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В статті розкриті етіологічні і патогенетичні аспекти виникнення кальцинуючого стенозу аортального клапана. Автори детально висвітлюють сучасну класифікацію, критерії діагностики і вибору тактики лікування у даної когорти пацієнтів згідно з сучасними рекомендаціями.

I.V.Vorobyeva1, L.К.Moshetova1, A.V.Pinchuk2–4, Е.V.Bulava1, Е.P.Delver5, А.А.Belogurov5 1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation 2N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research Institute for Emergency Medical Aid, Moscow, Russian Federation 3A.I. Evdokimov Moscow University of Medicine & Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation 4Research Institute of Public Health Organization and Medical Management, Moscow, Russian Federation 5National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation Epidemics of diabetes and its complications is a global threat to the health of human population. In 2040, the number of patients with diabetes is predicted to rise to 642 million. Diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy are the most dangerous complications. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major factor that determines the development and progression of microvascular complications of diabetes including retinopathy and nephropathy. Key biological pathogenic mechanisms of microvascular complications involve over-production of reactive oxygen species and activation of intracellular signaling pathways and their modulators. OCT angiography is a safe and informative early diagnostic tool to assess vascular retinal abnormalities and to monitor treatment efficacy. Proteinuria was long considered the gold standard to evaluate and monitor kidney functions. However, one-third of patients develop diabetic nephropathy in normal albuminuria. Degradation products of glomerular filtration barrier are thought to be perspective biomarkers of early diabetic nephropathy. End-stage renal disease requires kidney transplantation. In addition to the improvement of uremic syndrome, kidney transplantation favors the course of diabetic retinopathy. Keywords: diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, optical coherence tomography, OCT angiography, kidney transplantation. For citation: Vorobyeva I.V., Moshetova L.К., Pinchuk A.V. et al. Common pathogenic aspects of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Kidney transplantation and the course of diabetic retinopathy. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(2):90–95. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-2-90-95.

Volkov R. K., Tolokova T. I., Vadziuk N. S. Clinically pathogenic aspects of the comprehensive treatment of burn scars. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(9):988-1000. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.118 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.118 https://zenodo.org/record/4290924 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.08.2020. Revised: 01.09.2020. Accepted: 30.09.2020. UDC: 617-001.17-003.92-08 CLINICALLY PATHOGENIC ASPECTS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF BURN SCARS R. K. Volkov1, T. I. Tolokova1, N. S. Vadziuk2 1I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University 2State Institution 'Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics' of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine Abstract Any deformities of general anatomical organization of the tissue at gradual deprivation of function can be relegated to the wounds which are relative to the pain syndrome and functional abnormality of the affected area of the body and cosmetic defects except for psycho-emotional disorders and they are also economic burdens for patients, their families and society. Thus short-term wound healing of high quality has high clinical value as it may lead to reduction in hospitalization and coming-back to the performance capability of patients [1]. Dermal wound healing is a dynamic and highly adjustable process of cellular, humoral and molecular mechanisms which starts after the injury and it may last for years. The correlation of cells, growth promoting substances and cytokines ends with wound healing even if a sensitive balance between cells and mediators may be imperfect, the results of the investigative procedure shows that deficit of cellular factor or mediator can be compensated with other components which take part in wound healing, thus the reactivation may still take place. An inflammatory reaction is certain under the physiologic wound healing: cell lines, functions and mediators [2]. The understanding of the sequence and chronology of processes of the wound healing, particularly the evolution of growth promoting substance and cytokine effects which leads to cell and tissue changes which are necessary for reparative processes, (Simpson and Ross, 1972; Leibovich and Ross, 1975) physiologic spatiotemporal changeability of sequential leucocyte form is shown by experiments (Martin 1997; Singer and Clark, 1999) and also the effect of competently selected corrective measures lets us achieve maximum impact of medical treatment. Suggested compound method of correction of burn scars which combines cryosurgical method with xenotransplantation, injections of steroids in scars, laser genesis procedures and compression clothes with silicone plates guarantees high efficiency of treatment of burn scars. Keywords: keloid scars; hypertrophic scars; cryodestruction; xenotransplantation; laser genesis.

Three zoonotic coronaviruses emerged at the beginning of the XXI century: SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus), Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV2 (previously known as 2019-nCoV), the etiologic agent of COVID 19 (Coronavirus disease) pandemic. The outbreak of the COVID-19 started in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and has spread extremely fast worldwide. The World Health Organization declared it a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The present study is reviewing the background of human coronaviruses, the potential viral reservoirs, the main genomic and pathogenic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and the actual data on the immunopathological mechanisms of COVID 19, looking towards therapeutic approaches for SARS-CoV2 infection.

Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), em relação à COVID-19, o Brasil ocupa a terceira colocação no ranking mundial em termos de casos confirmados, e é o segundo país com o maior número absoluto de óbitos, atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos. Em todo o mundo, ocorreram mais de 3 milhões de mortes e, nesse contexto, além dos esforços voltados para a vacinação em massa, existe também uma corrida mundial por novos tratamentos. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo reunir informações atualizadas acerca de terapias vistas como potencialmente eficazes no tratamento de pacientes com COVID-19. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura integrativa sobre os aspectos estruturais e patogênicos do vírus SARS-CoV-2, bem como acerca das seguintes classes de fármacos: anticoagulantes, antiandrogênios e anticorpos monoclonais. Os estudos demonstraram resultados benéficos quanto a esses medicamentos. Contudo, as pesquisas apresentaram limitações quanto aos métodos, às doses implementadas e aos possíveis riscos envolvidos. Assim, é necessário que mais avaliações empíricas sejam realizadas para se demonstrar com maior exatidão as vantagens e desvantagens desses fármacos, a fim de proporcionar melhora significativa com efeitos colaterais mínimos e, possivelmente, garantir uma recuperação total desses pacientes.

This review highlights the emergent role of the cytokine IL-17 in orchestrating cellular and organismal metabolism. Metabolism is thereby integrated into the protective and pathogenic aspects of IL-17 responses in a temporally and spatially regulated manner., IL-17 was discovered nearly 30 yr ago, but it has only been recently appreciated that a key function of this cytokine is to orchestrate cellular and organismal metabolism. Indeed, metabolic regulation is integrated into both the physiological and the pathogenic aspects of IL-17 responses. Thus, understanding the interplay between IL-17 and downstream metabolic processes could ultimately inform therapeutic opportunities for diseases involving IL-17, including some not traditionally linked to this cytokine pathway. Here, we discuss the emerging pathophysiological roles of IL-17 related to cellular and organismal metabolism, including metabolic regulation of IL-17 signal transduction.

Summary SARS‐CoV‐2 has radically changed our lives causing hundreds of thousands of victims worldwide and influencing our lifestyle and habits. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a disease of felids caused by the feline coronaviruses (FCoV). FIP has been considered irremediably deadly until the last few years. Being one of the numerous coronaviruses that are well known in veterinary medicine, information on FCoV could be of interest and might give suggestions on pathogenic aspects of SARS‐CoV‐2 that are still unclear. The authors of this paper describe the most important aspects of FIP and COVID‐19 and the similarities and differences between these important diseases. SARS‐CoV‐2 and FCoV are taxonomically distant viruses and recombination events with other coronaviruses have been reported for FCoV and have been suggested for SARS‐CoV‐2. SARS‐CoV‐2 and FCoV differ in terms of some pathogenic, clinical and pathological features. However, some of the pathogenic and immunopathogenic events that are well known in cats FIP seem to be present also in people with COVID‐19. Moreover, preventive measures currently recommended to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 spreading have been shown to allow eradication of FIP in feline households. Finally, one of the most promising therapeutic compounds against FIP, GS‐441524, is the active form of Remdesivir, which is being used as one therapeutic option for COVID‐19.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) occurs following brain infection by larvae of the cestode Taenia solium. It is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy worldwide and therefore constitutes a critical health challenge with significant global relevance. Despite this, much is still unknown about many key pathogenic aspects of the disease, including how cerebral infection with T. solium results in the development of seizures. Over the past century, valuable mechanistic insights have been generated using both clinical studies and animal models. In this review, we critically assess model systems for investigating disease processes in NCC. We explore the respective strengths and weaknesses of each model and summarize how they have contributed to current knowledge of the disease. We call for the continued development of animal models of NCC, with a focus on novel strategies for understanding this debilitating but often neglected disorder.

Despite the tendency to decrease in the level of vibrational disease morbidity, this pathology is third in the structure of occupational diseases in Ukraine. According to research design, we have examined 178 vibrational disease patients of I and II degree due to local vibration. They have been divided into 3 groups: first — 66 patients with vibrational disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; second — 60 patients with vibrational disease and arterial hypertension of II degree, and group of comparison – 52 patients with isolated course of vibrational disease. We have used clinical and physiological, ELISA methods to estimate cytokines levels in these patients. We have found that clinical signs of vibrational disease depend on vibrational disease progressing and comorbid pathologies. Overlay of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to vibra­tional disease significantly worsens disease course, manifested by augmenting of clinical symptoms, neurovascular and trophic violations. Comorbid course of vibrational disease and arterial hypertension leads to respective worsening of cardio-vascular pathology. One of the mechanisms of development and progressing of vibrational disease is imbalance of cytokine chain of immunity — increase of the amount of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and decrease of anti-inflammatory — IL-10. Overlay of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease enhances this trend. In patients with comorbid course of vibrational disease and arterial hypertension we have observed development of secondary dysregulatory state of immunocompetent system. This is proved by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α by 62.5 % and IL-8 by 46.5 %), and decreased activity of melatonin by 35.0 % in comparison with group of patients with isolated vibrational disease.

The article analyzes the literature on the role of autonomic dysfunction and other psychosomatic disorders in causing and progression of pancreatitis and associated gastrointestinal states. The influence of deviations of autonomic nervous system balance regulation on the emergence of hemodynamic, morphological, metabolic, energy disorders in aforementioned pathological conditions is studied. Pathogenic aspects of treatment of autonomic disorders are considered.

Biofilms provide cells favorable growth conditions, which have been exploited in industrial biotechnological processes. However, industrial application of the biofilm has not yet been reported in Escherichia coli, one of the most important platform strains, though the biofilm has been extensively studied for pathogenic reasons. Here, we engineered E. coli by overexpressing the fimH gene, which successfully enhanced its biofilm formation under industrial aerobic cultivation conditions. Subsequently, a biofilm-based immobilized fermentation strategy was developed. L-threonine production was increased from 10.5 to 14.1 g/L during batch fermentations and further to 17.5 g/L during continuous (repeated-batch) fermentations with enhanced productivities. Molecular basis for the enhanced biofilm formation and L-threonine biosynthesis was also studied by transcriptome analysis. This study goes beyond the conventional research focusing on pathogenic aspects of E. coli biofilm and represents a successful application case of engineered E. coli biofilm to industrial processes.

Research on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a pathogenic bacterium that is widespread among humans, is investigating the medical implications of the infection in many fields beyond gastroenterology. Because of the ubiquitous presence of the infection, there is an increasing interest in finding a relationship between this bacterium and diabetes mellitus (DM). It is not clear whether a significant relation between H. pylori and DM exists, whether the infection influences diabetes or vice versa, and the mechanisms underlying such a relationship. This review provides an analysis of new insights from studies published in more recent years. New research on this topic concentrated on the common pathogenic aspects between the bacterium and insulin resistance or autoimmunity, on the role of the bacterial infection in cardiovascular risk and whether the infection worsen glycemic outcomes in patients with DM. Research in this field still has to conclusively assess and explain the existence of a possible relationship between H. pylori and DM. Some studies have reached antithetic conclusions. Unless more robust data from studies using consistent research methods become available in the near future, people with diabetes should be compared to the general population when it comes to investigating and treating the presence of H. pylori.

The article considers particular aspects of epidemiology and pathogenesis of neurological disorders detected in patients with acute pancreatitis. The pancreatic encephalopathy characterizing by various focal neurological symptomatic and sometimes rapid development of dementia is considered as a rare complication of acute pancreatitis developing in 9-35% of patients with diseases of pancreas. Factually, every patient with acute pancreatitis has a risk of development of pancreatic encephalopathy which significantly increases graveness of course and lethality of disease. Therefore, the emphasis is made on development of diagnostic algorithm under pancreatic encephalopathy permitting discovering this complication of acute pancreatitis at as much as possible early even possibly at pre-clinical stage. The comprehensive investigation of pathogenesis of pancreatic encephalopathy with the purpose of elaboration of pathogenetically conditioned therapeutic algorithm considering all parts of pathogenesis.

Entomopathogenic fungi are very heterogeneous group used for management of insect pest. From last 2 decade in the search for new avenues in biological control, the importance of entomopathogens has been highlighted as an environmental friendly pest control method came in existence which is sustainable solution towards integrated pest control program. Fungi, which induce disease symptoms in insects, include fungi from quick killers to absolute parasites that provide disease symptoms in the host. Insect order and families are reviewed which were affected severely by entomopathogenic fungi.

El objetivo de la presente revisión fue realizar una actualización sobre los aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos y patogenia de las dermatosis autoinmunes que afectan a los caninos y que se caracterizan por pústulas, vesículas y ampollas como lesión primaria. Se consideran los aspectos clínicos y las características histopatológicas de las enfermedades que componen el complejo pénfigo y las enfermedades ampollares subepidérmicas autoinmunes. Además, se describen las técnicas inmunológicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico y la caracterización de este grupo de enfermedades., The aim of this revision was to update the clinical, histopathological and pathogenic aspects of autoimmune dermatoses that affect canines and that are characterized by pustules, vesicles and blisters as the primary lesion. The clinical aspects and the histopathological features of the diseases that are part of the pemphigus complex and the autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases are considered. In addition, immunological techniques used in the diagnosis and characterization of this group of diseases are described., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

Ageing of the neuromuscular system in elderhood ingravescently contributes to slowness, weakness, falling and death, often accompanied by numbness and pain. This article is to put in perspective examples from a half-century of personal and team neuromuscular histochemical–pathological and clinical–pathological research, including a number of lucky and instructive accomplishments identifying new treatments and new diseases. A major focus currently is on some important, still enigmatic, aspects of the ageing neuromuscular system. It is also includes some of the newest references of others on various closely-related aspects of this ageing system. The article may help guide others in their molecular-based endeavors to identify paths leading to discovering new treatments and new pathogenic aspects. These are certainly needed – our ageing and unsteady constituents are steadily increasing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.

Osteoarthritis represents the most frequently diagnosed condition of the musculoskeletal system and accounts for a high amount of direct and indirect socioeconomic costs worldwide. While for rheumatoid arthritis much progress has been made in the past decades both in understanding its pathogenesis and in creating novel therapies, the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis still holds several secrets to be unraveled in the near future in order to also allow for the development of effective novel pharmacotherapeutical options. Though first categorized as a joint disorder being primarily non-inflammatory in nature for a long period of time with research focused on biomechanic aspects and imbalanced wear and tear, recent evidence including immunological processes helped to refine disease interpretation. Thus, showing true inflammatory characteristics that clinically emerge as synovitis, osteoarthritis is nowadays recognized to include signs of inflammation that at least histologically may sometimes be indistinguishable from rheumatoid synovial infiltration. Although this was known already more than 25 years ago, efforts made in solving pathophysiologic key issues did not succeed sufficiently. This review is thought to summarize elementary pathogenic aspects including genetic predisposition and epigenetic regulation and highlights important central innate but also putative adaptive immunological mechanisms today generally accepted to drive inflammation and tissue destruction in osteoarthritis.

The article describes high incidence and morbidity rate of psoriasis, substantial reduction in the life quality and psychosocial disadaptation of patients, and presents certain particular features of psoriasis pathogenesis taking into consideration the role of immune mechanisms and relation between the disease and other chronic processes in the organism, as a result of which psoriasis is considered to be a multimorbid condition. The multimorbidity of psoriasis is an important factor for selecting a therapy, especially for patients with severe forms of the disease.

Objective:This study aims to evaluate peculiarities of composition and level of fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocyte membranes (EM) of patients with resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) which could be applied in diagnosis of pathogenic aspects of the disease, development of new therapeutic targets.Desi

Bacterial seed and boll rot is a newly emerging cotton disease in Pakistan. Twenty-one cotton varieties were screened to find resistance source against the disease. None of these was found to be resistant. Five cotton varieties (CIM-595, MK2, BT-986, BT-986 & SG-1) having 700–1400 Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) units were found to be moderately resistant to the disease. SLH-317, FH-942, BT-222, BT-666, MNH-457 ranging from 1401–1700 AUDPC units were moderately susceptible while MNH-456, SLH-336, 9811, FH-942, MNH-886 susceptible to boll rot. Seven varieties (FH-114, FH-113, BT-7, BT-212, SLH-BT-4, BT-212 and FH-941) were highly susceptible to bacterial seed and boll rot indicated by 2001–2300 AUDPC units. Biochemical tests identified bacterial isolates as Pantoea agglomerans. Different inoculation techniques were assessed for bacterial pathogenicity and symptoms of boll rot were only observed in needle punctured bolls. One, two and three weeks old bolls were mechanically inoculated by injecting...

Heparan sulfate (HS), a ubiquitous and structurally diverse cell surface polysaccharide and extracellular matrix component, is a factor common to several major eye pathologies. Its multitude of functions and variable distribution among the different ocular tissues makes it an important contributor to a variety of disease states. Although HS facilitates the pathogenesis of many disorders, its role in each varies. Unique functions of HS have been particularly noted in viral and bacterial keratitis and age-related macular degeneration. Combined, these pathologies comprise a large portion of conditions leading to visual impairment worldwide. Given this prevalence of diseases facilitated by HS, it is prudent to take an in-depth look at this compound in the context of these pathologic states. While the initial part of the review will discuss the pathogenic aspects of HS, it is also important to consider the wider implications of such roles for HS. The remainder of the article will specifically address one such implication, the possibility for future use of novel HS-based therapeutics to combat these eye pathologies.

Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is widely used in the field of dermatology for its antibiotic properties, anti-inflammatory properties and good safety profile. Over the past decades, numerous studies have clarified some of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of doxycycline. In this review article, we aimed to provide an update on recent data on the anti-inflammatory properties of doxycycline and its potential role in cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of these mechanisms might offer the practicing clinicians a better use of this therapeutic tool. In addition, research in this field could help clarify pathogenic aspects of inflammatory dermatologic diseases responsive to this medication. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of doxycycline as an anti-inflammatory agent, and the development of new topical vehicles could open ways to new therapeutic possibilities for dermatologists.

Infections occurring during hospitalisation and post-surgical infections are related to a combination of various factors, which are discussed in the present text. Prophylactic and pathogenic aspects, as well as the possibilities to surgically treat already established infections are presented.

Histological and immunohistochemical investigations of lung tissue specimens were performed in 9 patients with COPD underwent lung volume reduction surgery. Lung tissue specimens of died persons without lung and heart pathology were as controls. Tissue expressions of endothelial growth factor (EGF), type 9 matrix metalloproteinase, type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) tissue inhibitor, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β-1) have been studied. Patents with severe emphysema typically had focal interstitial fibrosis, interalveolar septa infiltrated with interstitial macrophages and lymphocytes, hypertrophy of media and proliferation of intima in the vascular wall, and arteriolar muscularization. There was significantly higher expression of EGF and TIMM-1 in the lung tissue of these patients compared with controls; this could confirm the presence of compensatory mechanisms of lung parenchyma destruction. Strong correlations were found between expression of EGF and TGF β-1, EGF and TIMP-1 which demonstrated a relationship between angiogenesis, proteolysis and fibrogenesis in development of emphysema.

This literature review is devoted to the clinical and pathogenic aspects of the relationship between Chiari type I malformation (CMT) and scoliosis. The view of the clinical presentation development in CMT associated with scoliosis is considered on the basis of both the CSF dynamics disturbances and vascular pathology of the craniovertebral junction. The role of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane is evaluated. Case reports of the risk factors for scoliosis progression in patients with CMT are presented.Настоящий обзор литературы посвящен клиническим и патогенетическим аспектам взаимосвязи аномалии Киари 1 (АК1) и сколиоза. Рассмотрен взгляд на формирование клинической картины при АК1, сопровождающейся сколиозом, со стороны не только ликвородинамических нарушений, но и сосудистой патологии краниовертебрального перехода. Оценена роль задней атлантоокципитальной мембраны. Представлены сообщения о факторах риска прогрессии сколиоза у пациентов с АК1.

The rapid progress in our understanding of basic immunology has recently enabled the identifcation of many possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of respiratory allergy and allergic inflammation. As a result, new approaches have been proposed and tested in rhinitis and asthma, including new drugs and mediator antagonists, monoclonal antibodies and immunosuppressant agents. Only a small number of these approaches have become a reality, however, all of them have provided us with the opportunity to improve our knowledge in the field. We will review herein some of the experimental approaches used in humans in relation to the pathogenic aspects of allergic inflammation.

The transitory memory disturbance known as transient global amnesia (TGA) remains an enigma from a pathogenic point of view. In spite of its typical benign prognosis, TGA is a frightening experience for patients and their relatives. Moreover, a TGA episode usually leads to extensive investigation of patients in search of organic alterations that might be responsible for the event. Finally, TGA generates queries about therapeutic choices. In this review, we critically re-evaluate the evidence in support of and against the three main pathogenic hypotheses (i.e. ischemia, seizure discharge, and migraine), and we conclude that none of these appears completely convincing. Given the good prognosis and the lack of association with organic and instrumental abnormalities, we advance the hypothesis that TGA may be related to psychological disturbances causing transient alteration in brain metabolism and, consequently, amnesia. Our conclusion has relevant consequences in the evaluation of patients with TGA.

Thrombi within the carotid artery usually occur in vessels with severe atherosclerotic lesions and may embolize to cause TIAs and ischemic brain infarctions. The risk factors and potential causes for carotid artery thrombus formation in the absence of atherosclerosis are currently only speculative (e.g., embolic occlusion from a cardiac source).1 Furthermore, a focal adherent thrombus involving the CCA is even more exceptional because of the rarity of severe atherosclerotic disease in this large and nonturbulent vessel.1,2 A thrombus lodged in the CCA has been reported in only a very few cases in the literature.2 We present two patients with a focal adherent thrombus in the CCA diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by neuroimaging. The aim of this work is to investigate the ultrasonographic features of this very uncommon finding in young stroke patients.

Here we report the first complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium intracellulare ATCC 13950(T), a Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strain. This genome sequence will serve as a valuable reference for understanding the epidemiologic, biological, and pathogenic aspects of the disparity between MAC members.

Purpose Carboxyterminally elongated and aminoterminally truncated Aβ peptides as well as their pyroglutamate and oxidized derivates are major constituents of human amyloid plaques. The objective of the present study was to characterize aminoterminally truncated or oxidized Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 peptide species in immunoprecipitated human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Experimental design We invented a novel sequential aminoterminally and carboxyterminally specific immunoprecipitation protocol and used the Aβ-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot for subsequent analysis of CSFAβ peptide patterns. Results In the present study, we identified the aminoterminally truncated Aβ peptides 2–40 and 2–42 as well as oxidized forms of Aβ1–38 and Aβ1–42 in CSF. Our protocol allowed the quantification of a pattern of Aβ peptides 1–38ox, 2–40, and 2–42 in addition to the well known panel of Aβ 1–37, 1–38, 1–39, 1–40, 1–40ox, and 1–42 in a group of seven patients with peripheral polyneuropathy. Conclusions and clinical relevance In the present approach, we could broaden the range of quantifiable Aβ peptides described in previous studies (i.e., 1–37, 1–38, 1–39, 1–40, 1–40ox, and 1–42) by Aβ 1–38ox, 2–40, and 2–42. An exact analysis of CSFAβ peptides regarding their carboxy- and aminoterminus as well as posttranslational modification seems promising with respect to diagnostic and pathogenic aspects.

Shock has been described and defined by the inciting cause. This method of categorization does little to clarify common pathophysiologic changes known to occur regardless of the etiology. Each type of shock involves different stages that are determined by the inciting cause, its duration, severity of the initial result, susceptibility of the patient, and adequacy of treatment.

In Latin America, acute gastroenteritis remains to be an important cause of morbidity in adults and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. A child under 5 years of age belonging to a low income segment of the Latin American population will develop 5 to 10 bouts of diarrhea every year. The bacterial and viral enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea are reviewed in this article. Updated information on epidemiologic, clinical, and pathogenic aspects for the relevant enteropathogens is discussed with special emphasis on regional data when available. The current diarrheogenic E. coli classification is particularly discussed. A diagnostic approach to acute gastroenteritis for both the clinical and research laboratories in Latin America as well as guidelines for treatment are proposed.

The incidence of diverticular disease of the female urethra varies between 1.8% and 5%. Although the disease was described 300 years ago, there is still debate on its pathogenesis. Sterile urinalysis, preferably localization in the distal urethra at the site where the embryonic layers meet, and the mostly smooth walls with a rounded shape in most of our patients, point toward an inborn defect rather than an inflammatory etiology secondary to infection and obstetrical complications.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by the presence of chronic widespread pain throughout the musculoskeletal system and diffuse tenderness. Unfortunately, no laboratory tests have been appropriately validated for FM and correlated with the subsets and activity. The aim of this study was to apply a proteomic technique in saliva of FM patients: the Surface Enhance Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (SELDI-TOF). For this study, 57 FM patients and 35 HC patients were enrolled. The proteomic analysis of saliva was carried out using SELDI-TOF. The analysis was performed using different chip arrays with different characteristics of binding. The statistical analysis was performed using cluster analysis and the difference between two groups was underlined using Student’s t-test. Spectra analysis highlighted the presence of several peaks differently expressed in FM patients compared with controls. The preliminary results obtained by SELDI-TOF analysis were compared with those obtained in our previous study performed on whole saliva of FM patients by using electrophoresis. The m/z of two peaks, increased in FM patients, seem to overlap well with the molecular weight of calgranulin A and C and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, which we had found up-regulated in our previous study. These preliminary results showed the possibility of identifying potential salivary biomarker through salivary proteomic analysis with MALDI-TOF and SELDI-TOF in FM patients. The peaks observed allow us to focus on some of the particular pathogenic aspects of FM, the oxidative stress which contradistinguishes this condition, the involvement of proteins related to the cytoskeletal arrangements, and central sensibilization.

Aspergillus endocarditis is a rare event; a very few cases have been reported in injection drug users (IDUs) and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We report 2 proven cases and 1 highly suggestive case of Aspergillus endocarditis in IDUs, 2 of whom were infected with HIV, and discuss some related clinical and pathogenic aspects.

O uso terapêutico de antibióticos ionóforos em medicina veterinária difundiu-se muito nos últimos anos, com conseqüente aumento no risco de intoxicação em animais. Antibióticos ionóforos são usados como coccidiostáticos e como aditivo em alimentos para animais, com o propósito de estimular o desenvolvimento e o ganho de peso. Os ionóforos mais utilizados na alimentação de animais são a monensina, lasalocida, nasarina e salinomicina. Há uma grande variação na susceptibilidade dos efeitos tóxicos dos ionóforos de acordo com a espécie animal. A intoxicação pode ocorrer quando dosagens elevadas de ionóforos são adicionadas aos alimentos, ou quando ionóforos são incluídos inadvertidamente ou acidentalmente em dosagens não corretas para determinada espécie animal. Casos de intoxicação têm sido descritos em bovinos, ovinos, suínos, eqüinos, cães e aves. Para os eqüinos os ionóforos são extremamente tóxicos. São considerados seguros quando usados nas espécies-alvo, dentro das dosagens recomendadas pelo fabricante. The therapeutic use of ionophores in veterinary medicine has grown in the last years, with resultant increase in the risk of poisoning in animals. Ionophores are used as food additives as coccidiostacts in several animal species and growth promoter and bloat prevention in ruminants. The most often used ionophores are monensin, lasalocid, narasin and salinomycin. There is a great variation in the susceptibility to the toxic effect of ionophores in different animal species. Poisoning can occur when the dosage is too high or when not correct doses for a certain animal species are given. Cases of poisoning have been described in sheep, swine, horses, dogs and poultry. For horses ionophores are extremely toxic. The use of ionophores is only safe when used accordingly to the instructions of the manufacturer and especially for each animal species. In this paper the most important data regarding clinical-pathological and pathogenic aspects, and also the conditions in which the poisoning may occur are critically reviewed.

Peripheral neuropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major cause of morbidity in this patient population. Due to the associated chronic pain, its management has come within the purview of neuropsychiatrists. This paper will focus on the primary pathogenic aspects of HIV-1–associated peripheral neuropathies. The specific syndromes of greatest concern are distal sensory polyneuropathy, toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and cytomegalovirus-related progressive polyradiculoneuropathy. The treatments available for these conditions and their efficacy are discussed.

The generation of small animal models, which preserve the ability for the generation of primary and memory immune responses of the engrafted human immune cells and in which a robust HIV-1 infection may occur, may enable the rapid screening, development and evaluation of HIV-1 protective vaccines and adjuvants. This manuscript reviews the existing mouse HIV-1 models used to study virologic, immunologic and pathogenic aspects of HIV-1 infection and disease and discusses their limitations and advantages, especially in the context of vaccine development, with special focus on the recently developed Trimera-HIV-1 animal model.

The aim of this research was to verify the ability of 15 isolates of Epidermophyton floccosum to perforate hair in vitro and characterize them for pathogenicity factors such as growth at 37ºC and proteinase and phospholipase production. Fourteen isolates perforated hair and from these twelve produced perforating organs. All isolates grew at 37ºC and produced proteinase, but not phospholipase. These results suggest that E. floccosum may be a possible aethiological agent of tinea capitis. O propósito desta pesquisa foi verificar a capacidade de 15 isolados de Epidermophyton floccosum perfurarem cabelo in vitro e caracterizar quanto a fatores de patogenicidade como crescimento a 37ºC e produção de proteinase e fosfolipase. Dos isolados, 14 perfuraram o cabelo tendo 12 formado órgãos de perfuração. Todos os isolados cresceram a 37ºC e secretaram proteinase, mas não fosfolipase. Nossos resultados sugerem E. floccosum como possível agente etiológico de tinea capitis.