. M., Saffery, R., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Jeong, H. -U., Spector, T., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Gao, W., Yu, C., Li, L., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., He, M., Ding, X., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, A. K., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., Beck-Nielsen, H., Sodemann, M., Ullemar, V., Almqvist, C., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Jang, K. L., Knafo-Noam, A., Mankuta, D., Abramson, L., Lichtenstein, P., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Tynelius, P., Rasmussen, F., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Ooki, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Harris, J. R., Sung, J., Park, H. A., Lee, J., Lee, S. J., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Llewellyn, C. H., Fisher, A., Rebato, E., Busjahn, A., Tomizawa, R., Inui, F., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Sakai, N., Hur, Y. -M., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Yokoyama, Y., Sund, R., Sugawara, M., Tanaka, M., Matsumoto, S., Bogl, L. H., Freitas, D. L., Maia, J. A., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Aaltonen, S., Piirtola, M., Latvala, A., Calais-Ferreira, L., Oliveira, V. C., Ferreira, P. H., Ji, F., Ning, F., Pang, Z., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Kandler, C., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Saudino, K. J., Dubois, L., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Dionne, G., Vitaro, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Haworth, C. M. A., Plomin, R., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Medda, E., Nistico, L., Toccaceli, V., Craig, J. M., Saffery, R., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Jeong, H. -U., Spector, T., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Gao, W., Yu, C., Li, L., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., He, M., Ding, X., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, A. K., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., Beck-Nielsen, H., Sodemann, M., Ullemar, V., Almqvist, C., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Jang, K. L., Knafo-Noam, A., Mankuta, D., Abramson, L., Lichtenstein, P., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Tynelius, P., Rasmussen, F., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Ooki, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Harris, J. R., Sung, J., Park, H. A., Lee, J., Lee, S. J., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Llewellyn, C. H., Fisher, A., Rebato, E., Busjahn, A., Tomizawa, R., Inui, F., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Sakai, N., Hur, Y. -M., Sørensen, T. I. A., Boomsma, D. I., and Kaprio, J.
Published: 2019

11. The CODATwins Project: The Current Status and Recent Findings of COllaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins

Author: Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Bogl, L H, Freitas, D L, Maia, J A, Hjelmborg, J V B, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Latvala, A, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, V C, Ferreira, P H, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Ordoñana, J R, Sánchez-Romera, J F, Colodro-Conde, L, Burt, S A, Klump, K L, Martin, N G, Medland, S E, Montgomery, G W, Kandler, C, McAdams, T A, Eley, T C, Gregory, A M, Saudino, K J, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Tarnoki, A D, Tarnoki, D L, Haworth, C M A, Plomin, R, Öncel, S Y, Aliev, F, Medda, E, Nisticò, L, Toccaceli, V, Craig, J M, Saffery, R, Siribaddana, S H, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Jeong, H-U, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Gatz, M, Butler, D A, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, K P, Tucker-Drob, E M, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, K O, Derom, C A, Vlietinck, R F, Loos, R J F, Cozen, W, Hwang, A E, Mack, T M, He, M, Ding, X, Silberg, J L, Maes, H H, Cutler, T L, Hopper, J L, Magnusson, P K E, Pedersen, N L, Dahl Aslan, A K, Baker, L A, Tuvblad, C, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Swan, G E, Krasnow, R, Jang, K L, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, R F, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Duncan, G E, Buchwald, D, Corley, R P, Huibregtse, B M, Nelson, T L, Whitfield, K E, Franz, C E, Kremen, W S, Lyons, M J, Ooki, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, T S, Harris, J R, Sung, J, Park, H A, Lee, J, Lee, S J, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Llewellyn, C H, Fisher, A, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tomizawa, R, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Sakai, N, Hur, Y-M, Sørensen, T I A, Boomsma, D.I., Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Bogl, L H, Freitas, D L, Maia, J A, Hjelmborg, J V B, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Latvala, A, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, V C, Ferreira, P H, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Ordoñana, J R, Sánchez-Romera, J F, Colodro-Conde, L, Burt, S A, Klump, K L, Martin, N G, Medland, S E, Montgomery, G W, Kandler, C, McAdams, T A, Eley, T C, Gregory, A M, Saudino, K J, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Tarnoki, A D, Tarnoki, D L, Haworth, C M A, Plomin, R, Öncel, S Y, Aliev, F, Medda, E, Nisticò, L, Toccaceli, V, Craig, J M, Saffery, R, Siribaddana, S H, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Jeong, H-U, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Gatz, M, Butler, D A, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, K P, Tucker-Drob, E M, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, K O, Derom, C A, Vlietinck, R F, Loos, R J F, Cozen, W, Hwang, A E, Mack, T M, He, M, Ding, X, Silberg, J L, Maes, H H, Cutler, T L, Hopper, J L, Magnusson, P K E, Pedersen, N L, Dahl Aslan, A K, Baker, L A, Tuvblad, C, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Swan, G E, Krasnow, R, Jang, K L, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, R F, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Duncan, G E, Buchwald, D, Corley, R P, Huibregtse, B M, Nelson, T L, Whitfield, K E, Franz, C E, Kremen, W S, Lyons, M J, Ooki, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, T S, Harris, J R, Sung, J, Park, H A, Lee, J, Lee, S J, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Llewellyn, C H, Fisher, A, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tomizawa, R, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Sakai, N, Hur, Y-M, Sørensen, T I A, Boomsma, D.I., and Kaprio, J
Abstract: The COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) project is a large international collaborative effort to analyze individual-level phenotype data from twins in multiple cohorts from different environments. The main objective is to study factors that modify genetic and environmental variation of height, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and size at birth, and additionally to address other research questions such as long-term consequences of birth size. The project started in 2013 and is open to all twin projects in the world having height and weight measures on twins with information on zygosity. Thus far, 54 twin projects from 24 countries have provided individual-level data. The CODATwins database includes 489,981 twin individuals (228,635 complete twin pairs). Since many twin cohorts have collected longitudinal data, there is a total of 1,049,785 height and weight observations. For many cohorts, we also have information on birth weight and length, own smoking behavior and own or parental education. We found that the heritability estimates of height and BMI systematically changed from infancy to old age. Remarkably, only minor differences in the heritability estimates were found across cultural-geographic regions, measurement time and birth cohort for height and BMI. In addition to genetic epidemiological studies, we looked at associations of height and BMI with education, birth weight and smoking status. Within-family analyses examined differences within same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins in birth size and later development. The CODATwins project demonstrates the feasibility and value of international collaboration to address gene-by-exposure interactions that require large sample sizes and address the effects of different exposures across time, geographical regions and socioeconomic status.
Published: 2019
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12. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, and Kaprio, J
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions. METHODS: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling. RESULTS: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia. CONCLUSIONS: Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.
Published: 2019

13. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOKING DURATION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN MID- AND LATE-LIFE: A CO-TWIN CONTROL STUDY

Author: Pahlen, S, primary and Reynolds, C, additional
Published: 2018
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14. SLEEP, COGNITION, AND HEALTH STATUS AMONGST RETIRED AND NON-RETIRED OLDER ADULTS

Author: Vo, T, primary, Pahlen, S, additional, and Reynolds, C, additional
Published: 2018
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15. Associations between birth size and later height from infancy through adulthood: An individual based pooled analysis of 28 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Ooki, S, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Saudino, KJ, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Nielsen, HB, Sodemann, M, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveld, CEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Heikkila, K, Pietilainen, KH, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Sung, J, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Ooki, S, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Saudino, KJ, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Nielsen, HB, Sodemann, M, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveld, CEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Heikkila, K, Pietilainen, KH, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Sung, J, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. AIM: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors. METHODS: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length. CONCLUSION: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight.
Published: 2018

16. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Hur, Y-M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Bogl, LH, Pietilainen, KH, Vuoksimaa, E, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Rebato, E, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Ooki, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Vlietinck, RF, Derom, CA, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Hur, Y-M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Bogl, LH, Pietilainen, KH, Vuoksimaa, E, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Rebato, E, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Ooki, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Vlietinck, RF, Derom, CA, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95% CI 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95% CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95% CI -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

17. Association between birth weight and educational attainment: an individual-based pooled analysis of nine twin cohorts

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Mikkonen, J, Martikainen, P, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Vuoksimaa, E, Rebato, E, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Mikkonen, J, Martikainen, P, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Vuoksimaa, E, Rebato, E, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence that birth weight is positively associated with education, but it remains unclear whether this association is explained by familial environmental factors, genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. We analysed the association between birth weight and educational years within twin pairs, which controls for genetic factors and the environment shared between co-twins. METHODS: The data were derived from nine twin cohorts in eight countries including 6116 complete twin pairs. The association between birth weight and educational attainment was analysed both between individuals and within pairs using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: In between-individual analyses, birth weight was not associated with educational years. Within-pairs analyses revealed positive but modest associations for some sex, zygosity and birth year groups. The greatest association was found in dizygotic (DZ) men (0.65 educational years/kg birth weight, p=0.006); smaller effects of 0.3 educational years/kg birth weight were found within monozygotic (MZ) twins of both sexes and opposite-sex DZ twins. The magnitude of the associations differed by birth year in MZ women and opposite-sex DZ twins, showing a positive association in the 1915-1959 birth cohort but no association in the 1960-1984 birth cohort. CONCLUSION: Although associations are weak and somewhat inconsistent, our results suggest that intrauterine environment may play a role when explaining the association between birth weight and educational attainment.
Published: 2018

18. Association between birthweight and later body mass index: an individual-based pooled analysis of 27 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Pietilainen, KH, Hur, Y-M, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Ooki, S, Saudino, KJ, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Heikkila, K, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, LTarnoki, D, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Harris, JR, Brandt, L, Nilsen, TS, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Pietilainen, KH, Hur, Y-M, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Ooki, S, Saudino, KJ, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Heikkila, K, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, LTarnoki, D, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Harris, JR, Brandt, L, Nilsen, TS, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence that birthweight is positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. We analysed the association between birthweight and BMI from infancy to adulthood within twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors. METHODS: This study is based on the data from 27 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 78 642 twin individuals (20 635 monozygotic and 18 686 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs) with information on birthweight and a total of 214 930 BMI measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 49 years. The association between birthweight and BMI was analysed at both the individual and within-pair levels using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: At the individual level, a 1-kg increase in birthweight was linearly associated with up to 0.9 kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.001). Within twin pairs, regression coefficients were generally greater (up to 1.2 kg/m2 per kg birthweight, P < 0.001) than those from the individual-level analyses. Intra-pair associations between birthweight and later BMI were similar in both zygosity groups and sexes and were lower in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that environmental factors unique to each individual have an important role in the positive association between birthweight and later BMI, at least until young adulthood.
Published: 2017

19. Does the sex of one's co-twin affect height and BMI in adulthood? A study of dizygotic adult twins from 31 cohorts

Author: Bogl, LH, Jelenkovic, A, Vuoksimaa, E, Ahrenfeldt, L, Pietilainen, KH, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Hur, Y-M, Jeong, H-U, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Cutler, TL, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Pang, Z, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Hjelmborg, JVB, Rebato, E, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Busjahn, A, Lichtenstein, P, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Yokoyama, Y, Hopper, JL, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Silventoinen, K, Kaprio, J, Bogl, LH, Jelenkovic, A, Vuoksimaa, E, Ahrenfeldt, L, Pietilainen, KH, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Hur, Y-M, Jeong, H-U, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Cutler, TL, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Krueger, RF, Mcgue, M, Pahlen, S, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Pang, Z, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Hjelmborg, JVB, Rebato, E, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Busjahn, A, Lichtenstein, P, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Yokoyama, Y, Hopper, JL, Loos, RJF, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Silventoinen, K, and Kaprio, J
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The comparison of traits in twins from opposite-sex (OS) and same-sex (SS) dizygotic twin pairs is considered a proxy measure of prenatal hormone exposure. To examine possible prenatal hormonal influences on anthropometric traits, we compared mean height, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of being overweight or obese between men and women from OS and SS dizygotic twin pairs. METHODS: The data were derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) database, and included 68,494 SS and 53,808 OS dizygotic twin individuals above the age of 20 years from 31 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. Zygosity was determined by questionnaires or DNA genotyping depending on the study. Multiple regression and logistic regression models adjusted for cohort, age, and birth year with the twin type as a predictor were carried out to compare height and BMI in twins from OS pairs with those from SS pairs and to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for being overweight or obese. RESULTS: OS females were, on average, 0.31 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20, 0.41) taller than SS females. OS males were also, on average, taller than SS males, but this difference was only 0.14 cm (95% CI 0.02, 0.27). Mean BMI and the prevalence of overweight or obesity did not differ between males and females from SS and OS twin pairs. The statistically significant differences between OS and SS twins for height were small and appeared to reflect our large sample size rather than meaningful differences of public health relevance. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that prenatal hormonal exposure or postnatal socialization (i.e., having grown up with a twin of the opposite sex) has a major impact on height and BMI in adulthood.
Published: 2017

20. Differences in genetic and environmental variation in adult BMI by sex, age, time period, and region : An individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Hur, Y. -M, Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Tomizawa, R., Pietilainen, K. H., Rissanen, A., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Piirtola, M., Aaltonen, S., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Hjelmborg, J. B., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Cutler, T. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Willemsen, G., Goldberg, J. H., Rasmussen, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Hopper, J. L., Sung, J., Maes, H. H., Turkheimer, E., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Hur, Y. -M, Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Tomizawa, R., Pietilainen, K. H., Rissanen, A., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Piirtola, M., Aaltonen, S., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Hjelmborg, J. B., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Cutler, T. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Willemsen, G., Goldberg, J. H., Rasmussen, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Hopper, J. L., Sung, J., Maes, H. H., Turkheimer, E., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., and Kaprio, J.
Abstract: Background: Genes and the environment contribute to variation in adult body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)], but factors modifying these variance components are poorly understood. Objective: We analyzed genetic and environmental variation in BMI between men and women from young adulthood to old age from the 1940s to the 2000s and between cultural-geographic regions representing high (North America and Australia), moderate (Europe), and low (East Asia) prevalence of obesity. Design: We used genetic structural equation modeling to analyze BMI in twins ≥20 y of age from 40 cohorts representing 20 countries (140,379 complete twin pairs). Results: The heritability of BMI decreased from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.78) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.75) in men and women 20-29 y of age to 0.57 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.60) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.65) in men 70-79 y of age and women 80 y of age, respectively. The relative influence of unique environmental factors correspondingly increased. Differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from 20-29 to 60-69 y of age. Mean BMI and variances in BMI increased from the 1940s to the 2000s and were greatest in North America and Australia, followed by Europe and East Asia. However, heritability estimates were largely similar over measurement years and between regions. There was no evidence of environmental factors shared by co-twins affecting BMI. Conclusions: The heritability of BMI decreased and differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from young adulthood to old age. The heritability of BMI was largely similar between cultural-geographic regions and measurement years, despite large differences in mean BMI and variances in BMI. Our results show a strong influence of genetic factors on BMI, especially in early adulthood, regardless of the obesity level in the population.
Published: 2017
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21. Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994

Author: Jelenkovic, A., Hur, Y. -M, Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Aaltonen, S., Heikkilä, K., Öncel, S.Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Sung, J., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D’Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl-Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Lichtenstein, P., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Willemsen, G., Alexandra Burt, S., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Hjelmborg, J. V. B., Goldberg, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Rasmussen, F., Huibregtse, B. M., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Hur, Y. -M, Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Aaltonen, S., Heikkilä, K., Öncel, S.Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Sung, J., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D’Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl-Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Lichtenstein, P., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Willemsen, G., Alexandra Burt, S., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Hjelmborg, J. V. B., Goldberg, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Rasmussen, F., Huibregtse, B. M., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., and Silventoinen, K.
Abstract: Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886-1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve.
Published: 2016
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22. Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Y., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Aaltonen, Sari, Heikkilä, Kauko, Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Sung, J., Song, Y. M., Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. U., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl-Aslan, A. K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Lichtenstein, P., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Willemsen, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Hjelmborg, J. V., Goldberg, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Rasmussen, F., Huibregtse, B. M., Boomsma, D. I., Sorensen, T. I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, University of Helsinki, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Y., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Aaltonen, Sari, Heikkilä, Kauko, Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Sung, J., Song, Y. M., Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. U., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl-Aslan, A. K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Lichtenstein, P., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Willemsen, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Hjelmborg, J. V., Goldberg, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Rasmussen, F., Huibregtse, B. M., Boomsma, D. I., Sorensen, T. I., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886-1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve.
Published: 2016

23. Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins)

Author: Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Honda, C, Hjelmborg, JV, Möller, S, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJ, Heikkilä, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TC, Craig, Jeffrey, Saffery, R, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Chong, Y, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PK, Pedersen, NL, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CM, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Öncel, SY, Aliev, F, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sørensen, TI, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Honda, C, Hjelmborg, JV, Möller, S, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJ, Heikkilä, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TC, Craig, Jeffrey, Saffery, R, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Chong, Y, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PK, Pedersen, NL, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CM, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Öncel, SY, Aliev, F, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sørensen, TI, Boomsma, DI, and Kaprio, J
Published: 2016

24. Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Hur, Y-M, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Aaltonen, S, Heikkila, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Sun, J, Song, Y-M, Yang, S, Lee, K, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Busjahn, A, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Jeong, H-U, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl-Aslan, AK, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Tynelius, P, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Lichtenstein, P, Spector, TD, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Willemsen, G, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Corley, RP, Hjelmborg, JVB, Goldberg, JH, Iwatani, Y, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Inui, F, Rasmussen, F, Huibregtse, BM, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Hur, Y-M, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Aaltonen, S, Heikkila, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Sun, J, Song, Y-M, Yang, S, Lee, K, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Busjahn, A, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Jeong, H-U, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl-Aslan, AK, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Tynelius, P, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Lichtenstein, P, Spector, TD, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Willemsen, G, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Corley, RP, Hjelmborg, JVB, Goldberg, JH, Iwatani, Y, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Inui, F, Rasmussen, F, Huibregtse, BM, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886-1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve.
Published: 2016

25. Genetic and environmental influences on height from infancy to early adulthood: An individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts

Author: Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Hjelmborg, JVB, Moller, S, Honda, C, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Heikkila, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Christensen, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Hjelmborg, JVB, Moller, S, Honda, C, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Heikkila, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Christensen, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K
Abstract: Height variation is known to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but a systematic description of how their influences differ by sex, age and global regions is lacking. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts from 20 countries, including 180,520 paired measurements at ages 1-19 years. The proportion of height variation explained by shared environmental factors was greatest in early childhood, but these effects remained present until early adulthood. Accordingly, the relative genetic contribution increased with age and was greatest in adolescence (up to 0.83 in boys and 0.76 in girls). Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North-America and Australia, and East-Asia), genetic variance was greatest in North-America and Australia and lowest in East-Asia, but the relative proportion of genetic variation was roughly similar across these regions. Our findings provide further insights into height variation during childhood and adolescence in populations representing different ethnicities and exposed to different environments.
Published: 2016

26. The CODATwins Project: the cohort description of collaborative project of development of anthropometrical measures in twins to study macro-environmental variation in genetic and environmental effects on anthropometric traits

Author: Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Honda, C., Aaltonen, S., Yokoyama, Y., Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, D. L., Ning, F., Ji, F., Pang, Z., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Kandler, C., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Saudino, K. J., Dubois, L., Boivin, M., Haworth, C. M. A., Plomin, R., Öncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Craig, J., Saffery, R., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Spector, T., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Freitas, D. L., Maia, J. A., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Hong, C., Chong, Y., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., He, M., Ding, X., Chang, B., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Aujard, K., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Aslan, A. K. D., Song, Y.- M., Yang, S., Lee, K., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., Beck-Nielsen, H., Sodemann, M., Heikkilä, K., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Jang, K. L., Knafo-Noam, A., Mankuta, D., Abramson, L., Lichtenstein, P., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Tynelius, P., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Ooki, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Inui, F., Watanabe, M., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., Wardle, J., Llewellyn, C. H., Fisher, A., Rebato, E., Martin, N. G., Iwatani, Y., Hayakawa, K., Rasmussen, F., Sung, J., Harris, J. R., Willemsen, G., Busjahn, A., Goldberg, J. H., Boomsma, D. I., Hur, Y. - M., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Honda, C., Aaltonen, S., Yokoyama, Y., Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, D. L., Ning, F., Ji, F., Pang, Z., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Kandler, C., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Saudino, K. J., Dubois, L., Boivin, M., Haworth, C. M. A., Plomin, R., Öncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Craig, J., Saffery, R., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Spector, T., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Freitas, D. L., Maia, J. A., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Hong, C., Chong, Y., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., He, M., Ding, X., Chang, B., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Aujard, K., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Aslan, A. K. D., Song, Y.- M., Yang, S., Lee, K., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bjerregaard-Andersen, M., Beck-Nielsen, H., Sodemann, M., Heikkilä, K., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Jang, K. L., Knafo-Noam, A., Mankuta, D., Abramson, L., Lichtenstein, P., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Tynelius, P., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Ooki, S., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Inui, F., Watanabe, M., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., Wardle, J., Llewellyn, C. H., Fisher, A., Rebato, E., Martin, N. G., Iwatani, Y., Hayakawa, K., Rasmussen, F., Sung, J., Harris, J. R., Willemsen, G., Busjahn, A., Goldberg, J. H., Boomsma, D. I., Hur, Y. - M., Sørensen, T. I. A., and Kaprio, J.
Published: 2015

27. Estimation of blood loss after cesarean section and vaginal delivery has low validity with a tendency to exaggeration

Author: Larsson, C., Saltvedt, S., Wiklund, I., Pahlen, S., Andolf, E., Larsson, C., Saltvedt, S., Wiklund, I., Pahlen, S., and Andolf, E.
Abstract: Background. Excessive bleeding is one of the major threats to women at childbirth. The aim of this study was to validate estimation of blood loss during delivery. Methods. Bleeding was estimated after 29 elective cesarean sections and 26 vaginal deliveries and compared to blood loss measured by extraction of hemoglobin using the alkaline hematin method, according to Newton. Results. Inter-individual agreement of estimation showed good results. Estimated loss in comparison with measured loss resulted in an over-estimation. In vaginally delivered women, there was no correlation between estimated and measured blood loss (r2=0.13), and in women delivered by elective cesarean section, the correlation was moderate (r2=0.55). Agreement, according to Bland and Altman, indicated that measured blood loss could vary from 570 ml less to 342 ml more than estimated blood loss. Conclusions. The standard procedure of estimation of obstetric bleeding was found to be unreliable. In this study, blood loss was over-estimated in cesareans. In vaginal deliveries, there seemed to be no correlation. Estimated blood loss as a quality indicator or as a variable in studies comparing complications must be used with caution. For clinical purposes, estimation of blood loss and measurement of post partum hemoglobin is of low value and may lead to the wrong conclusions. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.
Published: 2006
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28. From controllers to cognition: the importance of selection factors on video game and gameplay mechanic-derived cognitive differences.

Author: Vo TT, Pahlen S, Zheng A, Yu S, Lor E, Bowman ND, Corley RP, Friedman NP, Wadsworth SJ, and Reynolds CA
Subjects: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Memory, Short-Term physiology, Cognition physiology, Video Games psychology
Abstract: Playing video games, especially games with action-based mechanics, is correlated with better cognitive performance, yet these performance advantages may originate from intrinsic factors such as earlier life cognitive differences. We investigated whether gaming-cognition associations in a sample past young adulthood remain robust after accounting for adolescent cognitive functioning. Using data from the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife; N = 1241, M age = 33.3, %, age range = 28-51, Female = 52.9%), we compared cognitive performance of adult recreational gamers (40.6%) to non-gamers (59.4%) and between different types of gamers. Measures included processing speed, spatial reasoning, and working memory cognitive tasks, gaming status, and gameplay type engagement. The majority of gamer participants reported exclusively playing puzzle/strategy/life simulation games (53.0%) or action type games (33.1%); a smaller proportion reported playing both types of games (10.3%). Overall, gamers significantly outperformed non-gamers across most cognitive tasks (Cohen's d = 0.17-0.25), with limited evidence of a differential gameplay mechanic effect across tasks. Selection effects were evident whereby after adolescent IQ adjustment, gamer cognitive effects diminished by over 35% but persisted for spatial performance. Adolescent IQ predicted puzzle/strategy/life simulation preference but not action-type games, suggesting a selection effect. Our study replicates prior gaming findings and reveals that earlier life functioning contributes to adult gaming-cognition associations. Gamer-spatial associations are not fully attributable to intrinsic factors, and playing video games, regardless of a specific gameplay mechanic or genre, may represent a cognitively engaging lifestyle behavior that may benefit cognitive functioning, with implications for preserved cognition., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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29. A twin-driven analysis on early aging biomarkers and associations with sitting-time and physical activity.

Author: Bruellman R, Pahlen S, Ellingson JM, Corley RP, Wadsworth SJ, and Reynolds CA
Subjects: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Body Mass Index, Twins, Time Factors, Aging physiology, Biomarkers blood, Exercise physiology, Sedentary Behavior, Sitting Position
Abstract: Background: Current physical activity guidelines may be insufficient to address health consequences in a world increasing in sedentary behavior. Physical activity is a key lifestyle factor to promote healthy aging, but few studies examine activity in conjunction with sitting. We examine how activity intensity and sitting behavior influence health and the extent to which physical activity might counter sitting., Methods: We analyzed data from the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife) in adults aged 28-49 years (M = 33.16, SD = 4.93). We fit a linear mixed-effect model for body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (TC/HDL). Leveraging the co-twin control approach, we explore the trade-off between sitting and physical activity., Results: Across established adulthood, TC/HDL and BMI demonstrated increasing age trends with prolonged sitting and vigorous activity inversely associated. Moreover, after considering sitting time, we found an age-equivalent benefit of vigorous exercise where those performing 30 minutes daily had expected TC/HDL and BMI estimates that mirrored sedentary individuals 5 and 10 years younger, respectively. Co-twin control analysis suggests partial exposure effects for TC/HDL, indicating greater vigorous activity may counter sitting-health effects but with diminishing returns., Conclusions: Our findings support the counteracting influence of prolonged sitting and physical activity on indicators of cardiovascular and metabolic health. A compensating role of vigorous activity on sitting health links is indicated while reducing sitting time appears paramount. Public health initiatives should consider sitting and vigorous activity in tandem in guidelines to promote health maintenance and combat accelerated aging., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Bruellman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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30. Frailty and Processing Speed Performance at the Cusp of Midlife in CATSLife.

Author: Luna MG, Pahlen S, Corley RP, Wadsworth SJ, and Reynolds CA
Subjects: Humans, Adult, Processing Speed, Reproducibility of Results, Aging psychology, Frailty, Cognitive Aging
Abstract: Objectives: Frailty is not an end state of aging, but rather represents physiological vulnerability across multiple systems that unfolds across adulthood. However, examinations of frailty at the midlife transition, and how frailty may impact other age-sensitive traits, such as processing speed (PS), remain scarce. Our research aims were to examine frailty and frailty-speed associations before midlife, a ripe developmental period for healthy aging interventions., Methods: Using data from the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (N = 1,215; Mage = 33.23 years; standard deviation = 4.98), we constructed 25-item (FI25) and 30-item (FI30) frailty indices. PS was measured using the Colorado Perceptual Speed task and WAIS-III Digit Symbol (DS) subtest. Multilevel models accounted for clustering among siblings and adjusted for sex, race, ethnicity, adoption status, educational attainment, and age., Results: Reliability of FI measures was apparent from strong intraclass correlations (ICCs) among identical twin siblings, although ICC patterns across all siblings suggested that FI variability may include nonadditive genetic contributions. Higher FI was associated with poorer PS performance but was significant for DS only (BFI25 = -1.17, p = .001, d = -0.12; BFI30 = -1.21, p = .001, d = -0.12). Furthermore, the negative frailty-DS association was moderated by age (BFI25×age = -0.14, p = .042; BFI30×age=-0.19, p = .008) where increasingly worse performance with higher frailty emerged at older ages., Discussion: Frailty is evident before midlife and associated with poorer PS, an association that magnifies with age. These findings help elucidate the interrelationship between indicators of frailty and cognitive performance for adults approaching midlife, an understudied period within life-span development., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2023
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31. Remember This: Age Moderation of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Verbal Episodic Memory from Midlife through Late Adulthood.

Author: Luczak SE, Beam CR, Pahlen S, Lynch M, Pilgrim M, Reynolds CA, Panizzon MS, Catts VS, Christensen K, Finkel D, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lee T, McGue M, Nygaard M, Plassman BL, Whitfield KE, Pedersen NL, and Gatz M
Abstract: It is well documented that memory is heritable and that older adults tend to have poorer memory performance than younger adults. However, whether the magnitudes of genetic and environmental contributions to late-life verbal episodic memory ability differ from those at earlier ages remains unresolved. Twins from 12 studies participating in the Interplay of Genes and Environment in Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium constituted the analytic sample. Verbal episodic memory was assessed with immediate word list recall ( N = 35,204 individuals; 21,792 twin pairs) and prose recall ( N = 3,805 individuals; 2,028 twin pairs), with scores harmonized across studies. Average test performance was lower in successively older age groups for both measures. Twin models found significant age moderation for both measures, with total inter-individual variance increasing significantly with age, although it was not possible definitively to attribute the increase specifically to either genetic or environmental sources. Pooled results across all 12 studies were compared to results where we successively dropped each study (leave-one-out) to assure results were not due to an outlier. We conclude the models indicated an overall increase in variance for verbal episodic memory that was driven by a combination of increases in the genetic and nonshared environmental parameters that were not independently statistically significant. In contrast to reported results for other cognitive domains, differences in environmental exposures are comparatively important for verbal episodic memory, especially word list learning., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests: None
Published: 2023
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32. Longitudinal analyses indicate bidirectional associations between loneliness and health.

Author: Phillips DM, Finkel D, Petkus AJ, Muñoz E, Pahlen S, Johnson W, Reynolds CA, and Pedersen N
Subjects: Humans, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Longitudinal Studies, Social Interaction, Loneliness, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate temporal dynamics between loneliness and both objective and subjective health (i.e. functional impairment and self-rated health) in mid- to late-adulthood., Method: We applied bivariate dual-change-score models to longitudinal data from 3 Swedish twin studies ( N = 1,939) to explore dynamic associations between loneliness and health across 3 age ranges (50-69, 70-81, and 82+ years) to investigate whether associations between loneliness and health change with age due to increasing incidence of chronic health conditions and bereavement., Results: Results showed bidirectional associations between loneliness and both objective and subjective health, with adverse impacts of loneliness observed on subsequent subjective and objective health beginning at age 70. Associations between health and subsequent loneliness were observed after age 82 and varied for subjective and objective health, with subjective health associated with less loneliness and objective health associated with greater loneliness., Conclusions: Our results indicate dynamic associations between loneliness and health with age in mid- to late-adulthood, with earlier impacts of loneliness on health and later impacts of health on loneliness that vary for objective and subjective measures of health. These findings suggest impacts of health on loneliness may arise later in life when worsening health or mobility interfere with social interaction.
Published: 2023
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33. Does sleep duration moderate genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive performance?

Author: Vo TT, Pahlen S, Kremen WS, McGue M, Dahl Aslan A, Nygaard M, Christensen K, and Reynolds CA
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging psychology, Cognition physiology, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Sleep genetics, Twins, Dizygotic genetics, Twins, Monozygotic genetics
Abstract: While prior research has demonstrated a relationship between sleep and cognitive performance, how sleep relates to underlying genetic and environmental etiologies contributing to cognitive functioning, regardless of the level of cognitive function, is unclear. The present study assessed whether the importance of genetic and environmental contributions to cognition vary depending on an individual's aging-related sleep characteristics. The large sample consisted of twins from six studies within the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium spanning mid- to late-life (Average age [Mage] = 57.6, range = 27-91 years, N = 7052, Female = 43.70%, 1525 complete monozygotic [MZ] pairs, 2001 complete dizygotic [DZ] pairs). Quantitative genetic twin models considered sleep duration as a primary moderator of genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive performance in four cognitive abilities (Semantic Fluency, Spatial-Visual Reasoning, Processing Speed, and Episodic Memory), while accounting for age moderation. Results suggested genetic and both shared and nonshared environmental contributions for Semantic Fluency and genetic and shared environmental contributions for Episodic Memory vary by sleep duration, while no significant moderation was observed for Spatial-Visual Reasoning or Processing Speed. Results for Semantic Fluency and Episodic Memory illustrated patterns of higher genetic influences on cognitive function at shorter sleep durations (i.e. 4 hours) and higher shared environmental contributions to cognitive function at longer sleep durations (i.e. 10 hours). Overall, these findings may align with associations of upregulation of neuroinflammatory processes and ineffective beta-amyloid clearance in short sleep contexts and common reporting of mental fatigue in long sleep contexts, both associated with poorer cognitive functioning., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2022
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34. Changing genetic architecture of body mass index from infancy to early adulthood: an individual based pooled analysis of 25 twin cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Li W, Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Aaltonen S, Piirtola M, Sugawara M, Tanaka M, Matsumoto S, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F, Craig JM, Saffery R, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Lichtenstein P, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Christensen K, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Saudino KJ, Dubois L, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Vitaro F, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Magnusson PKE, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Beck-Nielsen H, Sodemann M, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Burt SA, Klump KL, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Body Height genetics, Body Mass Index, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Obesity epidemiology, Obesity genetics, Young Adult, Twins, Dizygotic genetics, Twins, Monozygotic genetics
Abstract: Background: Body mass index (BMI) shows strong continuity over childhood and adolescence and high childhood BMI is the strongest predictor of adult obesity. Genetic factors strongly contribute to this continuity, but it is still poorly known how their contribution changes over childhood and adolescence. Thus, we used the genetic twin design to estimate the genetic correlations of BMI from infancy to adulthood and compared them to the genetic correlations of height., Methods: We pooled individual level data from 25 longitudinal twin cohorts including 38,530 complete twin pairs and having 283,766 longitudinal height and weight measures. The data were analyzed using Cholesky decomposition offering genetic and environmental correlations of BMI and height between all age combinations from 1 to 19 years of age., Results: The genetic correlations of BMI and height were stronger than the trait correlations. For BMI, we found that genetic correlations decreased as the age between the assessments increased, a trend that was especially visible from early to middle childhood. In contrast, for height, the genetic correlations were strong between all ages. Age-to-age correlations between environmental factors shared by co-twins were found for BMI in early childhood but disappeared altogether by middle childhood. For height, shared environmental correlations persisted from infancy to adulthood., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the genes affecting BMI change over childhood and adolescence leading to decreasing age-to-age genetic correlations. This change is especially visible from early to middle childhood indicating that new genetic factors start to affect BMI in middle childhood. Identifying mediating pathways of these genetic factors can open possibilities for interventions, especially for those children with high genetic predisposition to adult obesity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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35. Long-term associations of cigarette smoking in early mid-life with predicted brain aging from mid- to late life.

Author: Whitsel N, Reynolds CA, Buchholz EJ, Pahlen S, Pearce RC, Hatton SN, Elman JA, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Puckett OK, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ Jr, Hauger RL, McEvoy LK, McKenzie R, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Tu XM, Williams MKE, Bell T, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, and Franz CE
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Brain diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Nicotiana, Young Adult, Cigarette Smoking epidemiology
Abstract: Background and Aims: Smoking is associated with increased risk for brain aging/atrophy and dementia. Few studies have examined early associations with brain aging. This study aimed to measure whether adult men with a history of heavier smoking in early mid-life would have older than predicted brain age 16-28 years later., Design: Prospective cohort observational study, utilizing smoking pack years data from average age 40 (early mid-life) predicting predicted brain age difference scores (PBAD) at average ages 56, 62 (later mid-life) and 68 years (early old age). Early mid-life alcohol use was also evaluated., Setting: Population-based United States sample., Participants/cases: Participants were male twins of predominantly European ancestry who served in the United States military between 1965 and 1975. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) began at average age 56. Subsequent study waves included most baseline participants; attrition replacement subjects were added at later waves., Measurements: Self-reported smoking information was used to calculate pack years smoked at ages 40, 56, 62, and 68. MRIs were processed with the Brain-Age Regression Analysis and Computation Utility software (BARACUS) program to create PBAD scores (chronological age-predicted brain age) acquired at average ages 56 (n = 493; 2002-08), 62 (n = 408; 2009-14) and 68 (n = 499; 2016-19)., Findings: In structural equation modeling, age 40 pack years predicted more advanced age 56 PBAD [β = -0.144, P = 0.012, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.257, -0.032]. Age 40 pack years did not additionally predict PBAD at later ages. Age 40 alcohol consumption, but not a smoking × alcohol interaction, predicted more advanced PBAD at age 56 (β = -0.166, P = 0.001, 95% CI = -0.261, -0.070) with additional influences at age 62 (β = -0.115, P = 0.005, 95% CI = -0.195, -0.036). Age 40 alcohol did not predict age 68 PBAD. Within-twin-pair analyses suggested some genetic mechanism partially underlying effects of alcohol, but not smoking, on PBAD., Conclusions: Heavier smoking and alcohol consumption by age 40 appears to predict advanced brain aging by age 56 in men., (© 2021 Society for the Study of Addiction.)
Published: 2022
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36. Financial strain moderates genetic influences on self-rated health: support for diathesis-stress model of gene-environment interplay.

Author: Finkel D, Zavala C, Franz CE, Pahlen S, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Finch BK, Dahl Aslan A, Catts VS, Ericsson M, Krueger RF, Martin NG, Mohan A, Mosing MA, Prescott CA, and Whitfield KE
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Middle Aged, Sweden, United States, Young Adult, Twins, Dizygotic genetics
Abstract: Data from the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium were used to examine predictions of different models of gene-by-environment interaction to understand how genetic variance in self-rated health (SRH) varies at different levels of financial strain. A total of 11,359 individuals from 10 twin studies in Australia, Sweden, and the United States contributed relevant data, including 2,074 monozygotic and 2,623 dizygotic twin pairs. Age ranged from 22 to 98 years, with a mean age of 61.05 (SD = 13.24). A factor model was used to create a harmonized measure of financial strain across studies and items. Twin analyses of genetic and environmental variance for SRH incorporating age, age 2 , sex, and financial strain moderators indicated significant financial strain moderation of genetic influences on self-rated health. Moderation results did not differ across sex or country. Genetic variance for SRH increased as financial strain increased, matching the predictions of the diathesis-stress and social comparison models for components of variance. Under these models, environmental improvements would be expected to reduce genetically based health disparities.
Published: 2022
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37. Educational attainment of same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins: An individual-level pooled study of 19 twin cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Bogl LH, Jelenkovic A, Vuoksimaa E, Latvala A, Li W, Tan Q, Zhang D, Pang Z, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Rebato E, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Hopper JL, Tyler J, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Kandler C, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Medda E, Nisticò L, Toccaceli V, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Heikkilä K, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Siribaddana SH, Rose RJ, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone, Twins, Dizygotic
Abstract: Comparing twins from same- and opposite-sex pairs can provide information on potential sex differences in a variety of outcomes, including socioeconomic-related outcomes such as educational attainment. It has been suggested that this design can be applied to examine the putative role of intrauterine exposure to testosterone for educational attainment, but the evidence is still disputed. Thus, we established an international database of twin data from 11 countries with 88,290 individual dizygotic twins born over 100 years and tested for differences between twins from same- and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs in educational attainment. Effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by linear regression models after adjusting for birth year and twin study cohort. In contrast to the hypothesis, no difference was found in women (β = -0.05 educational years, 95% CI -0.11, 0.02). However, men with a same-sex co-twin were slightly more educated than men having an opposite-sex co-twin (β = 0.14 educational years, 95% CI 0.07, 0.21). No consistent differences in effect sizes were found between individual twin study cohorts representing Europe, the USA, and Australia or over the cohorts born during the 20th century, during which period the sex differences in education reversed favoring women in the latest birth cohorts. Further, no interaction was found with maternal or paternal education. Our results contradict the hypothesis that there would be differences in the intrauterine testosterone levels between same-sex and opposite-sex female twins affecting education. Our findings in men may point to social dynamics within same-sex twin pairs that may benefit men in their educational careers., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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38. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Semantic Verbal Fluency Across Midlife and Later Life.

Author: Gustavson DE, Panizzon MS, Kremen WS, Reynolds CA, Pahlen S, Nygaard M, Wod M, Catts VS, Lee T, Gatz M, and Franz CE
Subjects: Aged, Aging genetics, Australia, Databases, Factual, Databases, Genetic, Denmark, Female, Gene-Environment Interaction, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Twins genetics, United States, Cognition physiology, Speech physiology, Verbal Behavior physiology
Abstract: Despite the relevance of semantic fluency measures to risk for dementia and psychiatric disorders, little is known about their genetic and environmental architecture in mid-to-late life. Participants represent 21,684 middle-aged and older adult twins (M = 60.84 years, SD = 11.21; Range 40-89) from six studies from three countries participating in the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium. All completed the same measure of semantic fluency (naming animals in 60 seconds). Results revealed small-to-moderate phenotypic associations with age and education, with education more strongly and positively associated with fluency performance in females than males. Heritability and environmental influences did not vary by age. Environmental variance was smaller with higher levels of education, but this effect was observed only in males. This is the largest study to examine the genetic and environmental architecture of semantic fluency, and the first to demonstrate that environmental influences vary based on levels of education.
Published: 2021
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39. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Latvala A, Honda C, Inui F, Tomizawa R, Watanabe M, Sakai N, Rebato E, Busjahn A, Tyler J, Hopper JL, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Calais-Ferreira L, Oliveira VC, Ferreira PH, Medda E, Nisticò L, Toccaceli V, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F, Tan Q, Zhang D, Pang Z, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Harris JR, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Kandler C, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Gatz M, Butler DA, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Park HA, Lee J, Lee SJ, Sung J, Yokoyama Y, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Academic Success, Adult, Australia, Cohort Studies, Educational Status, Europe, Asia, Eastern, Female, Gene-Environment Interaction, Humans, Male, North America, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Twins, Dizygotic education, Twins, Dizygotic genetics, Twins, Monozygotic education, Twins, Monozygotic genetics
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a 2 = 0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c 2 = 0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a 2 = 0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a 2 = 0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c 2 = 0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c 2 = 0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020
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40. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education.

Author: Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Latvala A, Sugawara M, Tanaka M, Matsumoto S, Freitas DL, Maia JA, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rebato E, Saudino KJ, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Magnusson PKE, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Sung J, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Medda E, Nisticò L, Toccaceli V, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Burt SA, Klump KL, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Gatz M, Butler DA, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Lichtenstein P, Bartels M, Beijsterveldt CEMV, Willemsen G, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Jeong HU, Hur YM, Turkheimer E, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Quantitative Trait Loci, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Young Adult, Body Height, Environment, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genetic Background, Parenting, Parents education
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020
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41. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Jelenkovic A, Latvala A, Yokoyama Y, Sund R, Sugawara M, Tanaka M, Matsumoto S, Aaltonen S, Piirtola M, Freitas DL, Maia JA, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rebato E, Saudino KJ, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Magnusson PKE, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Sung J, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Medda E, Nisticò L, Toccaceli V, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Burt SA, Klump KL, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Gatz M, Butler DA, Harris JR, Nilsen TS, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Lichtenstein P, Jeong HU, Hur YM, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Twins, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Gene-Environment Interaction, Parents education
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions., Methods: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling., Results: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia., Conclusions: Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI., (© 2019 The Obesity Society.)
Published: 2019
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42. Association between birth weight and educational attainment: an individual-based pooled analysis of nine twin cohorts.

Author: Jelenkovic A, Mikkonen J, Martikainen P, Latvala A, Yokoyama Y, Sund R, Vuoksimaa E, Rebato E, Sung J, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, Brescianini S, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Harris JR, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Birth Weight, Educational Status, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birth weight is positively associated with education, but it remains unclear whether this association is explained by familial environmental factors, genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. We analysed the association between birth weight and educational years within twin pairs, which controls for genetic factors and the environment shared between co-twins., Methods: The data were derived from nine twin cohorts in eight countries including 6116 complete twin pairs. The association between birth weight and educational attainment was analysed both between individuals and within pairs using linear regression analyses., Results: In between-individual analyses, birth weight was not associated with educational years. Within-pairs analyses revealed positive but modest associations for some sex, zygosity and birth year groups. The greatest association was found in dizygotic (DZ) men (0.65 educational years/kg birth weight, p=0.006); smaller effects of 0.3 educational years/kg birth weight were found within monozygotic (MZ) twins of both sexes and opposite-sex DZ twins. The magnitude of the associations differed by birth year in MZ women and opposite-sex DZ twins, showing a positive association in the 1915-1959 birth cohort but no association in the 1960-1984 birth cohort., Conclusion: Although associations are weak and somewhat inconsistent, our results suggest that intrauterine environment may play a role when explaining the association between birth weight and educational attainment., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)
Published: 2018
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43. Genetic and environmental factors affecting birth size variation: a pooled individual-based analysis of secular trends and global geographical differences using 26 twin cohorts.

Author: Yokoyama Y, Jelenkovic A, Hur YM, Sund R, Fagnani C, Stazi MA, Brescianini S, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Rebato E, Hopper JL, Cutler TL, Saudino KJ, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Beck-Nielsen H, Sodemann M, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Willemsen G, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Craig JM, Saffery R, Dubois L, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Vitaro F, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Ooki S, Rose RJ, Pietiläinen KH, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Female, Gene-Environment Interaction, Geography, Humans, Internationality, Male, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Birth Weight, Body Height, Environment, Growth
Abstract: Background: The genetic architecture of birth size may differ geographically and over time. We examined differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to birthweight, length and ponderal index (PI) across geographical-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia) and across birth cohorts, and how gestational age modifies these effects., Methods: Data from 26 twin cohorts in 16 countries including 57 613 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were pooled. Genetic and environmental variations of birth size were estimated using genetic structural equation modelling., Results: The variance of birthweight and length was predominantly explained by shared environmental factors, whereas the variance of PI was explained both by shared and unique environmental factors. Genetic variance contributing to birth size was small. Adjusting for gestational age decreased the proportions of shared environmental variance and increased the propositions of unique environmental variance. Genetic variance was similar in the geographical-cultural regions, but shared environmental variance was smaller in East Asia than in Europe and North America and Australia. The total variance and shared environmental variance of birth length and PI were greater from the birth cohort 1990-99 onwards compared with the birth cohorts from 1970-79 to 1980-89., Conclusions: The contribution of genetic factors to birth size is smaller than that of shared environmental factors, which is partly explained by gestational age. Shared environmental variances of birth length and PI were greater in the latest birth cohorts and differed also across geographical-cultural regions. Shared environmental factors are important when explaining differences in the variation of birth size globally and over time.
Published: 2018
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44. Associations between birth size and later height from infancy through adulthood: An individual based pooled analysis of 28 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project.

Author: Jelenkovic A, Yokoyama Y, Sund R, Hur YM, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Ooki S, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Magnusson PKE, Saudino KJ, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, Brescianini S, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Beck-Nielsen H, Sodemann M, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Alexandra Burt S, Klump KL, Dubois L, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Vitaro F, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveld CEM, Craig JM, Saffery R, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Heikkilä K, Pietiläinen KH, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rebato E, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Sung J, Loos RJF, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Birth Weight, Body Height
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment., Aim: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors., Methods: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses., Results: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length., Conclusion: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2018
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45. Age-Moderation of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cognitive Functioning in Mid- and Late-Life for Specific Cognitive Abilities.

Author: Pahlen S, Hamdi NR, Dahl Aslan AK, Horwitz BN, Panizzon MS, Petersen I, Zavala C, Christensen K, Finkel D, Franz CE, Gatz M, Johnson W, Kremen WS, Krueger RF, Neiderhiser JM, Reynolds CA, Pedersen NL, and McGue M
Abstract: Age moderation of genetic and environmental contributions to Digits Forward, Digits Backward, Block Design, Symbol Digit, Vocabulary, and Synonyms was investigated in a sample of 14,534 twins aged 26 to 98 years. The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium contributed the sample, which represents nine studies from three countries (USA, Denmark, and Sweden). Average test performance was lower in successively older age groups for all tests. Significant age moderation of additive genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental variance components was observed, but the pattern varied by test. The genetic contribution to phenotypic variance across age was smaller for both Digit Span tests, greater for Synonyms, and stable for Block Design and Symbol Digit. The non-shared environmental contribution was greater with age for the Digit Span tests and Block Design, while the shared environmental component was small for all tests, often more so with age. Vocabulary showed similar age-moderation patterns as Synonyms, but these effects were nonsignificant. Findings are discussed in the context of theories of cognitive aging.
Published: 2018
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46. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts.

Author: Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Hur YM, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Magnusson PK, Willemsen G, Bartels M, Beijsterveldt CEV, Bogl LH, Pietiläinen KH, Vuoksimaa E, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Rebato E, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Beck-Nielsen H, Sodemann M, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Ooki S, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, Brescianini S, Dubois L, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Vitaro F, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Craig JM, Saffery R, Haworth CM, Plomin R, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Burt SA, Klump KL, Vlietinck RF, Derom CA, Loos RJ, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Birth Weight, Body Height, Gestational Age, Twins, Dizygotic
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95% CI 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95% CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95% CI -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018
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47. Education in Twins and Their Parents Across Birth Cohorts Over 100 years: An Individual-Level Pooled Analysis of 42-Twin Cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Jelenkovic A, Latvala A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Kandler C, Honda C, Inui F, Iwatani Y, Watanabe M, Rebato E, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, Brescianini S, Hur YM, Jeong HU, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Busjahn A, Saudino KJ, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rose RJ, Koskenvuo M, Heikkilä K, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Sung J, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Tan Q, Zhang D, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Burt SA, Klump KL, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Medland SE, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Silberg JL, Eaves LJ, Maes HH, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Gatz M, Butler DA, Lichtenstein P, Goldberg JH, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Maia JA, Freitas DL, Turkheimer E, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Academic Success, Models, Genetic, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic
Abstract: Whether monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins differ from each other in a variety of phenotypes is important for genetic twin modeling and for inferences made from twin studies in general. We analyzed whether there were differences in individual, maternal and paternal education between MZ and DZ twins in a large pooled dataset. Information was gathered on individual education for 218,362 adult twins from 27 twin cohorts (53% females; 39% MZ twins), and on maternal and paternal education for 147,315 and 143,056 twins respectively, from 28 twin cohorts (52% females; 38% MZ twins). Together, we had information on individual or parental education from 42 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. The original education classifications were transformed to education years and analyzed using linear regression models. Overall, MZ males had 0.26 (95% CI [0.21, 0.31]) years and MZ females 0.17 (95% CI [0.12, 0.21]) years longer education than DZ twins. The zygosity difference became smaller in more recent birth cohorts for both males and females. Parental education was somewhat longer for fathers of DZ twins in cohorts born in 1990-1999 (0.16 years, 95% CI [0.08, 0.25]) and 2000 or later (0.11 years, 95% CI [0.00, 0.22]), compared with fathers of MZ twins. The results show that the years of both individual and parental education are largely similar in MZ and DZ twins. We suggest that the socio-economic differences between MZ and DZ twins are so small that inferences based upon genetic modeling of twin data are not affected.
Published: 2017
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48. Association between birthweight and later body mass index: an individual-based pooled analysis of 27 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project.

Author: Jelenkovic A, Yokoyama Y, Sund R, Pietiläinen KH, Hur YM, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt TCEM, Ooki S, Saudino KJ, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, D'Ippolito C, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Heikkilä K, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Wardle J, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Beck-Nielsen H, Sodemann M, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Burt SA, Klump KL, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Dubois L, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Vitaro F, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Craig JM, Saffery R, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rebato E, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, and Silventoinen K
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internationality, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Young Adult, Birth Weight genetics, Body Mass Index
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birthweight is positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. We analysed the association between birthweight and BMI from infancy to adulthood within twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors., Methods: This study is based on the data from 27 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 78 642 twin individuals (20 635 monozygotic and 18 686 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs) with information on birthweight and a total of 214 930 BMI measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 49 years. The association between birthweight and BMI was analysed at both the individual and within-pair levels using linear regression analyses., Results: At the individual level, a 1-kg increase in birthweight was linearly associated with up to 0.9 kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.001). Within twin pairs, regression coefficients were generally greater (up to 1.2 kg/m2 per kg birthweight, P < 0.001) than those from the individual-level analyses. Intra-pair associations between birthweight and later BMI were similar in both zygosity groups and sexes and were lower in adulthood., Conclusions: These findings indicate that environmental factors unique to each individual have an important role in the positive association between birthweight and later BMI, at least until young adulthood., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association)
Published: 2017
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49. Differences in genetic and environmental variation in adult BMI by sex, age, time period, and region: an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts.

Author: Silventoinen K, Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Hur YM, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Honda C, Inui F, Iwatani Y, Watanabe M, Tomizawa R, Pietiläinen KH, Rissanen A, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Tan Q, Zhang D, Pang Z, Piirtola M, Aaltonen S, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Rebato E, Hjelmborg JB, Christensen K, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Silberg JL, Eaves LJ, Cutler TL, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Song YM, Yang S, Lee K, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Busjahn A, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Kandler C, Jang KL, Gatz M, Butler DA, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, D'Ippolito C, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Jeong HU, Swan GE, Krasnow R, Magnusson PK, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, McAdams TA, Eley TC, Gregory AM, Tynelius P, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Spector TD, Mangino M, Lachance G, Burt SA, Klump KL, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CE, Willemsen G, Goldberg JH, Rasmussen F, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJ, Hopper JL, Sung J, Maes HH, Turkheimer E, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TI, and Kaprio J
Subjects: Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Culture, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, North America, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Twins, Dizygotic genetics, Twins, Monozygotic genetics, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Body Weight genetics, Environment, Gene-Environment Interaction, Obesity genetics, Quantitative Trait, Heritable
Abstract: Background: Genes and the environment contribute to variation in adult body mass index [BMI (in kg/m 2 )], but factors modifying these variance components are poorly understood. Objective: We analyzed genetic and environmental variation in BMI between men and women from young adulthood to old age from the 1940s to the 2000s and between cultural-geographic regions representing high (North America and Australia), moderate (Europe), and low (East Asia) prevalence of obesity. Design: We used genetic structural equation modeling to analyze BMI in twins ≥20 y of age from 40 cohorts representing 20 countries (140,379 complete twin pairs). Results: The heritability of BMI decreased from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.78) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.75) in men and women 20-29 y of age to 0.57 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.60) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.65) in men 70-79 y of age and women 80 y of age, respectively. The relative influence of unique environmental factors correspondingly increased. Differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from 20-29 to 60-69 y of age. Mean BMI and variances in BMI increased from the 1940s to the 2000s and were greatest in North America and Australia, followed by Europe and East Asia. However, heritability estimates were largely similar over measurement years and between regions. There was no evidence of environmental factors shared by co-twins affecting BMI. Conclusions: The heritability of BMI decreased and differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from young adulthood to old age. The heritability of BMI was largely similar between cultural-geographic regions and measurement years, despite large differences in mean BMI and variances in BMI. Our results show a strong influence of genetic factors on BMI, especially in early adulthood, regardless of the obesity level in the population., (© 2017 American Society for Nutrition.)
Published: 2017
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50. Genetic and environmental influences on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) maladaptive personality traits and their connections with normative personality traits.

Author: Wright ZE, Pahlen S, and Krueger RF
Subjects: Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Twins, Dizygotic psychology, Twins, Monozygotic psychology, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Gene-Environment Interaction, Personality, Personality Disorders genetics, Personality Disorders psychology
Abstract: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) proposes an alternative model for personality disorders, which includes maladaptive-level personality traits. These traits can be operationalized by the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5). Although there has been extensive research on genetic and environmental influences on normative level personality, the heritability of the DSM-5 traits remains understudied. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by assessing traits indexed by the PID-5 and the International Personality Item Pool NEO (IPIP-NEO) in adult twins (N = 1,812 individuals). Research aims include (a) replicating past findings of the heritability of normative level personality as measured by the IPIP-NEO as a benchmark for studying maladaptive level traits, (b) ascertaining univariate heritability estimates of maladaptive level traits as measured by the PID-5, (c) establishing how much variation in personality pathology can be attributed to the same genetic components affecting variation in normative level personality, and (d) determining residual variance in personality pathology domains after variance attributable to genetic and environmental components of general personality has been removed. Results revealed that PID-5 traits reflect similar levels of heritability to that of IPIP-NEO traits. Further, maladaptive and normative level traits that correlate at the phenotypic level also correlate at the genotypic level, indicating overlapping genetic components contribute to variance in both. Nevertheless, we also found evidence for genetic and environmental components unique to maladaptive level personality traits, not shared with normative level traits. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).)
Published: 2017
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